黄羽肉鸡屠宰过程中胴体表面腐败菌的变化

为了分析黄羽肉鸡屠宰加工环节的肉鸡胴体污染菌的菌群组成,本试验利用平板倾注法及Illumina MiSeq高通量测序高效地测定黄羽肉鸡屠宰过程中加工环境和胴体表面腐败菌的多样性。结果表明,净膛、预冷及分级是黄羽肉鸡菌落总数增长的主要污染来源工序,分级秤、分级车间工人手套、预冷槽及净膛工人手套为以上三个工序中污染来源接触面,且分级秤及分级车间工人手套所污染菌群是黄羽鸡胴体菌群的主要来源,使黄羽鸡胴体表面菌落总数及假单胞菌增长率高达24.13%、41.27%,经过分级秤及分级车间工人手后黄羽鸡菌落总数显著（P<0.05）增加至4.63 lg(CFU/g)。打毛后（DM）、净膛后（JH）、净膛消毒后（CH）黄羽鸡胴体优势菌主要为链球菌属（Streptococcus）,大肠杆菌属（Escherichia）和气单胞菌属（Aeromonas）。黄羽鸡经预冷槽预冷后气单胞菌属丰度大幅增加,链球菌属次之。经过分级秤分级后黄羽鸡胴体菌群中不动杆菌属（Acinetobacter）为主要优势菌,巨球菌属（Macrococcus）次之。添加次氯酸电解水减菌后,黄羽肉鸡胴体表明气单胞菌属和链球菌属丰度大幅...     

肉鸡屠宰加工过程中沙门氏菌的污染情况及其耐药性分析

目的：了解四川某肉鸡屠宰加工过程不同环节沙门氏菌的污染情况、耐药性和耐药谱,为食品安全和临床用药提供理论依据。方法：根据GB 4789.4-2010《食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 沙门氏菌检验》、沙门氏菌科玛嘉显色培养基筛选疑似沙门氏菌,并针对沙门氏菌invA和hut基因的二重PCR方法对疑似沙门氏菌鉴定,再用纸片扩散法对其分离株进行10 种抗菌药物（组合）的药敏实验,参考临床和实验室标准化研究所（Clinical andLaboratory Standards Institute,CLSI）标准（2010）判定药敏结果。结果：从1 350 份样品中,分离鉴定出156 株沙门氏菌;肉鸡屠宰前沙门氏菌的污染率为13.53%;烫毛脱毛、开肛、净膛、冲淋4 个环节鸡胴体和分割鸡肉、冷冻鸡肉沙门氏菌的污染率分别为0、7.23%、9.80%、11.54%、14.50%、9.33%。沙门氏菌分离株对萘啶酸（100.00%）和氨苄西林（85.90%）的耐药率最高,对甲氧苄啶/磺胺甲噁唑（44.23%）、庆大霉素（39.10%）、四环素（35.26%）的耐药率较高,对头孢曲松敏感,多重耐药率为53.85%,共有39 种耐药谱,从肉鸡屠宰前到分割鸡肉沙门氏菌分离株的耐药谱型先下降再上升。结论：四川某肉鸡屠宰生产链中沙门氏菌的污染率及其耐药情况比较严重,且可能存在从上游向下游生产链传播的情况,需要加强卫生和抗菌药物使用监督。     

肉鸡屠宰加工过程中胴体微生物污染分析及不同冲淋条件对胴体减菌的影响

测定肉鸡在屠宰加工过程中脱毛后、掏内脏后、胴体清洗后、预冷后、分割后、速冻后胴体表面的菌落总数、大肠菌群、肠球菌数量以及检测产品的金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;通过对不同浓度乳酸、不同温度热水、不同冲淋时间进行均匀设计分组,冲淋处理胴体清洗前的肉鸡胴体,测定其菌落总数。肉鸡在整个屠宰生产链上胴体污染的菌落总数、大肠菌群和肠球菌数分别为4.56⁵.74、2.665.74、2.66⁴.81、2.014.81、2.01³.57(log10CFU/cm2)。肉鸡产品的菌落总数4.57(log10CFU/cm2)符合GB16869-2005鲜、冻禽产品标准,大肠菌群3.50(log10 CFU/cm2)、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌的检出率分别为37.25%、12.75%,不符合标准,肠球菌没有限量标准,但产品的肠球菌数(2.53(log10CFU/cm2))较高;对肉鸡胴体表面减菌的适宜条件为乳酸浓度1.5%、热水温度50℃、冲淋时间15 s,可减少菌落总数1.998(log10CFU/cm2)。肉鸡屠宰过程中胴体微生物污染较严重,存在致病菌污染,乳酸结合热水冲淋可显著减少肉鸡胴体表面的菌落总数。     

