改进的层次分析法在绿色建筑设计方案优选中的应用

根据《绿色建筑评价标准》及《绿色建筑技术导则》,遴选与设计方案有关的评价内容,构建对绿色建筑设计方案进行优选的评价指标体系,在此基础上引入改进的层次分析法（三标度法）确定综合评价各指标的权重,在邀请评标专家对各评价指标进行打分的基础上,计算出该备选方案的综合得分,从中选出最优方案.最后,以实例证明了该评价体系的有效性和实用性.     

新媒体在多校联合毕业设计中的应用研究

新媒体技术的发展和应用,打破了传统毕业设计模式。文章分析了目前国内高校毕业设计的形式和特点,明确了基于新媒体应用的联合毕业设计教学改革意义,介绍了新媒体在虚拟毕业设计教学、构建多校联合毕业设计教学平台及评价体系、分享联合毕业设计教学成果等方面的应用。通过研究,为学科发展、专业建设以及推动毕业设计教学改革提供相关理论依据和实践经验,从而提高人才培养质量。     

Policies influencing the design of the Richmond transport project

The Richmond Transport Project is one of the last elements of the City and County of San Francisco's Wastewater Master Plan for reducing combined sewer overflows into San Francisco Bay. The project includes a 10,200-ft.-long wastewater storage and diversion tunnel that is currently under construction. The tunnel follows an alignment through a sensitive urban area in the northwest part of San Francisco and traverses portions of the Golden Gate National Recreational Area (managed by the National Park Service), Lincoln Park, the exclusive Seacliff residential district, and the Presidio Army Base. In addition to the tunnel, an underground overflow chamber will be constructed to allow future overflows to be discharged through an abandoned outfall tunnel eliminating overflows at the current outfall located at BakerBeach. Planning activities for the project spanned more than 10 years and involved an extensive public participation process. Public policy issues that influenced the City's approach toplanningand designing this project were: the interactions with the numerous agencies involved; an ongoing public participation process; the development and evaluation of the various project alternatives; design accommodations to minimize construction impacts in this urban area; and discharge modif cations such as the underground overflow chamber system designed to eliminate future wastewater overflows at Baker Beach.     

System optimization for pulp and paper industrial wastewater treatment design

System Optimization of Industrial Waste Treatment Design is a challenging topic in view of the ever-increasing pollution problems and the rapid development of new processes. An optimization procedure which integrates dynamic programming techniques into existing process design principles is presented. With the objective to identify the optimum combinations of various unit processes in a multistage plant, the most economic decisions are derived while meeting the ultimate design criteria.

The analytical procedure utilizes the method of decision inversion in dynamic programming. A numerical example for typical paper and pulp industrial waste treatment design is presented for illustrative purposes. Many practical cost functions have also been developed for the analysis of the pulp and paper industrial wastewater treatment system which consists of different process alternatives.     

Integration of fire safety and building design

A new framework is presented to facilitate better incorporation of building fire safety performance options into the building design process. Based on the building design process and key design decisions undertaken at each phase, a knowledge set is developed to aid building designers to understand better the effects of design decisions on building fire performance. This also minimizes potential competing objectives in later design phases by sharing necessary concerns in advance. Drawing on the knowledge set, a conceptual building fire safety evaluation tool illustrates how primary building designers and fire safety engineers can quantitatively assess fire safety performance for different solutions. It is shown how building fire safety performance attributes can be arranged by building design phase, how various scenarios can be explored, and how appropriately balanced building design and fire safety design solutions can be identified at different phases of the building design process.     

住宅电气设计中存在的问题及解决办法

介绍了住宅电气安装运行中的一些问题，对住宅电气设计中的难点提出了具体的解决办法，指出住宅电气设计应综合考虑各方面因素，以达到合理化设计的目的。     

Investigation of sustainable and resilient design alternatives for water distribution networks

Nowadays there is a pronounced interest in the need for sustainable and resilient infrastructure systems to address the challenges of future infrastructure development. This paper presents a three-objective optimization model for the investigation of various sustainable and resilient design alternatives for water distribution networks. Although optimal design of water distribution networks is a thoroughly studied area, most researchers focused on efficient algorithms to solve the complex design problem. Cost has predominantly been the objective in previous studies with few models also considering resilience or environmental impacts (CO₂ emissions). This research combined all these parameters in a multi-objective model to obtain various sustainable and resilient design alternatives. The model is demonstrated on a three-loop benchmark network that was previously studied. The tradeoff between the objectives is further analyzed to identify the most beneficial solution from the pareto-optimal set of solutions. The dollar worth of enhancing resilience of the benchmark network by a unit is estimated to be in the range of $1.23 to $3.93 million, which translates to about 22% to 69% of the least possible life cycle cost. The results of this research reveal that resilience can be increased by paying a justifiable cost that will also compensate for CO₂ emissions.     

