水平井筒变质量分散泡状流压降的理论与实验研究

由于水平井筒和常规水平管道中气液两相流动的相似和差别，可以预知常规水平管流的压降计算方法对于井筒流动来说就需要进行修正或扩展。本文对气、液两相分别应用质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程，考虑管壁存在人流或出流对于分层流流型压降的影响，得到水平井筒气液两相变质量流动分散泡状流流型的压降计算方法。同时，设计并建立了水平井筒流体流动模拟实验装置，在轴向为气液两相流动的前提下分别进行了上管壁单孔眼注入和下管壁单孔眼注入的压降实验研究，获得了大量的实验数据。实验数据和理论计算结果吻合很好，这表明该计算方法具有实际应用价值。     

水平井筒油水变质量分散流动压降研究

针对水平井筒中油水两相变质量流动,从理论和室内实验两个方面对分散流型下压降进行了研究,着重考虑壁面流体的流入对壁面摩阻系数的影响与不同流型间的转换。根据质量守恒、动量守恒方程,建立了水平井油水两相分散流型下压降预测模型。采用水、白油为实验介质,测量了水平管不同注入比、不同含水率下油水两相流压降值。实验结果分析表明,当含水率为40%时,油水发生反相,管道中流动压降最大,这和Brinkman/Roscoe混合黏度公式计算出的反相点一致。同时,压降模型预测结果与实验结果相比较平均相对误差为13.6%。     

Measurement of oil-water flow via the correlation of turbine flow meter,gamma ray densitometry and drift-flux model

The flow rate of the oil-water horizontal flow is measured by the combination of the turbine flow meter and the singlebeam gamma ray densitometry. The emphasis is placed on the effects of the pipe diameter, the oil viscosity and the slip velocity on the measurement accuracy. It is shown that the mixture flow rate measured by the turbine flow meter can meet the application requirement in the water continuous pattern( o- w flow pattern). In addition, by introducing the developed drift-flux model into the measurement system, the relative errors of measurements for component phase flow rates can be controlled within ?5%. Although more accurate methods for the flow rate measurement are available, the method suggested in this work is advantageous over other methods due to its simplicity for practical applications in the petroleum industry.     

水跃对水平管弹状流压力降的影响

本文对气、液两相分别应用一维形式的质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程。假设各流动物理量在水跃面上具有第一类间断点,推导出水平管弹状流中水跃压降的表达式。对以水和空气为流动介质,内径为２５．８ｍ,５１,２ｍｍ和３００ｍｍ的三种管道,在液相表观流速为１．１１ｍ／ｓ,气相表观流速为２￣１０ｍ／ｓ的范围内,计算出了水跃压降的大小随Ｌｏｃｋｈｒｔ－Ｍａｒｔｉｎｅｌｌｉ参数的变化关系,分析了水跃压降对水平管弹状流摩擦     

虹吸管道水气两相流动过流能力的试验分析

通过对虹吸式输水管道输水能力的试验研究,观测到不同安装高度下的气液两相流现象。量测了不同安装高度相应水位差下的流量的大小,并分析了流量变化规律。研究发现,随着安装高度的增大,虹吸管内气液两相流流型由气泡流转化为气团流。分析原因发现在安装高度h_s=2 m时,流量减小率与面积减小率相等,表明气液两相流时过流面积小于液相满流时过流面积是流量的减小的主要原因;当安装高度h_s2 m时,流量减小率与面积减小率相差较大,表明流量的减小不仅与面积变化有关,还应与沿程阻力系数有关。掺气浓度的增大使管内压降增大,压降的增大导致了管内阻力增大,从而使沿程阻力系数增大,而导致流量减小。     

MEASUREMENT OF SOLID SLURRY FLOW VIA CORRELATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOW METER,ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE TOMOGRAPHY AND MECHANISTIC MODELLING

