住宅建筑能耗统计方法的研究

根据我国建筑热工气候区划下的气候、社会等条件以及供暖空调方式等特点,提出了住宅建筑能耗统计体系的框架。从住宅建筑概况、住户基本资料、能耗设备的拥有量和使用情况以及住宅能耗量等方面建立起住宅建筑能耗统计指标体系,在此基础上制定了整套报表以对市、省以及全国范围内的住宅建筑能耗情况逐层进行统计,并以湖南省某市住宅建筑能耗情况为例进行统计分析,以验证统计方法的可行性。     

建筑能耗评估中对气象参数的处理

对建筑能耗按照气候条件进行修正是建筑能耗评估的基础，也是提高建筑能耗评估精度的关键。本文讨论了目前通用的修正方法(DD法和EDD法)，指出这些方法虽然具有较高的精度，但缺陷也显而易见，并提出了改进建议。     

南方地区居住建筑不同节能方案能耗分析

采用美国大型能耗模拟软件,对南方地区居住建筑能耗进行了分析计算,得出采取不同建筑节能技术后建筑的节能效果,对建筑节能设计具有一定的参考意义。     

住宅夏季空调能耗调查方法分析

对住宅夏季空调能耗调查和数据处理方法进行对比分析,发现不同数据处理方法的计算结果相差较大。认为在对住宅空调能耗调查数据处理的过程中,应考虑电风扇等家用电器耗电量变化的影响,并提出了新的调查数据处理方法和提高调查结果准确性的一些建议。     

公共建筑空调系统节能诊断方法探讨

我国公共建筑空调能耗在建筑能耗中所占比重很大,空调系统节能诊断在节能改造工作中占有重要地位。本文阐述国内外空调系统节能诊断方法的研究现状,通过比较分析总结出目前我国开展节能诊断工作中出现的问题及原因,并在此基础上提出3点建议:构建整体诊断思路、探索适合的合作模式以及提高运行管理水平。     

公共建筑能耗调查统计中几个问题的探讨

针对目前公共建筑的实际能耗调查和调查方法不规范、不统一的现状,着重探讨了能源消耗边界定义、不同类型能源折算方法、分项能耗拆分方法和归一化指标4个方面的已有研究成果和问题,并提出了改进方法。     

空调用蒸发式冷凝器能耗实验研究

当室外气温较高时,风冷热泵系统冷凝器存在换热效果下降的问题,而蒸发式冷凝器可以改善此问题,蒸发式冷凝器因此逐步得到广泛重视。为研究采用蒸发式冷凝器制冷系统的能耗情况,通过正交实验的方法,对比研究了蒸发式冷凝器与风冷式冷凝器在相同工况下压缩机能耗情况,并对影响其性能的因素进行了分析。研究表明,各因素对压缩机耗功量的影响能力依次为:冷凝器进口空气温度、速度及冷凝器喷水量。压缩机耗功量随进口空气温度的升高、进风空气速度降低而增大,随喷水量增加存在先减小后保持不变的现象。     

Robustness of a methodology for estimating hourly energy consumption of buildings using monthly utility bills

The evaluation of building energy consumption under typical meteorological conditions requires building energy profiles on an hourly basis. Computer simulations can be used to obtain this information, but generating simulations requires a significant amount of experience, time, and effort to enter detailed building parameters. This paper considers a simple methodology for using existing EnergyPlus benchmark building energy profiles to estimate the energy profiles of buildings with similar characteristics to a given benchmark model. The method utilizes the building monthly energy bills to scale a given benchmark building energy profile to approximate the real building energy profile. In particular, this study examines the robustness of the methodology considered with respect to the parameter discrepancies between a given building and the corresponding EnergyPlus benchmark model used to estimate its profile. Test buildings are defined by perturbing several combinations of the parameters defined in the benchmark building model. The test buildings examined are similar to the EnergyPlus, medium sized office, benchmark building in Baltimore, MD, and a total of 72 distinct test building configurations are examined. The analysis reveals that the methodology can significantly reduce the errors introduced by discrepancies from the EnergyPlus benchmark model.     

On the energy consumption in residential buildings

A neural network approach is used in the present study for modelling and estimating the energy consumption time series for a residential building in Athens, using as inputs several climatic parameters.The hourly values of the energy consumption, for heating and cooling the building, are estimated for several years using feed forward backpropagation neural networks. Various neural network architectures are designed and trained for the output estimation, which is the building’s energy consumption. The results are tested with extensive sets of non-training measurements and it is found that they correspond well with the actual values.Furthermore, “multi-lag” output predictions of ambient air temperature and total solar radiation are used as inputs to the neural network models for modelling and predicting the future values of energy consumption with sufficient accuracy.     

减少建筑能耗的途径

随着经济改革的顺利进行和工农业的飞速发展、全国总能耗的增长十分迅速,节约能源和开发利用新能源显得更加迫切。建筑的总能耗（这里的总能耗是指为维持室内热湿环境所需要的能耗,包括热负荷和冷负荷）包括下面三个主要方面：一是建筑本身的能耗（主要包括外围护结构的传热及冷风渗透耗热）;二是为维持室内热环境、冷（热）源设备及系统的能耗;三是各种余热、废热及自然能的得热。 本文介绍在节能建筑的基础上,利用建筑的手法合理的设计以减少所需的冷（热）负荷;并通过利用太阳能以及采用新型节能的采暖方式,如低温地板辐射采暖等…     

Establishing target-oriented energy consumption quotas for buildings

The energy assessment of public buildings is currently emerging as an imperative of the Chinese government. However, in setting the overall control targets for entire regions, effective and specific energy consumption quotas (ECQs) for individual buildings are not specified. In this paper, in an effort to meet the energy conservation targets of the 12th Five-Year Plan, new methods for establishing target-oriented and equitable ECQs are proposed and applied in the assessment of a particular group of government office buildings in Beijing. The respective annual ECQs for electricity and gas were established for each building, and a corresponding year-end assessment was conducted. The core concept of the methods could be applied to other types of buildings and this concept could therefore provide important guidance for future policymaking.     

