Characterisation of vinegar by pyrolysis-mass spectrometry

A number of vinegars (wine, malt, apple, balsamic and ‘synthetic’) were analysed by means of pyrolysis-mass spectrometry (Py-MS). For the data analysis with neural networks, the samples were divided into training set of 108 samples and a validation set of 52 samples. The prediction of the validation set with a trained network revealed a good discrimination of all kind of vinegars except the ‘synthetic’ ones.     

边水气藏气井见水时间预测方法

基于多孔介质流体质点的渗流规律,对具有近似直线供给边界的边水气藏见水时间的预测方法进行研究.通过数学推导,得到了边水气藏水舌突破时间的计算公式.该公式考虑了气水流度比、原始束缚水饱和度、残余气饱和度、气井距边水的距离等影响因素,并进行了实例分析.结果表明,利用该公式进行边水气藏气井见水时间预测是可行的,具有一定的实用性.     

底水油藏多分支井见水时间影响因素

在多分支井开发底水油藏的过程中,油井见水是不可避免的,而见水后对含水率的控制十分困难,因此延长见水时间极其重要。但目前针对多分支井见水规律的研究却是空白。利用数值模拟方法,得到见水时间与相关参数之间的关系,为调整参数延长见水时间提供理论依据。实验结果表明,见水时间与多分支井避水高度、单井控制面积、井下夹层、油藏水平渗透率及多分支井的分支长度、分支角度和分支数目等参数成正相关性;而与生产压差、产液量、油藏垂向渗透率和油水粘度比等参数之间成负相关性。对鱼骨井与辐射式多分支井开发的底水油藏水脊形态的研究表明:鱼骨井主要见水点为主井筒与分支交会处,水体呈与分支形态相关的山脊状向上推进,因此分支与主井筒的交会处是须重点防范底水突进的位置;而辐射式多分支井的井跟比井趾处见水要早,第1见水点为分支的交会点,而且是点状见水,然后迅速变为面状见水,水体呈与分支形态相关的山脊状向上推进,因此与鱼骨井不同,井跟处是须重点防范底水突进的位置。     

水平井与直井联合井网见水时间的确定方法

将水平井简化为具有等效井筒半径的直井,考虑了水平井与直井联合布井水驱油的非活塞特性,运用等值渗流阻力法将渗流区划分为3个阻力区,推导出了5种典型的水平井与直井联合井网的油井见水时间计算公式.并研究了水平井长度对不同井网见水时间的影响.引入见水系数对计算公式进行了修正,理论计算值与模拟值基本一致,能够满足油藏工程计算的需要.     

Recent developments in the application of nuclear technology in agro-food quality and safety control in China

Having effective control on quality and safety of Chinese agro-food is of global significance due to the massive volume of production and export. Because of the technical advantages, as well as advocation of peaceful use of such technique by international community, nuclear techniques have been widely applied in China for food control purpose. This paper reviewed the recent developments of nuclear technique applications for food traceability (stable isotope analysis on beef, wheat, lamb, tea) and authentication (stable isotope analysis on organic food, apicultural products, camellia oil, orange juice), food contaminant analysis (radio-immunoassay and stable-isotope dilution for drug residues and microbial toxins) and food quality assurance (gamma ray and electron beam irradiation) in China, specifically with an intense discussion upon the first application as the authors believe it will be the most promising nuclear based technique for food quality and safety control. In conclusion, current situation of application was outlined and defects of discussed technologies were identified for future development.     

气藏水平井边水突破时间预测

近年来气藏水平井开发技术越来越成熟,然而出水是影响气藏开发的重要问题.出水分为边水和底水,国内外对底水锥进进行了大量研究,而对边水气藏水平井见水时间预测的研究相对较少.文中对边水气藏水平井边水突破时间的预测方法进行了研究,通过数学推导,得到了边水气藏水平井边水突破时间的计算公式.该公式考虑了水平井水平段长度、含水饱和度、水相黏度、气相黏度等影响因素,并进行了实例分析.结果表明,利用该公式进行边水气藏水平井边水突破时间预测是可行的,具有一定的指导意义.     