The study presented here was carried out to obtain the actual solids flow rate by the combination of electrical resistance tomography and electromagnetic flow meter. A new in-situ measurement method based on measurements of the Electromagnetic Flow Meters (EFM) and Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) to study the flow rates of individual phases in a vertical flow was proposed. The study was based on laboratory experiments that were carried out with a 50 mm vertical flow rig for a number of sand concentrations and different mixture velocities. A range of sand slurries with median particle size from 212 μm to 355 μm was tested. The solid concentration by volume covered was 5% and 15%, and the corresponding density of 5% was 1078 kg/m³ and of 15% was 1238 kg/m³. The flow velocity was between 1.5 m/s and 3.0 m/s. A total of 6 experimental tests were conducted. The equivalent liquid model was adopted to validate in-situ volumetric solids fraction and calculate the slip velocity. The results show that the ERT technique can be used in conjunction with an electromagnetic flow meter as a way of measurement of slurry flow rate in a vertical pipe flow. However it should be emphasized that the EFM results must be treated with reservation when the flow pattern at the EFM mounting position is a non-homogenous flow. The flow rate obtained by the EFM should be corrected considering the slip velocity and the flow pattern.     

A MODEL FOR PREDICTING PHASE INVERSION IN OIL-WATER TWO-PHASE PIPE FLOW

1. INTRODUCTION Flows consisting of mixtures of two immisciblefluids such as oil and water are encountered frequentlyin many areas of the process industry and in thepetrochemical industry. The phase inversion refers toa phenomenon where, with a small chan…     

液体管道高频水力瞬变过程的数值模拟

目前在液体管道高频水力瞬变分析中,人们通常采用经典的拟稳态摩阻模型进行分析.但这种方法针对管壁切应力具有拟稳态特性的缓慢瞬变的分析是可行的,而对高频瞬变流动过程而言却不能准确预测水击压力波具体的衰减过程以及出现的波形畸变现象.介绍了一种新的考虑瞬时加速度对高频水力瞬变过程影响的非恒定摩阻模型,并结合特征线法给出了其数值解法,最后通过实例验证了该模型能比经典的拟恒定摩阻模型更为准确地模拟液体管道中高频瞬变流压力波的衰减和波形畸变.该模型对计算机的要求和计算耗时与经典的拟稳态摩阻模型相差不大,是一种具有良好工程应用潜力的液体管道高频瞬变分析数学模型.     

INFLUENCE OF SURFACTANT ON TWO-PHASE FLOW REGIME AND PRESSURE DROP IN UPWARD INCLINED PIPES

The influence of a surfactant on the two-phase flow regime and the pressure drop in upward inclined pipes is investigated for various gas/liquid flow rates.The air/water and air/100 ppm sodium dodecyl sulphate aqueous solution are used as the working fluids.The influence of the surfactant on the two-phase flow regime in upward inclined pipes is investigated using the electrical tomographic technique.For 0o,2.5o and 5o pipe inclinations,the surfactant has obvious effect on the transition from the stratified wavy flow to the annular flow,and the range of the stratified smooth flow regime is also extended to higher gas velocities.For 10o pipe inclination,no stratified flow regime is observed in the air/water flow.In the air/surfactant solution system,however,the stratified flow regime can be found in the range of and.For all inclination angles,the changes of the pressure gradient characteristics are accompanied with the flow pattern transitions.Adding surfactant in a two-phase flow would reduce the pressure gradient significantly in the slug flow and annular flow regimes.In the annular flow regime,the pressure gradient gradually becomes free of the influence of the upward inclined angle,and is only dependent on the property of the two-phase flow.     

水电厂超声波测流试验及CFD验算

对国网江西省电力公司柘林水电厂改造后的机组的效率进行了试验,试验过程中,选用了超声波法和流速仪法来测量其流量。试验结果表明,两种流量测量方式的实测结果存在着大约+2.37%的相对误差。针对存在的误差,对其成因开展了分析研究。分析结果表明,由于超声波法和流速仪法在测流时是同步进行的,这样就使得流速仪的支架影响到了超声波测流声道的流场分布,从而导致超声波法的测流结果出现了偏大的误差;为此,进一步对测流管道、流速仪支架及超声波的测流声道进行了CFD模拟和计算,得到流速仪支架对超声波测流结果的影响大约为+2.2%。经过对试验结果与CFD模拟结果进行对比分析,验证了流速仪支架是导致上述试验误差的主要原因。     

