A location-aware multicasting protocol for Bluetooth Location Networks

Bluetooth Location Network (BLN) is a Bluetooth radio network that is composed of some mobile Bluetooth devices and static Bluetooth units, and is established at the system initialization to form a spontaneous network topology. In a BLN, a multicast service is defined as the periodical delivering of messages from a Service Server to a set of mobile devices which are the multicast members predefined by the Service Server. Several multicast protocols have been proposed for the Ad-Hoc networks, but they create an inefficient multicast tree for the BLN due to the existing differences in the radio characteristics between Ad-Hoc and Bluetooth radio networks. The present paper analyzes these differences and proposes a novel multicasting protocol for constructing an efficient multicast tree in a BLN. The proposed protocol constructs a multicast tree with good features which include the shortest path, a higher degree of path sharing, and fewer forwarding nodes. Simulation results reveal that the proposed multicast protocol outperforms the existing multicast protocols in the BLN.     

基于拓扑快速变化的OLSR改进路由协议研究

针对优化链路状态路由协议（OLSR）在网络拓扑结构快速变化时性能下降的问题,提出了一种新的结合鱼眼状态路由和能量感知的自适应改进路由协议,命名为AFE-OLSR。该改进协议通过监听节点链路集和多点中继选择集的变化情况,自动调整HELLO和拓扑控制消息的发送频率,实现移动感知。同时,它借鉴鱼眼状态路由的思想,节点自动调整拓扑控制消息的转发次数。通过这些机制,该协议能够记录接收消息的能量大小实现能量感知,以及根据能量感知和移动感知的结果来帮助节点选择更稳定和更可靠的路由。仿真结果表明,AFE-OLSR在网络拓扑变化时端到端时延减少8%,分组到达率提高11%,建立全网路由时间减少12%;在网络拓扑静止时HELLO发送量减少19%,TC转发量减少15%。     

一个新的可伸缩QoS组播路由协议

提出了一个有效的QoS组播路由机制，基本思想是使路由器只存储其两层邻居节点的可达性信息以及链路的QoS状态信息，以减少路由器存储开销，提高协议的规模伸缩性(Scalability)．协议采用受限的泛播技术，构造了一个接受节点发起的、采用多路径技术的，分布式路由算法．文章描述了协议的数据结构、组播树的构造算法，分析了协议的性能并给出了模拟实验结果，表明基于受限泛播技术的组播路由协议具有节点存储开销小、呼叫接收成功率高、易于实现等特点。     

优化链路状态路由协议的低开销拓扑维护算法

优化链路状态路由（OLSR）协议利用多点中继（MPR）节点周期性地泛洪拓扑控制（TC）消息,以实现网络拓扑发现与维护,但其增加了网络的控制开销,并且当拓扑较稳定时固定的泛洪周期导致网络带宽浪费。针对该问题,提出OLSR的低开销拓扑维护（LCTM-OLSR）算法。通过缩减MPR节点个数减少TC消息产生的数量和转发次数,同时对比上一次发送周期MPR选择集的变动情况,在稳定量和变动量中选择较小量作为TC消息进行发送。在此基础上,根据网络拓扑的变化情况动态调整TC消息的发送周期。仿真结果表明,相比传统OLSR和HTR-OLSR算法,LCTM-OLSR算法能够有效降低网络的控制开销和端到端时延,提高网络的吞吐量。     

一种基于MANET的多播协议的设计与实现

传统的应用于有线网络的多播方法很难适应MANET所具有的拓扑结构变化和带宽有限等特点，无法有效地应用于MANET。提出了采用按需路由发现策略的MANET多播路由协议MFGRP。在MFGRP协议中不需要维护全局的路由信息，通过按需路由发现过程，动态更新路由信息和建立网格。多播数据包在转发组成员间进行有限泛洪，使协议能够降低带宽的占用及减少路由更新信息的传播。模拟实验显示协议在带宽较低、多播组成员数量变化较大的移动分组无线网环境中，具有较好的可靠性和工作效率。     

Analysis of a Randomized Congestion Control Scheme with DSDV Routing in ad Hoc Wireless Networks

