黄河流域污染源调查分析

为全面了解黄河流域污染源状况,结合全国水资源综合规划,对黄河流域点污染源和面污染源进行了调查.结果表明:流域污染以点源为主,点源中以工业污染为主,流域工业废水达标率及生活污水处理率较低;流域污染物主要来源于沿河重点城市,主要汇入湟水、渭河、汾河等重点支流和黄河干流兰州、宁蒙等重点河段.     

汾河水系主要污染源分析

汾河作为山西省主要用水水源的同时，接纳了全省近一半的废污水和污染物质。在众多的入河污染源中，少数入河排污口排入汾河水系的污染物质占整个水系的大部分份额，其中又以化工和造纸两个行业所造成的危害最大。因此，在汾河的水污染治理中，污染排放的控制应针对主要入河排污口，即针对少数大型入河排污企业；废污水的治理应针对主要排污行业，即针对化工和造纸两大行业。     

淮河流域“97达标”一年来的回顾

为检验1997年底淮河流域工业污染源达标治理成效及水污染防治规划目标，水利部淮河水利委员会于1998年1月和12月分别对全流域188个县级以上城镇和流域内46个重点城镇的人河排污口进行了全面监测，并开展了流域内重点河道控制断面的水质监测工作，从实测结果分析了淮河流域水污染防治所取得的成果和存在的问题，并提出切实可行的措施与建议。     

天沙河水环境调查评价及污染防治探讨

根据水质监测资料和入河排污口调查监测情况,对天沙河进行了水质现状评价和水质变化趋势分析,并分析了污染成因。分析结果表明,2007年天沙河为超Ⅴ类水质,污染严重,主要污染项目为营养盐、部分重金属和有机污染综合指标;2001-2007年水质状况有不断恶化趋势;入河排污口超标排放严重。针对天沙河的污染问题,提出了防治建议。     

Risk Probability Assessment of Sudden Water Pollution in the Plain River Network Based on Random Discharge from Multiple Risk Sources

Starting from the time variance and uncertainty of accidental discharge, this paper describes the probability of the occurrence of the “normal-accident” alternate state for a risk source using the Markov state transfer model, simulates the behaviour of pollutants in rivers using the hydrodynamic and water quality models for non-conservative substances, and tracks the transport path of pollutants in rivers using the water quality model for conservative substances. The above models are coupled with the Sequential Monte Carlo algorithm, and the risk probability analysis model for sudden water pollution in the plain river network is established and applied to the Yixing river network. The results show that (a) the risk probability of exceeding ammonia nitrogen standard (PES of ammonia nitrogen) is lower in the upper reaches and higher in the middle and lower reaches; (b) dynamic changes in pollutant concentration lead to different changes in the PES of ammonia nitrogen in each reach; (c) the differences in the simulated PES values between the sudden scheme and the stable scheme (NPES of ammonia nitrogen) in the upper and middle reaches show a patchy distribution of high and low values, which are related to the risk source location, the water movement direction and the concentration change in the reach after accepting pollutant loads from the risk sources; (d) the NPES of ammonia nitrogen in the lower reaches results from the coupling effect caused by accidental discharges from multiple risk sources; and (e) the different effects of the lower boundary hydrological conditions on the upstream water inflow lead to the different coupling effect on the water quality probability of sections in the downstream area.

     

岗南、黄壁庄水库上游流域非点源污染负荷估算

在岗南水库、黄壁庄水库上游流域,基于非点源污染现状调查评价,借鉴国内外研究中确定的不同土地利用类型非点源污染输出系数,采用输出系数法模型对流域非点源污染负荷进行了估算。结果表明,由于水土和化肥流失,自然土地和种植土地总氮和总磷的非点源污染负荷最大。估算结果为流域进行非点源污染综合治理规划提供了科学依据。     

长江河道采砂管理健康评价指标体系研究

 长江河道采砂管理的主要目标是维护河势稳定、保 障防洪安全、保障通航安全和保护水生态与环境。根据长江流域河道采砂管理的特点，提出 了长江流域河道采砂管理健康评价指标体系，包括河势稳定率、堤防影响率、通航水深保证 率、水功能区影响率、工程安全影响率、行政首长负责制到位率等18个指标，对指标体系各 类指标的内涵进行了分析，并给出了各类指标的评价标准和方法，对河道采砂管理的定量化 评价方法进行了探索。     

松花江流域鱼体内重金属含量的监测与污染评价

为研究松花江流域鱼体重金属的污染现状,采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定松花江流域鱼类体内的Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd、Pb、Hg、As等7种重金属的残留量,使用综合污染指数法对污染情况进行了评价。结果表明,松花江鱼体中7种重金属的基准值由高到低依次为Zn、Cu、Cr、As、Pb、Hg和Cd,且除Hg以外,其他6种重金属的来源具有一定的相似性;第二松花江流域中鱼体内重金属残留量高于嫩江和松花江干流两条流域中鱼体内重金属残留量;参照《无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质的限量标准》(NK 5073-2006)和《食品中锌限量卫生标准》(GB13106-1991),鱼体内Pb、As、Cr和Zn的超标率很高,特别是Pb和As的污染比较严重。     