肉鸡屠宰环节金黄色葡萄球菌污染定量评估研究

目的解析某大型肉鸡屠宰场中金黄色葡萄球菌的风险和关键防控点,为肉鸡屠宰过程金黄色葡萄球菌污染的科学防控提供指导。方法通过某大型肉鸡屠宰场金黄色葡萄球菌的监测和调研,应用@RISK 7软件建立金黄色葡萄球菌污染的定量评估模型,对肉鸡屠宰四个环节(烫洗煺毛、净膛、清洗预冷和分割传送)进行定量评估。结果初步探明了鸡肉中金黄色葡萄球菌在屠宰加工过程中的消长变化规律,清洗预冷环节和分割传送环节是金黄色葡萄球菌污染的主要风险环节,预冷池水中金黄色葡萄球菌浓度和工人手部带菌程度是肉鸡屠宰加工过程中金黄色葡萄球菌的关键风险点(相关系数分别为0.62和0.50)。结论对肉鸡屠宰环节的金黄色葡萄球菌进行关键控制点识别和精准采取控制措施,可有效保障终端鸡肉产品的卫生安全。     

肉鸡加工过程中沙门氏菌的污染监测及分析

目的对肉鸡屠宰加工的不同环节进行沙门氏菌监测,了解各个环节沙门氏菌的污染状况,分析肉鸡加工过程中沙门氏菌的污染来源及关键环节。方法选择河南省某大型肉鸡屠宰加工企业作为监测点,在肉鸡屠宰前、褪毛后、过预冷池后、被分割后和包装入库等环节及预冷池水、分割刀具案板和工人手等处分别采集样本,共计1756份,进行沙门氏菌检测及其血清型鉴定。结果于1756份样本中检出沙门氏菌阳性样本700份,检出率为39.9%。其中,褪毛后整禽的沙门氏菌检出率最高,达63.9%;其次为过预冷池后的整禽胴体,检出率为57.3%。屠宰加工环节中检出的沙门氏菌中肠炎沙门氏菌最多,占71.7%,其次为印第安纳沙门氏菌,占20.8%。结论肉鸡在养殖期间存在沙门氏菌污染,且在屠宰加工环节存在交叉污染,应针对相关环节进行重点控制和工艺改进。     

肉鸡屠宰过程中腐败微生物的污染情况分析

采用PCR-DGGE指纹图谱技术研究肉鸡屠宰加工过程中微生物的污染情况,以确定关键控制点。分别采取肉鸡屠宰加工过程中胴体表面、工人手表面、预冷池中的水、空气中的样品和真空包装贮藏过程中样品,然后进行PCR-DGGE指纹图谱分析。结果表明:肉鸡的屠宰加工过程包括浸烫脱毛、倒挂、去内脏、冷却和分割,不同处理会对胴体表面的污染微生物产生不同的影响,去内脏后肉鸡胴体表面微生物的种类和数量都有所增加,但预冷能有效减少肉鸡胴体表面微生物的种类和数量,空气中微生物数量随着生产时间的延长不断增加,这些操作点也会成为交叉污染的地方,尤其工人的手表面的污染是引起交叉污染最主要的原因。     

苏北地区冷鲜鸡加工及冷藏过程中常见微生物污染调查

本文调查了江苏省宿迁市具有代表意义的某商业屠宰企业里冷鲜鸡加工及冷藏过程中的微生物污染。分别对车间空气、接触面、刀具、预冷水及加工和冷藏过程中的鸡胴体进行取样,运用传统微生物培养方法培养和计数,找出冰鲜鸡加工工艺中存在的潜在危害。实验结果表明:生产前区(挂鸡间、放血间和烫毛脱毛间)、净膛工序、预冷水及与鸡胴体加工过程中的各类接触面是生产过程中的潜在污染源。前区与后区(去小毛间、净膛间、预冷间、分割包装间)的隔离对降低后区微生物污染起到关键作用,净膛工序加剧了鸡胴体的污染,所以应对净膛工序严格施行卫生标准操作程序。而后续的冲洗和预冷工序未能起到很好的减菌效果,造成包装后的冷鲜鸡初始微生物数量多,导致冷鲜鸡货架期短。因此应对预冷工艺进行优化,进一步降低冷鲜鸡的初始菌数。     