Determination of added water in pork products using microwave dielectric spectroscopy

The effects of added water on the microwave dielectric spectra of pork products has been studied. Results are presented for canned pork, bacon, ham, leg meat and commercial samples of ham and bacon bought from UK retailers. The dielectric spectra were transformed by the method of principal components and the added water content and other compositional variables were regressed against the resultant PC scores to obtain calibration equations. The results were validated using both internal cross-validation (ICV) and a number of unknown samples. The main sources of error are discussed with particular reference to the standard method for determining added water.     

带隔板底水油藏水平井见水时间预测方法

底水脊进是底水油藏水平井开发过程中经常遇到的重要问题,准确地预测底水脊进的时间对于底水油藏合理开发至关重要。针对带隔板底水油藏水平井,基于油水两相渗流理论及流体在多孔介质中的流动规律,建立物理模型,并利用镜像反映和势叠加原理得到底水油藏水平井势分布,推导了带隔板底水油藏水平井见水时间公式。实例计算结果表明,该公式计算结果与实际见水时间相对误差为5.39%,隔板的存在大大延缓了水平井底水脊进的时间,且随着隔板半径增大和避水高度的增加,见水时间越长;水平井见水时间随着水平井段长度的减小和产油量的增大而缩短。该研究对于带隔板底水油藏中水平井段长度和避水高度的设计以及油藏合理开发具有一定指导意义。     

非达西渗流边水气藏水平井见水时间预测

对边水气藏水平井的见水时间进行合理预测,有利于气藏的合理开发和更好地进行气藏评估。在目前的预测模型中,一般都假设地层中气体渗流为达西流动,但对于高产水平井,地层中流体渗流的非达西效应对见水时间的影响不可忽略。为研究更加符合实际生产情况的边水气藏水平井见水时间,在多孔介质流体质点渗流规律研究的基础上,采用椭球型水平井渗流模型,综合考虑了高产水平井气体渗流非达西流动效应、水平井距初始气水界面距离、水平段长度和气井产量等因素对见水时间的影响,推导出了具有近似直线供给边界的边水气藏见水时间的预测公式。对某一具体水平井见水时间进行了实例计算,并分析了相关影响因素。由计算结果可知,边水突破时间随着水平段长度的增加而变长;见水时间随着气井产量的增大而减小,且减小的速度逐渐变快;与未考虑气体非达西效应的气井见水时间预测公式相比,本文公式计算精度更高,更符合实际生产情况。该研究成果对科学、高效地开发边水气藏具有指导作用。     

一种预测底水油藏水锥动态及见水时间的新方法

底水油藏开发面临的核心问题是底水的锥进,准确预测底水油藏油井的见水时间,并采取相应的措施,可以延长油井的无水采油期,提高油井的累计产油量和采出程度。文中基于流体在多孔介质中的渗流规律,对底水油藏双重不完善井的水锥突破时间进行了研究。通过数学推导,得到了底水油藏油井水锥突破时间的计算公式,该公式考虑了油水流度比,原始束缚水饱和度,残余油饱和度等影响因素,并与其他底水油藏见水时间的公式进行了对比。实例分析表明,新的底水油藏油井见水时间公式的预测值较准确,并且与李传亮公式的结果较为接近,为预测底水油藏油井的见水时间提供了借鉴和指导。     

低渗透带隔板底水油藏油井见水时间预测

基于底水锥进和低渗透非达西渗流原理,考虑隔板下部底水锥进的半球形径向渗流方式和隔板上部的平面径向渗流方式,运用物质平衡原理,推导低渗透带隔板底水油藏油井见水时间的预报公式。经鄂尔多斯盆地砂岩底水油藏某油井的实际计算,预测的见水时间与实际见水时间接近,相对误差仅7.85%。另对鄂尔多斯盆地huc油田hu152区c3油藏6口带有天然隔板的油井进行了见水时间计算,有5口井预测见水时间与实际见水时间相对误差小于10%。对于低渗透带隔板底水油藏,由于考虑了启动压力梯度项,计算出的油井见水时间要比不考虑启动压力梯度项时的值更小,也更接近实际。     