黄河内蒙古河段健康评估指标体系构建研究

以全国河湖健康评估指标体系为基础,系统总结近年来黄河流域健康评估试点研究的成果,深入分析黄河内蒙古河段的自然特征、社会特征、功能定位、生态保护与修复目标等,统筹考虑流域与区域的关系,研究构建了黄河内蒙古河段健康评估体系。黄河内蒙古河段健康评估指标体系包括16个指标,结合内蒙古河段实际,在全国河湖健康评估指标体系框架基础上,调整增加了主槽过流能力、防凌指标、敏感生态需水满足程度等7个特有评估指标,为黄河内蒙古河段健康评估提供了很好技术支撑。     

梅江水环境质量评价及污染控制方案研究

根据广东省水环境监测中心梅州分中心2004～2008年对梅江8个监测断面的水质监测资料,运用综合污染指数法对梅江流域水环境进行了综合评价,并对水质变化趋势进行分析。据此,提出了相应的污染防治对策,为治理梅江水环境、改善梅江水质量、进行水环境保护及其可持续发展提供科学依据。     

The Use of Stream Power as an Indicator of Channel Sensitivity to Erosion and Deposition Processes

Stream power is a measure of the main driving forces acting in a channel and determines a river's capacity to transport sediment and perform geomorphic work. Recent digital elevation models allow the calculation of channel gradient and consequently stream power at unprecedented spatial resolution, opening promising and novel opportunities to investigate river geomorphic processes and forms. The present paper investigates the suitability of map‐derived information on total and specific stream power (SSP) to identify dominant processes within the channel (i.e. erosion, transport or deposition). SSP has been already used to identify a threshold for channel stability. This paper tests this knowledge and investigates whether or not attributes of stream power profiles are statistically correlated with distinctive field morphological forms. Two gravel bed single‐thread English rivers are used as case studies, the Lune and the Wye. Available deposition and erosion features surveyed in the field from 124 different locations are used to classify channel reaches as erosion, transport or deposition dominated. Meaningful patterns emerge between the stream power attributes and the field‐based channel classification. An SSP threshold, which erosion is triggered, compares favourably with the ones in the literature. Information about upstream stream power profiles helps to determine the dominant processes. The joint configuration of local and upstream stream power information uniquely classifies reaches into four classes of different sensitivity to erosion and deposition. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

陆源污染物对珠江口水质的影响：珠江八大口门10年水质监测成果分析

该文以１０年连续系统的实测资料为根据,结合遥感技术的研究成果,从时空上分析、评述珠江八大口门的水质现状及陆源污染物对水质的影响。     

海河流域水污染现状与水资源质量状况综合评价

海河流域在我国国民经济中占有举足轻重的地位。水污染及水环境恶化、水资源短缺 ,已成为制约本流域经济进一步发展、影响人民生活稳定的社会问题。对海河流域水污染现状与水资源质量状况进行了综合评价 ,初步分析论述了水污染造成的恶果和危害 ,以及应当采取的水环境保护措施     

孔雀河流域包头湖农场地下水质量评价

采用单指标法对孔雀河流域包头湖农场地下水质量进行了评价。结果表明:地下水水质整体偏差,且由北至南逐渐变差;潜水水质均为Ⅴ类,矿化度在10 g/L以上,不适宜饮用,且引起了土壤次生盐渍化问题;包头湖农场区域内的孔雀河段,接近上游部分的深层地下水水质比下游的要好,处于河段下游的水质较差且矿化度较高。通过分析影响地下水质量的自然因素和人为因素,提出了改善包头湖农场地下水水质的建议,包括防止地下水受农业活动污染、合理开发地下水、合理处置废弃设备等。     

珠江口及毗邻海域海上污染源排污量估算及污染源评价研究

在对珠江口及毗邻海域海上污染源全面详细调查的基础上,估算了浅海养殖、渔港排污、船舶排污、海上倾废、溢油及危险品泄漏事故等海上污染源的入海排污量,并采用等标排放量法进行了污染源评价,揭示了该海域的主要污染源、主要污染物和主要排污海域.     

An Indicator Based Assessment for Water Resources Management in Gediz River Basin,Turkey

In this study, a water resources management model that facilitates indicator-based decisions with respect to environmental, social and economic dimensions is developed for the Gediz River Basin in Turkey. The basic input of the proposed model is the quantity of surface water that is greatly allocated to irrigation purposes; therefore, supply and demand interrelations in agricultural water use constitute the main focus of the study. The model has been applied under three different hydro-meteorological scenarios that reflect baseline as well as better and worse conditions of water supply and demand, not only to reach an assessment of water budget, but also to evaluate the impacts of proposed management alternatives under different conditions. The Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) software is used as a simulation and evaluation tool to assess the performance of possible management alternatives, which is measured by nine proposed indicators. The results of the study have indicated that the Gediz River Basin is quite sensitive to drought conditions, and the agricultural sector is significantly affected by irrigation deficits that increase sharply in drought periods. Even if the optimistic scenario is assumed to occur, it is not possible to observe a significant improvement in the water budget; however, the negative impacts of climate change can possibly exacerbate the water crisis. The indicators also verified that, efficient water management is crucial to ensure the sustainable use of water resources with respect to environmental, social and economic dimensions.     

