锂离子电池系统低温充电策略

新能源汽车行业正迅猛发展,电动汽车的销量也屡创新高,而电动汽车在冬季低温下如何高效且经济地进行充电,仍是一个亟待解决的问题.基于充电时电池自身内阻产热的原理,提出了一种锂电池系统低温充电的策略,并在此基础上进行了改进.以最小单体电池温度为判断条件,使用多阶段恒流充电技术可以有效缩短充电时间,并保证一定的充电容量.通过研...     

A calculation method for estimating internal resistance of battery online

内阻是蓄电池最重要的特性参数之一,也是评价蓄电池性能的重要指标。针对现有测量蓄电池内阻方法无法在线测量、需要专用设备测量的不足,提出了一种在线测量蓄电池内阻的计算方法。依据蓄电池在充放电过程中检测到的电流、电压,根据蓄电池充电、放电过程中电流反向会有过零点这一特性,利用对电流的定积分来抵消计算电池内阻过程中蓄电池内部化学反应引起的电池内阻变化,通过一系列计算来估算出蓄电池内阻。基于MATLAB软件,编写了蓄电池内阻估算算法程序,在Simulink中实现了仿真验证。结果证明该计算方法无需借助辅助设备和测试设备就可实现在线估算蓄电池内阻,具有简单方便、计算精确、易于实现等优点。     

磷酸铁锂电池优化多因子状态在线评估方法

针对目前锂离子电池在线估计方法不准确的问题,提出了一种基于优化充电电压片段下多个健康因子的磷酸铁锂电池健康状态综合在线评估方法,将充电电压片段内所充电量估计的电池容量与实际电池容量的误差最小作为目标,利用遗传算法寻优充电电压片段。在此基础上,分别对表征电池健康状态的充入电量、充电时间以及内部阻抗三个健康因子进行在线评估,归一化处理得到各健康因子对应的健康状态,再通过最小序列优化法实时获取电池综合健康状态。最后对磷酸铁锂电池进行老化充放电实验,对比仅采用电池内阻单因子评估方法,结果表明该方法能有效减小充电过程中电池健康状态估计误差,且适用性更强。     

锂离子电池快充策略技术研究进展北大核心CSCD

电动汽车的普及是锂离子电池的主要需求来源之一。而电动汽车的充电性能是影响普及进程的一个重要的考量参数。在材料体系不变的情况下,取代传统恒流恒压充电策略的新型充电策略近10年内也吸引了很多研究者的关注。另外,新一代电池管理系统也对充电策略提出了更高的要求。本文阐述了各种优化的充电方法及其特点和应用。研究结果表明,与传统的恒流恒压充电策略相比,优化的充电方法可以减少充电时间,改善充电性能并有效延长电池寿命。最后,本文还提出了对未来优化充电策略的展望,希望未来在线辨识和实时更新的模型参数的方法或者通过在线的方法辨识特征信号带来更加强大的充电策略。     

锂离子电池低温充电老化建模及其充电策略优化CSCD

为了促进新能源汽车在寒冷地区的推广,对锂离子电池低温充电老化及其充电控制策略的研究具有重要意义。本工作基于大量低温充电实验数据,建立了多应力低温充电老化模型。以温度为主要影响因素,同时考虑充电截止电压和充电倍率及充电循环次数对电池老化的影响。引入衰退加速度因子,将多个充电应力相结合作用于整体模型,并对模型的估计精度进行了仿真测试。在此基础上引入遗传算法对充电控制策略进行优化,以充电电压为基准,将达到充电截止电压前的充电过程均分为多个充电阶段,将各阶段充电电流作为遗传算法的基因序列,以充电老化速率和充电时间作为优化目标,进行迭代优化。仿真结果表明所建立的低温充电老化模型具有较高的参数估计精度,充电控制策略能够有效较少电池老化并节约充电时间。通过设计的充电控制器对充电策略进行了实验测试,测试结果与仿真结果相同。对电池低温充电进行的实验,摸索了低温充电对电池寿命衰退影响的规律,实验数据、老化模型和充电策略优化方法有较为直接的参考价值。     

Measurements and application of thermal characteristics of soft-packed NCM lithium-ion power battery

锂离子电池的极化内阻是不可逆热测试的关键参数。为了更准确地计算极化内阻,针对三元软包锂离子动力电池,进行了HPPC测试、熵热系数测试、充放电温升测试,采用两种方法对极化内阻进行了计算,一种是通过电压变化量除以电流得到,另一种是通过建立二阶RC模型,结合HPPC测试工况辨识得到。根据两种方法得到的极化内阻,结合Bernardi生热速率模型公式对电池进行了1C充电和0.5C、1C、2C放电下的温度场仿真,并与红外热成像仪记录到的温度分布进行了对比。结果表明：根据二阶RC模型得到的极化内阻进行的仿真与实验数据吻合较好,说明利用二阶RC模型得到的极化内阻更加适用于电池持续充放电过程中的热分析。模型很好地模拟了电池不同充放电倍率下的温度场信息,对电池热分析及热管理可起到指导作用。     