网络层次分析法在应急钢桥设计方案评估中的应用

网络层次分析法(ANP)是依赖于专家打分的多准则决策理论。应用网络层次分析法评估应急钢桥设计方案的基本步骤,结果表明应用ANP对应急钢桥设计方案进行评估是合理的。     

A decision model for the design of building enclosures

In building enclosure design, decisions are made on the basis of physical units (fire resistance, sound transmission losses, risk of condensation and so on) as well as such variable quantities as economic units. Such multi-attributed decisions can be made by a process of exclusion. In this process, the performance of design alternatives, for each objectives, considered, is assessed and normalized by means of utility transformations. Each alternative is then compared with the others generated in the design. The mathematical development of the Decision by Exclusion model is presented in detail.     

Mountain Railway Alignment Optimization with Bidirectional Distance Transform and Genetic Algorithm

Various challenging constraints must be satisfied in railway alignment design for topographically complex mountainous regions. The alignment design for such environments is so challenging that existing methodologies have great difficulties in automatically generating viable railway alignment alternatives. We solve this problem with a hybrid method in which a bidirectional distance transform (DT) algorithm automatically selects control points before a genetic algorithm (GA) refines the alignment. This approach solves the problems of (1) determining the appropriate distribution of control points in the GA and (2) producing alignments that deviate significantly from the DT‐optimized paths. Automatic design of backtracking curves and dynamic generation of vertical points of intersection handling multiple constraints are developed to improve the GA performance. This method has been applied to a real case on the Sichuan–Tibet Railway where excessively severe natural gradients must be overcome. It automatically finds an alignment optimized for the given objectives and complex constraints, as well as various promising alternatives.     

Decision support and design evolution: integrating genetic algorithms,CFD and visualization

This paper describes a decision support evolution model using Genetic Algorithm (GA) as the evolution algorithm and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) as the evaluation mechanism. The model is integrated with a visualization module to allow users to interact and select form instances as the design evolves. The advantages of such an evolutionary decision support design approach is that diverse instances of the state space can be investigated in relation to specific goal requirements which will enhance the possibility of discovering a variety of potential solutions. The model allows the user to explore and visualize the design evolution and its form generation in an attempt to stimulate the designer creativity that might contribute to their output.The process uses an iterative approach that allows design to be evaluated using CFD analysis automatically to maximize several thermal and ventilation criteria. Design change will then be performed, remeshed and displayed based on the evolutionary algorithms. The process allows the user to experience the morphing of the design based on its performance and continues until the designer has the opportunity to visualize the evolution of the final set of design alternatives.     

设计阶段的造价控制的关键

确立以资源是否节约作为衡量造价控制的标准。阐述对从设计的准备阶段至施工图完成的全过程中,造价控制的必要性、可行性、各阶段的具体要求、实施要点和具体做法。尤其是强调重视准备工作、强化事前控制、注重专家作用、善于换位思考、及时跟踪检查等控制措施,以及思考建设方应持有的理念等,可供同行参考。     

An assessment technique for the evaluation and promotion of sustainable Olympic design and urban development

A response is presented to the dilemma of hosting resource-intensive large-scale sporting events at a time when requirements for sustainability and sustainable development must also be met. A framework was devised for judging development and design issues for future planning, one which is based upon extant historic evidence from host city experiences as well as previous event outcomes. It offers potential to compare plans against best/optimal practice. The technique for appraisal arises from a detailed analysis of Olympic Games held since 1896. Data associated with venue design, construction and usage, athletes' accommodation, and the facilities for officials, the media and visitors/spectators, were amassed and reviewed. An evaluation technique was produced which demonstrates how the organizers of a modern Olympic Games can assess and reflect upon planning, design and development decisions associated with their own city from an early outline stage. This should permit less wasteful, more appropriate and more sustainable Games' infrastructures to be considered before complex detailed development occurs.     

Wealth creation from design

The UK adds much less value per manufacturing employee than its competitors. Value is added by good management and, even more, by good design. The Design Council believes that the UK has the best design sector in the world. So what is the way forward? The authors summarise the contents and discussion of an IEE colloquium on 'Wealth creation from design' (1995). The conclusion drawn from this event are summarised and include the following: More money spent at the early stages of a design project saves its cost, many times over, in development and manufacturing costs; the tendency to spend increasing amounts as design proceeds from conception (1%), through evaluation (10%), to realisation (89%), must be reversed; establishing the design specification is one of the most important stages of design and the effort required to do this must not be limited; method in design will produce better products     

Automated processes of estimating the heating and cooling load for building envelope design optimization

An automated process is developed to perform dynamic energy simulations for several hundreds or thousands of the conditions required to examine the influence of dozens of building envelope design factor changes on the heating and cooling load of a building. The developed process was applied for 10-factor 128-treatment fractional factorial design, it was experimentally confirmed that the simulated preparation period, which took about 1 day to complete via manual operation, took about 10 min using the automated process; this represents a 400-fold increase in speed. It is shown that the processing time savings obtained with the automation process increase exponentially as the number of design factors considered increases. The regression equations between heating and cooling loads and design factors are analyzed with a multi-objective optimization algorithm to obtain the Pareto-front, which is a combination of optimal design factors that can be used to minimize the building heating and cooling loads and to provide building designers with viable alternatives by considering the building energy performance.     