大燕河沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险分析

为了解大燕河表层沉积物重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险,对大燕河干流和支流沉积物重金属污染物进行了分析,并采用Hakanson生态危害指数法进行评价。结果表明,大燕河干流沉积物重金属含量明显高于支流,重金属含量高于广东省土壤背景值,Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb、Hg超出了土壤环境质量Ⅰ级标准。沉积物中重金属Cu、Cd的富集系数明显高于其他重金属,不同采样点重金属超出背景值的程度具有明显的差异性,呈现干流高于支流,下游高于上游的特征。沉积物中重金属具有极强的生态危害,各种重金属造成的平均生态危害程度由大到小依次为:CdHgCuAsPbZnNiCr,其潜在生态风险应引起足够的重视。     

Population Trends,Bend Use Relative to Available Habitat and Within‐River‐Bend Habitat Use of Eight Indicator Species of Missouri and Lower Kansas River Benthic Fishes: 15 Years After Baseline Assessment

A baseline assessment of the Missouri River fish community and species‐specific habitat use patterns conducted from 1996 to 1998 provided the first comprehensive analysis of Missouri River benthic fish population trends and habitat use in the Missouri and Lower Yellowstone rivers, exclusive of reservoirs, and provided the foundation for the present Pallid Sturgeon Population Assessment Program (PSPAP). Data used in such studies are frequently zero inflated. To address this issue, the zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) model was applied. This follow‐up study is based on PSPAP data collected up to 15 years later along with new understanding of how habitat characteristics among and within bends affect habitat use of fish species targeted by PSPAP, including pallid sturgeon. This work demonstrated that a large‐scale, large‐river, PSPAP‐type monitoring program can be an effective tool for assessing population trends and habitat usage of large‐river fish species. Using multiple gears, PSPAP was effective in monitoring shovelnose and pallid sturgeons, sicklefin, shoal and sturgeon chubs, sand shiner, blue sucker and sauger. For all species, the relationship between environmental variables and relative abundance differed, somewhat, among river segments suggesting the importance of the overall conditions of Upper and Middle Missouri River and Lower Missouri and Kansas rivers on the habitat usage patterns exhibited. Shoal and sicklefin chubs exhibited many similar habitat usage patterns; blue sucker and shovelnose sturgeon also shared similar responses. For pallid sturgeon, the primary focus of PSPAP, relative abundance tended to increase in Upper and Middle Missouri River paralleling stocking efforts, whereas no evidence of an increasing relative abundance was found in the Lower Missouri River despite stocking. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Water Quality Monitoring and Modeling in Lake Kastoria, Using GIS. Assessment and Management of Pollution Sources

Lake Kastoria, is a very fragile aquatic ecosystem, protected by several national and international conventions, situated in the Region of Western Macedonia, Greece. A monthly monitoring program has been operated by the Municipality of Kastoria, during the past 5 years (2002–2007). The water quality parameters monitored, are: Water Temperature (Tw), dissolved oxygen (DO), BOD, COD, pH, water conductivity (ECw), redox potential (RP), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N), nitrite nitrogen (NO₂-N), ammonium nitrogen (NH₄-N) and orthophosphates-dissolved inorganic phosphorus (PO₄-P-DIP). This study focuses on the water quality parameters of Tw, DO, NH₄-N, NO₃-N and PO₄-P. The sampling points are five, scattered in specific positions in the Lake (Sioutista, Xiropotamos, Mavriotissa, Northern Beach and Stavros—Southern Beach). A comparison took place between two spatial–geographic deterministic simulation algorithms “IDW” and “RBF”, using GIS. This resulted in the conclusion that the first algorithm is the most appropriate to formulate the equipotential curves of the selected water quality parameters. Data from two seasons (winter—frozen Lake and summer—high eutrophication level) and 2 years (2005 and 2006) are presented here so the compared periods are February 2005, July 2005, February 2006 and July 2006. The thematic maps obtained indicate the most probable sources of pollution in Lake Kastoria and present the geographic distribution of the water quality parameters using the “IDW” algorithm. The most significant drawback of monthly monitoring is the missing of the data influenced by extreme events. Therefore, the need for daily telemetric monitoring data is suggested, in order to prevent environmental hazards and confront pressures concerning on water quality status. Finally, management strategies of pollution reduction are proposed, in combination with systematic telemetric real time monitoring, in order to upgrade the natural environment of Lake Kastoria.     

渭河渭南段水体重金属污染特征及风险评价

以Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu和Cr为研究对象,采用内梅罗综合污染指数法、Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法以及健康风险评价模型,揭示渭河流域渭南段水体重金属污染特征、生态风险和健康危害风险.结果表明:Hg、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu和Cr共6种重金属浓度均在《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)Ⅰ—Ⅲ类标准限...