Ad hoc wireless networks are expected to play an increasingly important role in future civilian and military settings where wireless access to a wired backbone is either ineffective or impossible. However, frequent topology changes caused by node mobility make routing in ad hoc wireless networks a challenging problem. In addition, limited capabilities of mobiles require a control on node congestion due to message forwarding.  In this paper, we present a randomized version, called R-DSDV, of the known destination-sequenced distance vector (DSDV) routing protocol for ad hoc networks and analyze its capabilities for distributed congestion control. The analysis is based on a novel approach that uses Markov chains for representing the distribution of routing information over the network. Our results indicate that a probabilistic congestion control scheme based on local tuning of protocol parameters is feasible and that such a mechanism can be effective in reducing the amount of traffic routed through a node which is temporarily congested. The traffic reduction is almost linear with respect to the decrease in the R-DSDV routing table advertisement rate of the congested node. On an average, the convergence time is relatively small as compared to the transmission rates of protocol messages.     

基于网络编码的航空自组网安全路由算法

针对航空自组网路由可靠性低及安全性差的特点,提出了基于网络编码的安全路由算法NC-SRP。该算法基于地理位置信息确定协作编码簇进而构建多路径传输网络,保证了源节点和目的节点的匿名性;将消息编码后连同编码向量进行分割转发;协同簇内节点对消息重编码并多播,对累积编码向量重编码后分散转发,从而可以在不需要密钥的情况下保证消息的安全性。理论分析与仿真实验表明,NC-SRP提高了消息的安全性的同时依靠网络编码的优势提高了路由的性能。     

基于节点相对移动性的自适应按需组播路由协议

提出一种基于节点相对移动性的自适应按需组播路由协议RMNAM。RMNAM协议继承了ADMR协议的按需特性,并引入了节点相对移动性的概念。一方面,协议使用节点相对移动性作为组播转发树路径选择的重要依据,以提高组播转发树的健壮性;另一方面,协议将接收节点执行全局修复的频率与组播树各路径平均节点相对移动性信息相结合,对源节点的传输方式切换策略进行优化,使其具有更好的适应性。仿真实验结果表明,RMNAM在分组递交率和传输时延方面较ADMR有所改进,同时在有效性和扩展性方面保持了对ODMRP的优势。     

一种结合路径跳数和转发组成员数的优化组播路由协议

在深入分析ODMRP组播协议的基础上,本文提出了将传输节点分成不同类型的策略,并在此基础上提出了一种结合路径跳数和转发组成员数的组播路由协议HF-ODMRP(OptimalMulticastProtocolwithHopsandFGsbasedonODMRP).在HF-ODMRP协议中,节点根据网络已有的转发信息将自身标记为普通节点、FG(ForwardingGroup)节点的邻居或FG节点,并赋予不同的权值.在建立路由的过程中,每个节点首先计算路径上节点的累计权值和路径的总跳数,并优先选择具有两者比值最大的路径上的节点构成FG,从而使得发送者和接收者之间既可以共用更多FG节点,降低了转发组中冗余FG节点个数,又可以提高了组播协议的有效性.模拟结果验证HF-ODMRP不仅对动态拓扑具有良好的适应性,而且大大提高了组播协议的数据转发有效性和能源消耗有效性.     

Efficient Broadcasting Using Network Coding and Directional Antennas in MANETs

In this paper, we consider the issue of efficient broadcasting in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) using network coding and directional antennas. Network coding-based broadcasting focuses on reducing the number of transmissions each forwarding node performs in the multiple source/multiple message broadcast application, where each forwarding node combines some of the received messages for transmission. With the help of network coding, the total number of transmissions can be reduced compared to broadcasting using the same forwarding nodes without coding. We exploit the usage of directional antennas to network coding-based broadcasting to further reduce energy consumption. A node equipped with directional antennas can divide the omnidirectional transmission range into several sectors and turn some of them on for transmission. In the proposed scheme using a directional antenna, forwarding nodes selected locally only need to transmit broadcast messages, original or coded, to restricted sectors. We also study two extensions. The first extension applies network coding to both dynamic and static forwarding node selection approaches. In the second extension, we design two approaches for the single source/single message issue in the network coding-based broadcast application. Performance analysis via simulations on the proposed algorithms using a custom simulator and ns2 is presented.     