阶梯水平井生产段油藏渗流与井筒变质量管流的耦合模型

随着油气勘探和开发技术的迅猛发展，阶梯水平井作为水平井的一种特殊井型，日益在国内外油田得到广泛应用。基于势叠加原理和镜像反映原理，推导出了薄互层油藏中阶梯式水平井生产段的空间势分布；采用微元线汇理论和动量守恒定律建立了薄互层油藏阶梯水平井生产段沿程压降计算模型。推导出了裸眼完井方式下阶梯水平井生产段油藏渗流与井简变质量管流耦合的数学流动模型，并提出了相应的数学解法。     

空气阀数学模型及排气性能研究

空气阀是输水管道进排气的重要设备,具有充水排气、放空吸气,正常输水排气等功能,而且越来越多地用来作为水锤防护措施,因此空气阀的合理选型至关重要。从热力学基本原理出发,推导了理想气体和不可压缩气体两种假设空气阀数学模型,并对美国给水工程协会M51指南所提供的空气阀排气性能参数进行了误差分析。分析结果表明：理想气体假设模型具有较高的精度,不可压缩气体假设模型在压差较小的情况下具有较高的精度,在初次充水、放空等小压差工况下可采用该模型。同时,还以CJ/T217-2013中FGP型复合式空气阀排气性能参数为例进行了流量系数分析。结果表明：流量系数并非常数,而是一个随压差、口径变化的变量,因而在水力过渡过程计算中,流量系数应通过实测得到。研究结果可为空气阀的合理选型提供理论依据,同时也可为工程安全运行提供技术保障。     

引黄入晋渠首输水建筑物原型水力量测

利用已安装在系统中的超声波流量计、压力式水位计等,对万家寨引黄入晋工程渠首输水建筑物的水位、流量进行监测表明,现场实时量测数据较真实地反映了输水建筑物的运行状态。出水口总管的超声波流量计测量结果接近真值,比真值平均略大0.014 m3/s,水泵超声波流量计测量结果比真值平均略大0.113 m3/s。     

缝洞型油藏三重介质油水两相流数值试井解释方法

基于多重介质渗流的概念模型和数学模型,建立了缝洞型油藏油水两相流三重介质数值试井模型;对模型进行数值求解,得到三重介质油藏两相流试井响应曲线并分析其特征。指出三重介质油水两相条件下的压恢曲线与单相时的不重合,并随着初始油水饱和度的变化而变化,不能直接用单相试井模型来解释两相流试井曲线;提出了先拟合油水产量曲线,再拟合压力恢复曲线的试井解释方法。     

Numerical modeling of earthen dam breach due to piping failure

Based on model tests of earthen dam breach due to piping failure,a numerical model was developed.A key difference from previous research is the assumption that the cross-section of the pipe channel is an arch,with a rectangle at the bottom and a semicircle at the top before the collapse of the pipe roof,rather than a rectangular or circular cross-section.A shear stress-based erosion rate formula was utilized,and the arched pipe tunnel was assumed to enlarge along its length and width until the overlying soil could no longer maintain stability.Orifice flow and open channel flow were adopted to calculate the breach flow discharge for pressure and free surface flows,respectively.The collapse of the pipe roof was determined by comparing the weight of the overlying soil and the cohesion of the soil on the two sidewalls of the pipe.After the collapse,overtopping failure dominated,and the limit equilibrium method was adopted to estimate the stability of the breach slope when the water flow overtopped.In addition,incomplete and base erosion,as well as one-and two-sided breaches were taken into account.The USDAARS-HERU model test P1,with detailed measured data,was used as a case study,and two artificially filled earthen dam failure cases were studied to verify the model.Feedback analysis demonstrates that the proposed model can provide satisfactory results for modeling the breach flow discharge and breach development process.Sensitivity analysis shows that the soil erodibility and initial piping position significantly affect the prediction of the breach flow discharge.Furthermore,a comparison with a well-known numerical model shows that the proposed model performs better than the NWS BREACH model.     