Inherent variability of heat consumption in residential buildings

The paper concerns thermal energy consumption in residential buildings. Heat consumption data of 2280 buildings are compared. Special attention is given to compare heat consumption in identical buildings. Heat consumption variability analysis enables to evaluate inherent heat consumption for space heating dissipation which exists even if design and construction requirements are met. The attempt is made to find the numeral value of heat consumption dissipation caused by design and construction allowances. The analysis of multiflat panel sister-buildings annual heat consumption reveals that minimal value of maximal and minimal heat consumption ratio in identical panel buildings reaches 1.22 (95% confidence level). Data scatter testify erratic quality of construction works, in other words, maximal and minimal heat consumption ratio trend reflects quality of construction works as a whole. On the other hand awareness of inherent unavoidable heat consumption difference in similar houses may strengthen residents’ and policy makers’ confidence in energy saving tools and enhance thermal renovation of residential buildings.     

A review on buildings energy consumption information

The rapidly growing world energy use has already raised concerns over supply difficulties, exhaustion of energy resources and heavy environmental impacts (ozone layer depletion, global warming, climate change, etc.). The global contribution from buildings towards energy consumption, both residential and commercial, has steadily increased reaching figures between 20% and 40% in developed countries, and has exceeded the other major sectors: industrial and transportation. Growth in population, increasing demand for building services and comfort levels, together with the rise in time spent inside buildings, assure the upward trend in energy demand will continue in the future. For this reason, energy efficiency in buildings is today a prime objective for energy policy at regional, national and international levels. Among building services, the growth in HVAC systems energy use is particularly significant (50% of building consumption and 20% of total consumption in the USA). This paper analyses available information concerning energy consumption in buildings, and particularly related to HVAC systems. Many questions arise: Is the necessary information available? Which are the main building types? What end uses should be considered in the breakdown? Comparisons between different countries are presented specially for commercial buildings. The case of offices is analysed in deeper detail.     

Simulation of energy consumption for Kuwaiti domestic buildings

Economic and industrial development in countries which have a dry desert climate has led to an increasing demand for electricity, much of which is consumed in air conditioning systems, which is used extensively to overcome the indoor thermal discomfort during the harsh summer seasons. Reduction of energy consumption in buildings is a major aim worldwide and is a particular challenge in desert climate. Such conditions exist in a number of areas throughout the world: one such area is the state of Kuwait. In Kuwait, the Ministry of Electricity and Water (MEW) issued an energy conservation code in 1983, which is still in force and has not been modified, whereas more effective energy-efficient products and techniques have been developed since then. In addition, electrical energy in Kuwait is highly subsidized by the government, with complete disregard to the new products and techniques. Thus, well-defined energy conservation code with effective and energy-efficient design would have both economical and environmental benefits for the Kuwaiti government. Furthermore, practical applications using building and plant simulation programs are becoming increasingly accepted as a design tool for carrying out or confirming the performance of proposed building designs or to evaluate the effects of varying design parameters. A building model representative of a typical Kuwaiti dwelling has been implemented and encoded within the TRNSYS-IISIBAT environment. A typical meteorological year for Kuwait was prepared and used to predict the cooling loads of the air-conditioned dwelling. Several parametric studies were conducted to enable sensitivity analyses of energy-efficient domestic buildings to be carried out, namely relating to building envelope, window type, size and direction, infiltration and ventilation. Simulation results have shown the desirable features that should be adopted in domestic buildings, with a view to modification of the energy conservation code.     

玻璃幕墙建筑能耗分析

以某博览中心展厅为建筑模型,采用EnergyPlus软件模拟了采用不同玻璃的玻璃幕墙建筑设计日冷、热负荷及月能耗和全年能耗。分析了玻璃类型和地理位置对玻璃幕墙建筑能耗的影响。结果表明,二者的影响很大。     

住宅能耗现状及节能措施

简述了我国住宅建设的能耗现状及其节能潜力,提出四条可行的有效的节能措施。     

降低住宅建筑耗热量指标的途径

简述影响住宅建筑耗热量指标的几个主要因素，以及降低住宅建筑耗热量指标的途径。     

英国公共建筑能耗情况初探

概况 英国的国家统计部门（Office for National Statistics．ONS）每年就英国的能源消耗状况颁布《英国能源消耗》（Energy Consumption in the United Kingdom）。ONS仅负责统计数据的汇总，而涉及到能源的统计数据目前由商贸工业部（Department for Tradeand Industry，DTI）负责收集．整理和分析；2007年6月英国成立了新部门BERR（Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform）负责原DTI的能源相关的职责。目前，除了每年的能耗数据．逐月和逐季度的数据也在BERR网站上会及时发布。     

成都市民用建筑能耗调查分析

通过对成都市民用建筑电耗、气耗及水耗现状的调查,得到了各类建筑的消耗指标,并对能耗总量及公共建筑节能减排潜力进行了估算.