基于受限泛播技术的可伸缩性QoS组播路由协议

随着远程会议、远程教育和交互式仿真等分布式多媒体应用的兴起,组播技术受到网络研究人员的重视.而这些应用的QoS(quality of service)需求又进一步推动了QoS敏感的组播路由协议的发展.在已提出的各种QoS组播路由协议中,如何提高呼叫成功率、增强规模伸缩性、降低控制报文开销,仍然是一个有待探索的问题.提出了一个新的QoS组播路由协议,其基本思想是使路由器只存储其两层邻居节点的可达性信息以及链路的QoS状态信息,以减少路由器存储开销,提高协议的规模伸缩性(scalability).协议采用受限的泛播技术,构造了一个接受节点发起的、采用多路径技术的、分布式路由算法.描述了协议的数据结构、组播树的构造算法,并给出了模拟实验结果.分析表明,基于受限泛播技术的组播路由协议具有节点存储开销小、呼叫接收成功率高等特点.虽然该协议付出了泛播引起的额外带宽开销较大的代价,但是由于协议所需要的控制数据总量不大,加上两层存储结构在一定程度上限制了泛播通信量,因此该方案具有很好的性能.     

一种基于稳定簇的混合路由协议CBHRP

移动算组网是一种没有有线基础结构支持的移动网络,具有带宽有限和拓扑结构易变的特点。这些特点使得设计一个合适的路由协议具有一定的挑战性。该文针对移动自组网提出了一种基于稳定簇结构、按需路由和预先路由混合、支持单播和组播通信的路由协议CBHRP。CBHRP具有路由控制开销小、主机移动对拓扑结构改变的影响小、通信的初始延迟低和应用范围广的特点。     

机会社会网络中基于社区的消息传输算法

针对机会网络中的主流转发协议未考虑到节点移动社会性的问题,提出一种基于副本限制和人类社会特性的路由算法。该算法根据节点间的社会关系强度,动态自适应地将节点划分为不同的社区,通过限制消息副本数来减少网络中消息的冗余,并利用活跃性高的节点带动消息的转发和传递。仿真结果表明,该协议能够保证较高的消息传输成功率和相对较低的传输时延,降低网络的资源消耗。     

一种基于内容的双向共享组播路由协议

针对组播协议在大规模分布式交互系统应用中面临的可扩展性问题,提出一种基于内容的双向共享组播路由协议CBSMRP(content-based bi-directional shared multicast routing protocol).该协议结合运用了主动路由思想和基于内容的发布-订购模式,在基于CBT(core-based tree)结构的双向共享组播树中,根据数据包的内容实现主动路由和双向过滤,不仅解决了组播地址的维护和分配等问题,而且能够有效地减轻系统的网络负载.仿真实验及实际应用表明,该协议具有较好的扩展性,能够满足大规模分布式交互系统的网络通信要求.     

An enhanced real-time routing protocol with load distribution for mobile wireless sensor networks

Mobile wireless sensor network (MWSN) is a wireless ad hoc network that consists of a very large number of tiny sensor nodes communicating with each other in which sensor nodes are either equipped with motors for active mobility or attached to mobile objects for passive mobility. A real-time routing protocol for MWSN is an exciting area of research because messages in the network are delivered according to their end-to-end deadlines (packet lifetime) while sensor nodes are mobile. This paper proposes an enhanced real-time with load distribution (ERTLD) routing protocol for MWSN which is based on our previous routing protocol RTLD. ERTLD utilized corona mechanism and optimal forwarding metrics to forward the data packet in MWSN. It computes the optimal forwarding node based on RSSI, remaining battery level of sensor nodes and packet delay over one-hop. ERTLD ensures high packet delivery ratio and experiences minimum end-to-end delay in WSN and MWSN compared to baseline routing protocol. In this paper we consider a highly dynamic wireless sensor network system in which the sensor nodes and the base station (sink) are mobile. ERTLD has been successfully studied and verified through simulation experiment.     

Distributed route repair for increasing reliability and reducing control overhead for multicasting in wireless MANET

The Multicast Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (MAODV) routing protocol is proposed for achieving multicast in a Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) while reducing bandwidth waste and energy power consumption. In MANET, packets transmission through a multicast tree may always have unreliable links caused by node mobility or lack of energy, and thus significantly degrades the performance. MAODV uses a broadcast-type local repair mechanism to find an alternative route to the multicast tree when some breaks happen on the tree. Although the local repair mechanism provides a specified time-to-live (TTL) to limit the repair range and the hop-count to the group leader, a large number of broadcast-type Route Request (RREQ) messages extensively yields control overhead and requires a large amount of power consumption to send control messages. Thus, this paper proposes a unicast-type multihop local repair protocol for multicast MANETs to recover lost links efficiently while achieving several advantages: increasing network reliability, increasing packet delivery rate, minimizing the number of control messages and reducing repair delay. Moreover, the optimal number of hops used in the multihop neighbor table is analyzed mathematically. Numerical results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms other repair approaches in terms of successful repair rate, control message overhead and packet delivery rate.     