Numerical investigation of the concentric annulus flow around a cylindrical body with contrasted effecting factors

This paper studies the wall-bounded flow around a cylindrical at a high Reynolds numbers body in a determined computational domain, with simulations of the 3-D, turbulent concentric annulus flow in a straight pipe. Numerical results show that a reversing zone, appearing as a tongue zone with nested velocities higher than the surrounding area, exists behind the cylindrical body. The annulus space is a region of high velocity and low pressure. The zero velocity, of combined the X- velocity and the Y- velocity, exists in the cross sections and no vortex shedding is formed behind the attaching cylinders. Among all investigated effecting factors, the diameters of the attaching and the main cylinders affect the wake feature behind the cylindrical body while the main cylinder length does not affect the distribution tendency of the flow field. The diameters of the main cylinder and the pipe affect the pressure values and the distribution tendencies on the main cylinder surface. Obviously, the increase of the pipe diameter reduces the drag coefficient of the cylindrical body and the increase of the diameter of the main cylinder increases the drag coefficient greatly. The numerical investigation of the concentric annulus flow provides foundations for further improvements of the intricate flow studies.     

竖向进水管布置对ABR液相流态影响的PIV试验研究

在折流式厌氧反应器(Anaerobic Baffled Reactor,ABR)不同进水管悬空高度和不同进水流量组合的工况下,利用激光粒子图像测速技术(particle image velocimetry,PIV)对ABR的第一格室液相流态进行了研究,测得反应器内降流区和升流区关键截面的流场数据,获得了液相速度和涡量强度与悬空高度的关系曲线;同时研究了相关流场特征,包括流线图谱和涡量场。结果表明:对于ABR的第一格室,合理的进水管悬空高度可以保证良好的进水流态,促使ABR涡量面积分布均匀,有效防止局部沟流和液相死区,确保ABR高效稳定运行。根据试验分析结果,提出了设计时可供参考的进水管悬空高度的取值范围:流量在0.018～0.270 m³/h时,悬空高度的取值范围为230～530 mm;流量在0.558～0.846 m³/h时,悬空高度的取值为530 mm。     

水平管内伴有悬浮床的冰-水两相流动特性

用当量直径为12mm的碎冰，管径为49．7mm的水平管路在低流速范围进行了冰—水两相流的输送实验，主要对伴有悬浮床的冰—水两相流动特性进行了实验和理论研究。对比实验采用比重与冰相近的聚苯乙烯颗粒—水两相流。研究结果表明，冰颗粒之间的粘性作用是引起冰—水两相流压降变化和非牛顿流体特性显示的重要因素，而且针对伴有悬浮床的冰—水两相流的非牛顿流体特性，提出了计算其输送压降的新方法。     

定-变速抽水蓄能机组调相-发电过渡过程动态特性研究

可变速抽水蓄能作为一种较新的机组形式,在参与电网调相调频、功率调节等方面相对传统定速机组具有独特优势。调相-发电过程作为抽水蓄能机组应对风光等间歇性可再生能源波动的典型过渡过程,对过流部件压力波动及机组运行稳定性有显著影响。目前抽水蓄能电站中广泛采用的一管多机布置形式存在水力干扰现象,一台机组的工况变化会影响其他机组的运行。同时,变速机组的引入会使机组展现出与传统机组不同的水力动态特性。为深入探究调相-发电过渡过程中不同机组布置形式下复杂管道系统的水力动态特性及相关稳定性问题,结合工程数据,基于特征线法和S函数等方法构建三种不同机组组合形式下一管双机抽水蓄能机组模型。针对不同机组布置形式,分别探究不同动作间隔下机组的蜗壳压力、尾水管压力及调压井流量等水力因素的动态特性及其对蓄能机组稳定性的影响。定量分析结果表明：在调相-发电工况下,工作水头及蜗壳压力先下降后上升,尾水压力、下游调压井水位及流量呈现正弦式衰减振荡;3种组合形式中定速-变速机组组合稳定性效果最佳,变速-变速组合的水力波动最大。本研究为定、变速组合的抽水蓄能电站安全稳定运行提供一定的理论依据。     

Numerical study of impurity distribution in ultrasonic heat meter body

Based on a discrete phase model, the numerical simulation is carried out for the flow fields of different size calcium carbonate suspensions in the ultrasonic heat meter body. The flow characteristics and the impurity distribution in the ultrasonic heat meter body are analyzed. The errors of the ultrasonic heat meter in measuring calcium carbonate suspensions of particles of 10 micrometers and the causes are analyzed by simulation and experiment. Results show the effects of the impurities on the value of the k coefficient and the sound attenuation on the reflection path due to the particle distribution are the two main factors that influence the measurement accuracy.