气相色谱法测定合成气制烯烃水相产物中低碳醇、醛、酮、酸化合物

采用气相色谱法建立了合成气制烯烃(SGTO)水相产物中低碳醇、醛、酮、酸的测定方法,对分离条件进行优化,使用标准试样测定了线性范围和工作曲线,考察了方法的精密度和准确度,并采用该方法对SGTO实际水相产物中低碳醇、醛、酮、酸进行了测定。实验结果表明,在一定质量浓度范围内,低碳醇、醛、酮、酸各组分均呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.99。标样的回收率在93.4%~109.8%之间,6次重复测定的相对标准偏差小于3.9%。SGTO实际水相产物中低碳(C1~6)醇、醛、酮、酸的分析结果表明,SGTO实际水相产物中低碳(C1~6)醇、醛、酮、酸的总含量(w)在1.5%~3.0%之间;其中,乙醇的含量最高,丙酮其次。     

Rapid qualitative analysis of phthalates added to food and nutraceutical products by direct analysis in real time/orbitrap mass spectrometry

A recent food safety issue involves the contamination of a broad range of food and nutraceutical products from Taiwan with industrial plasticizers. Among the suspected contaminants are selected phthalic acid esters, such as benzyl butyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, and diisodecyl phthalate. Described in this study is an analytical method to rapidly qualitatively analyze these compounds in a wide variety of food and nutraceutical matrices suspected in this crisis. The method utilizes direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization coupled to a Thermo Exactive orbitrap mass spectrometer. The method is shown to be capable of detecting these compounds at levels greater than 1.0 μg/mL in all food products examined and 0.5 μg/mL in most of the samples tested. In the nutraceutical samples tested, the compounds were detected at levels of 50 μg/g for all samples with some detected as low as 1.0 μg/g.     

Study of heat exchange during discharge of cryogenic products into water

With the aim of clarifying conditions for dangerous discharge of cryogenic fuels into water in a test unit heat exchange in the area of the discharge pipe, evaporation and heating of vapors during their movement in water are studied. It is established that with continuous outflow of liquid nitrogen into water through fittings made of different materials in regimes that are possible in a real system the continuous shearing of ice due to the hydrodynamic thrust of the flow provides independence of the average flow rate on parameters of the emerging product, but it depends to a considerable degree on orientation of the flow. Calculated results are provided for emergence of liquid hydrogen during which with discharge from an industrial system into sea water there may be formation of an incendiary cloud.     

Biochemical purification of waste water containing side products from addtive manufacture

Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 12, pp. 30–31, December, 1990.     

一种计算底水油藏水锥形态与见水时间的新方法

目前多数针对底水锥进的研究其基本假设为油水界面至井底的压力梯度是一定值,即垂向单位距离的地层压降相同,不符合主要压降存在于井底周围的实际认知。为了准确计算底水油藏生产中实际压力分布规律及油井见水时间等问题,针对底水油藏部分射开井生产特征建立了数学模型,采用拉普拉斯变换和分离变量法等方法进行求解,得到了部分射开井的真实压力分布,准确计算了水锥形态和见水时间,并分析了油井产量以及垂向渗透率对底水油藏见水时间和水锥形态的影响。通过实例验证该方法计算所得油井见水时间误差更小,并分析发现油水界面至井底的压力梯度变化整体呈“L”型;随着油井产量的减小,油井见水时间延长,水锥变“窄”;垂向渗透率越小,相同产量下水锥锥进速度越慢,水锥锥体变小,该方法对底水油藏高效开发具有一定意义。