基于锂电池温度特性的混合动力系统能量管理策略研究

为了提高重型串联式混合动力车辆的工作可靠性,从混合动力系统的组成架构入手,分析了系统的动力单元的特性和储能电池组的特性。而后基于Thevenin模型研究了电池组荷电状态和温度对电池的欧姆内阻和极化内阻的影响,由于电池温度对电池内阻有着显著地影响,提出了考虑电池温度特性的混合动力系统能量管理策略,即根据电池温度实时控制电池组的充电、放电电流,避免电池在极端温度下大倍率充放电引起的母线电压波动及电芯损坏等危害。实车道路测试对比了现有控制策略和所提出的控制策略,证明了基于电池温度的充放电功率控制策略的有效性。     

不同模式下电动汽车充电负荷及充电设施需求数量计算

电动汽车充电设施技术路线的选择可从多种角度出发。基于现有充电设施特性和用户需求分析,对常规充电、快速充电、电池更换3种模式下的充电负荷进行了建模。应用蒙特卡罗仿真方法计算了3种模式下一定规模电动汽车在一日内的充电负荷曲线。根据一日中最大在线充电汽车数量得出快速充电设施的数量需求,根据换电站内充满电和正在充电电池数量的计算,得出换电站电池配置数量需求。计算结果表明,由于充电相对集中,一定规模电动汽车采用慢速充电时其电力需求最大。相比于慢速充电,快速充电和电池更换模式一定程度上提高了设施的利用率,但为了保证换电服务,换电站需配置足够数量的电池。     

考虑分时电价和系统峰谷差动态约束的电动汽车有序充电策略

大规模电动汽车并网充电需要同时考虑聚合效应的经济效益和其对电力系统的影响。以电动汽车用户充电费用最优为目标,在考虑充电时间、并行充电汽车数量等传统约束的基础上,结合分时电价与实际负荷曲线,将充电行为对峰谷差和负荷波动的影响作为约束条件,提出了一种新的电动汽车充电行为有序充电策略。基于该策略,利用蒙特卡洛方法模拟了电动汽车用户行为,对比分析了分时电价环境下电动汽车无序充电和有序充电对电网负荷曲线的影响。仿真结果表明:考虑峰谷差和负荷波动约束,通过电动汽车实时响应分时电价,可避免大量电动汽车集中充电而产生新的负荷高峰,且在显著降低电动汽车充电费用的同时,可以实现平滑负荷波动并减少系统的峰谷差。     

Dynamic time warping and multidimensional scaling approach based abnormal battery visual recognition for series-connected lithium-ion batteries pack

精确、可靠地识别异常电池是保障电池系统安全、稳定运行的有效手段。但是,从实时测量得到的电流、电压和温度有限外部信息,推断内阻、容量等电池内部信息,并识别异常电池难度很大。本工作针对串联锂离子电池组,基于各单体电压测量数据,提出了一种融合动态时间规整和多维标度策略的异常电池识别方法。通过采用动态时间规整策略,计算动态时间规整距离相似性指标,以消除电池组中荷电状态不一致的影响;进而结合多维标度法提取异常特征参数,实现异常电池可视化识别。通过电池系统仿真实验,验证了所提方法的有效性,为异常电池在线识别提供了一种有效技术。     

A novel multiobjective charging optimization method of power lithium‐ion batteries based on charging time and temperature rise

Power lithium‐ion batteries have been widely utilized in energy storage system and electric vehicles, because these batteries are characterized by high energy density and power density, long cycle life, and low self‐discharge rate. However, battery charging always takes a long time, and the high current rate inevitably causes great temperature rises, which is the bottleneck for practical applications. This paper presents a multiobjective charging optimization strategy for power lithium‐ion battery multistage charging. The Pareto front is obtained using multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) method, and the optimal solution is selected using technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) method. This strategy aims to achieve fast charging with a relatively low temperature rise. The MOPSO algorithm searches the potential feasible solutions that satisfy two objectives, and the TOPSIS method determines the optimal solution. The one‐order resistor‐capacitor (RC) equivalent circuit model is utilized to describe the model parameter variation with different current rates and state of charges (SOCs) as well as temperature rises during charging. And battery temperature variations are estimated using thermal model. Then a PSO‐based multiobjective optimization method for power lithium‐ion battery multistage charging is proposed to balance charging speed and temperature rise, and the best charging stage currents are obtained using the TOPSIS method. Finally, the optimal results are experimentally verified with a power lithium‐ion battery, and fast charging is achieved within 1534 s with a 4.1°C temperature rise.     

Optimal charging strategy design for lithium‐ion batteries considering minimization of temperature rise and energy loss

Battery charging techniques are critical to enhance battery operation performance. Charging temperature rise, energy loss, and charging time are three key indicators to evaluate charging performance. It is imperative to decrease temperature rise and energy loss without extending the charging time during the charging process. To this end, an equivalent circuit electrical model, a power loss model, and a thermal model are built in this study for lithium‐ion batteries. Then, an integrated objective function is formulated to minimize energy loss and temperature increment during battery charging. To further validate the generality and feasibility of the proposed charging strategy, experiments are conducted with respect to different current, operating temperatures, battery types, and aging status. Comparison results demonstrate that the devised charging strategy is capable of achieving the intended effect under any operating temperature and with different aging status.     