GAER: genetic algorithm-based energy-efficient routing protocol for infrastructure-less opportunistic networks

In infrastructure-less opportunistic networks (Oppnets), the routing of messages is a challenging task since nodes are not aware of the network topology and they look for an opportunity to send the message by finding or predicting a best temporary path at each hop towards the destination. As nodes perform various computations for next hop selection, a lot of battery power gets consumed, which in turn reduces the network lifetime. Thus, there is a clear demand for routing protocols for such networks which are energy-efficient and consume lesser power of nodes in forwarding a message. In this paper, a novel routing protocol named genetic algorithm-based energy-efficient routing (GAER) protocol for infrastructure-less Oppnets is proposed. This protocol uses a node’s personal information, and then applies the genetic algorithm (GA) to select a better next hop among a group of neighbour nodes for the message to be routed to the destination. With the application of GA, optimal results are obtained that help in the selection of the best possible node as the next hop, which in turn, leads to prolonged battery life. Simulation results show that GAER outperforms the Epidemic, PROPHET, and Spray and Wait protocols in terms of messages delivered, overhead ratio, average residual energy, and number of dead nodes. The results obtained for average latency and average buffer time using GAER are comparable to those obtained for the aforementioned protocols.     

A genetic algorithm for solving virtual source placement problem on WDM networks

As WDM technology matures and multicast applications become increasingly popular, supporting multicast at the WDM layer becomes an important and yet challenging topic. In order to reduce the number of wavelength channels to achieve the multicast effectively, switching nodes with light-splitting and wavelength-converting capabilities denoted as virtual source (VS) nodes are developed. In this paper, given a WDM network, a positive integer k and a set of multicast requests, the VS placement (VSP) problem on WDM networks is studied; the goal is to determine the locations of the VS nodes, the multicast routing and assigned wavelengths of multicast requests so as to minimize the number of used wavelength channels. Since the VSP problem is a hard problem, a genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to solve it. In the proposed GA, a binary-bit array is used to represent the locations of the VS nodes on network. For a given locations of VS nodes, three multicast routing methods: core-based tree (CBT), link-disjoint CBT (LDCBT), and layered graph (LG) are proposed and used to construct the shared tree for multicast requests. In the CBT and LDCBT methods, a multicast tree constructing (MTC) algorithm is used to construct the multicast tree of a given multicast, and a segment-based wavelength assignment (SBWA) algorithm is proposed and used to determine the assigned wavelength of the multicast tree. Moreover, in the proposed GA, several crossover and mutation operators are developed and used to generate offspring. Simulation results show that the proposed GA together with LG or CBT multicast method can get better results.     

VANET中一种基于概率转发的AODV路由协议

泛洪被作为实现广播通信的最简单的技术,广泛应用于车联网VANET(vehicular Ad Hoc network)路由.然而,由于VANET中节点的快速移动以及网络拓扑动态变化,简单的泛洪容易导致大量的冗余数据包,并引发广播风暴.为此,以典型的按需式距离矢量路由协议AODV (Ad Hoc on-demand distance vector)为基础,提出基于概率转发的AODV路由协议,记为AODV_P.AODV_P协议利用概率转发机制替代AODV中的泛洪.节点利用距离、密度信息计算转发概率,并依据转发概率设置计时器.计时器时间越短,成为下一跳转发节点的可能性越大.仿真结果表明,提出的AODV_P能够有效降低冗余数据包,缓解广播风暴问题.与AODV协议相比,AODV_P在传输时延、数据包传输率方面得到了有效提高.     

支持自愈恢复的WMPLS自组网组播协议

基于无线多协议标签交换（WMPLS）协议体系,结合无线移动自组网的特点,提出一种支持自愈恢复的WMPLS信令建立标签交换路径的自组网组播协议RA—WMPLS。该协议基于LDP信令协议做了组播扩展,使用LDP消息进行组播树的建立和维护,并建立LSP自愈恢复机制,既实现组播的功能,又能够快速恢复中断的链路,提高网络的性能。通过构建AdHoc网络仿真模型,仿真对比RA—WMPLS和ODMRP路由协议的性能,并验证了自愈恢复特性。