建筑设计方案的层次分析法评判——以学生作业为例

层次分析法是系统工程中对非定量事件进行定量研究的理论,也是对人的主观判断做出客观描述的有效手段;在工作实践中,经常遇到要求某些事件依据约定的评价指标排序、从中选优,而层次分析法就是处理这类问题的一种方法;层次分析法从问世以来,在各个领域得到了极其广泛的应用。就建筑学而言,建筑设计方案的评价是一个必须的、复杂的过程,应当综合考虑许多因素,如建筑总体布局、经济与技术指标、图纸规范性、环境协调关系等等。因为如何选择评价方法是建筑师、建筑教育工作者始终关注、探索的重要课题,所以无论是建筑设计教学、建筑设计竞赛还是建筑设计方案的招标、评标,都需要相对客观的、建立在科学基础上的评价方法,尽量减少人为因素的影响。该文以学生作业为例,尝试探讨层次分析法在建筑设计方案评判中的应用。     

An ontology-based approach to support decision-making for the design of ETO (Engineer-To-Order) products

Most of the facility projects have Engineer-To-Order (ETO) products. One of the major problems associated with ETO products is their long lead-time. Previous studies show that the long lead-time has more than half of its causes associated directly or indirectly with the design phase, in which many project participants are involved. This paper explores approaches to better support the ETO product design process by improving information sharing among project participants and collaborating information systems.

This paper proposes to use ontology as a technical solution to integrate heterogeneous systems. Subsequently, an ontological framework of electrical products for supporting decision-making is developed. The ontology supports the generation, analysis, sharing and reuse of domain knowledge as required by ETO business processes, thus providing information to support many information intensive business processes such as the evaluation of design alternatives. This paper also presents a case study, i.e., the selection of transformers, to demonstrate the use of the ontology. In addition, limitations of the study have also been discussed.     

Decision‐making in a model‐based design process

Decisions early in the design process have a big impact on the life cycle performance of a building. The outcome of a construction project can be improved if different design options can rapidly be analysed to assist the client and design team in making informed decisions in the design process. A model‐based design approach can facilitate the decision‐making process if the design alternatives' performances can be evaluated and compared. A decision‐making framework using a performance‐based design process in the early design phase is proposed. It is developed to support decision‐makers to take informed decisions regarding the life cycle performance of a building. A scenario is developed in order to demonstrate the proposed framework of evaluating the different design alternatives' energy performance. The framework is applicable to decision‐making in a structured design process, where design alternatives consisting of both objective and subjective evaluation criteria can be evaluated.     

An ontology-based approach to support decision-making for the design of ETO (Engineer-To-Order) products

Most of the facility projects have Engineer-To-Order (ETO) products. One of the major problems associated with ETO products is their long lead-time. Previous studies show that the long lead-time has more than half of its causes associated directly or indirectly with the design phase, in which many project participants are involved. This paper explores approaches to better support the ETO product design process by improving information sharing among project participants and collaborating information systems.This paper proposes to use ontology as a technical solution to integrate heterogeneous systems. Subsequently, an ontological framework of electrical products for supporting decision-making is developed. The ontology supports the generation, analysis, sharing and reuse of domain knowledge as required by ETO business processes, thus providing information to support many information intensive business processes such as the evaluation of design alternatives. This paper also presents a case study, i.e., the selection of transformers, to demonstrate the use of the ontology. In addition, limitations of the study have also been discussed.     

建筑环境设计模拟分析软件DeST第10讲暖通空调方案的经济性分析

暖通空调方案的经济性评价是暖通空调设计过程中必不可少的环节,它必须针对暖通空调系统设计由浅入深、逐步深化的过程,在设计的不同阶段,尽可能准确地评价拟采用的暖通空调方案的经济性,从而为优化设计、比较方案提供经济方面的依据。详细阐述了DeST中暖通空调方案经济性分析所选用的模型与模拟方法。以一商用办公写字楼为例,针对暖通空调系统设计过程中的不同阶段,进行了方案的可行性分析和经济性分析,以此介绍经济性分析的方法和如何解决实际问题。