Development of an optimal charging algorithm of a Ni-MH battery for stationary fuel cell/battery hybrid system application

When installed in stationary fuel cell/battery hybrid systems, sealed nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) battery packs have low rates of charging behavior at high temperatures. They can also be charged with surplus power from fuel cell system when they are part of a small-capacity fuel cell/battery hybrid system. Test results indicate that when subjected to high temperatures and low rates of charging current, a Ni-MH battery experiences a sharp reduction in discharge capacity but does not experience an increase in voltage. To solve these problems, we have applied a new charging algorithm based on this pulse charging method to a Ni-MH battery. The pulse charging method reduces the charging time by 2 hrs and has a charging efficiency of over 97%. The charging current factor (β) in this pulse charging method should influenced the controlling the charging rate to the battery with applied voltages. The results show a 27% increase in efficiency with the new charging method compared to the system efficiency of the conventional constant-voltage charging method. Such a pulse charging method is expected to increase the lifespan of a Ni-MH battery by inhibiting gas generation.     

Research and characterization of pulse charging strategy for lithium-ion traction battery

动力电池充电策略对提高电动汽车性能和使用寿命起着至关重要的作用。针对一种三元材料体系18650圆柱形电池进行脉冲充电策略研究,将其与标准恒流恒压充电策略进行综合比对,全面客观地分析脉冲充电策略关键参数对动力电池电性能的影响,并系统地评估了脉冲充电策略对电池寿命的影响。在循环寿命研究方面,采用电化学交流阻抗欧谱（EIS）分析不同循环周数和SOC下的交流阻抗,采用X射线断层扫描（CT）无损分析技术对循环500周后电池结构进行表征分析,揭示了带负脉冲充电策略对电池循环性能和结构影响的关系。     

太阳能LED照明路灯充电器的研制

开发了一太阳能LED照明路灯系统,所提出的充电方法既能实现太阳电池的最大功率点跟踪(MPPT)又能满足蓄电池电压限制条件和浮充特性。结合开发实例对充电电路拓扑结构的选择、电路的启动、开关管的占空比、电路驱动和抗干扰问题进行了分析。所开发的系统已经稳定运行半年,测试表明:充电器能够依据蓄电池的不同状态准确切换到MPPT充电、恒压充电和浮充方式。充电器启动电流约为0.06A,最大工作电流可达到10A。     

具有MPPT功能的智能户用光伏充电系统研究

光伏充电系统采用了恒流充电和du/dt恒压限流充电相结合的管理模式,在一定时间内以电压的变化量接近零,并使充电电流达到最小设定量作为判断蓄电池充电终止的条件,采用了电压自寻优算法实现了光伏电池的最大功率点跟踪.试验表明,系统除了具有智能化管理的特点外,光伏电池的最大功率点跟踪效果明显,且不用考虑日照强度和温度对光伏电池的影响,在一定程度上能够提高光伏电池的输出功率.     

Online detection method for incremental capacity internal resistance consistency

电池包单体内阻的不一致会导致短板单体的过充过放,诱发渐变性故障,加剧电池组的失效,安全检测成为市场需求。本文对不同老化程度的磷酸铁锂充电曲线进行分析之后,提出一种基于容量增量的内阻一致性在线检测方法：对充电数据进行分析得到容量增量峰的特征,进而表征单体之间的内阻差异,最后使用箱型图进行异常检测。使用已设计的电池检测系统对电池包进行在线检测与HPPC检测,验证对比发现：两者归一化的单体内阻分布存在较高的一致性,且容量增量在线检测方法成本低、操作简便,适用于大规模的商业电池进行内阻一致性检测,不会对工程效率以及电池组寿命产生影响。在线检测方法为锂离子电池全生命周期预防性安全检测提供方法指导。     

Preheating strategy of variable-frequency pulse for lithium battery in cold weather

Aiming to the issue of charging difficulty and capacity fading for lithium-ion battery at low temperature, this study proposes a preheating strategy using variable-frequency pulse. The innovation of this paper is to propose the thermo-electric coupling model based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy of battery at different temperatures, integrated with variable frequency changing for pulse method to develop an effective inner pre-heating strategy. Meanwhile, the evaluating method of impact of this strategy on capacity fading of battery has also been proposed to examine its effectiveness, to find the optimal strategy. First, temperature rise model and the thermo-electric coupling model at different temperatures according to the equivalent circuit model of battery are presented. Further, optimal heating frequency of current pulse at different temperatures is calculated according to the changing of internal impedance. The results show that the optimal variable-frequency pulse pre-heating strategy can heat the lithium-ion battery from −20°C to 5°C in 1000 seconds. Meanwhile, it brings less damage to the battery health and improves the performance of battery in cold weather based on the views of power consumption, capacity attenuation, and internal impedance changes.