热水结合乳酸喷淋处理对屠宰生产链中肉鸡胴体微生物、理化及感官指标的影响

以某肉鸡加工厂屠宰生产链的肉鸡胴体作为试材,采用热水(50℃)结合乳酸(1.5%)喷淋(15s)的减菌方法对其进行喷淋处理,采集处理前后的肉鸡胴体表面样品或产品进行微生物、理化及感官指标的测定。减菌处理后肉鸡胴体表面菌落总数、大肠菌群及肠球菌的数量在不同的加工环节均有一定程度的降低;鸡肉产品金黄色葡萄球菌检出率(从37.5%降至9.76%)和沙门氏菌(从12.75%降至1.22%)检出率明显降低;在两个月贮藏期内,处理前后鸡肉的p H、挥发性盐基氮及解冻后失水率无明显变化;处理前后鸡肉产品的组织状态、色泽无明显差异,且处理组鲜味更浓,加热煮沸后肉汤较对照组澄清。采用热水(50℃)结合乳酸(1.5%)喷淋(15s)的减菌方法处理肉鸡胴体能有效降低微生物污染数量,且处理前后胴体分割后速冻产品的部分理化指标、感官指标无明显变化。     

冰鲜鸭加工冷藏过程中主要腐败菌来源及菌相分析

研究工业屠宰加工过程对冰鲜鸭胴体表面菌相形成的影响。采用传统微生物培养方法,对车间环境接触面、胴体表面、预冷水以及贮藏期产品的微生物数量进行测定。结果表明：车间空气、预冷水、环境接触面是构成加工过程胴体表面菌相的主要污染源;总体来讲,环境及胴体表面菌量延生产线进程而呈下降趋势,但由于脱毛前鸭子表面的菌量对环境菌量有补充作用,而经脱毛后的胴体表面受环境中菌量的补充作用,导致部分加工工序微生物数量有阶段性上升,如脱毛、净膛工序;预冷工序的抑菌作用由于存在过程性变化,因此对终产品品质有决定性影响。     

肉鸡屠宰加工及冷藏中的微生物污染来源及菌相分析

研究了商业屠宰及冷藏过程对肉鸡胴体天然茵落的影响,结果表明,空气、预冷水与环境中各种接触面均是禽类生鲜产品的潜在污染源.尽管加工过程能减少胴体表面各种腐败茵、致病茵污染,但某些工序也增加了特定细菌的污染程度,细菌交叉污染发生在加工过程中的所有阶段.总的说来净膛操作会导致胴体污染程度上升,冲洗、预冷过程对减菌都有很好效果.但预冷过程也可能导致嗜冷茵污染的发生,并且加工过程中存活的细菌能在冷藏阶段继续增殖进而导致产品腐败.     

陕西省某活鸡屠宰场肉鸡相关样品中沙门菌定量检测及污染分析

目的了解肉鸡屠宰加工中不同时间和环节沙门菌的污染情况,分析污染关键点。方法 2016年11月至2017年11月从陕西省某活鸡屠宰场不同环节定期采集活鸡肛拭子标本、整鸡胴体和鸡肉样品,使用最大可能数(MPN)法对沙门菌进行定量检测,同时分离菌株;采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)技术对沙门菌进行鉴定,同时结合血清凝集技术对沙门菌鉴定结果进行确认。结果采集的284份样品中有67份检出沙门菌,检出率为23. 6%,平均MPN值为0. 051 6 MPN/g。2017年7月采集的样品沙门菌污染最为严重,检出率为37. 8%(14/37),平均MPN值为0. 064 7 MPN/g; 2016年11月检出率最低,为13. 9%(5/36),平均MPN值为0. 043 6 MPN/g。不同屠宰环节中,浸烫褪毛后整鸡胴体样品中沙门菌检出率最高(43. 3%,26/60),平均MPN值为0. 060 5 MPN/g;分割后冷冻前鸡胸脯肉样品中沙门菌检出率最低(18. 3%,11/60),平均MPN值为0. 036 8 MPN/g,略高于储存配送过程整鸡胴体/鸡胸脯肉样品中沙门菌的污染水平(0. 035 8 MPN/g)。结论活鸡屠宰过程沙门菌的检出率与MPN值具有较强的季节性,在不同屠宰加工环节存在纵向和交叉污染,应对活鸡屠宰加工过程沙门菌污染严重的环节进行重点控制。     

黑龙江省肉鸡养殖和屠宰加工环节中沙门菌调查

目的了解黑龙江省肉鸡养殖和屠宰加工环节中沙门菌污染状况。方法根据国家食品安全风险监测专项《肉鸡养殖及屠宰加工环节沙门氏菌专项监测工作手册》规定的操作程序,并参考国家标准GB 4789.4—2010《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》对黑龙江省4个地市3 766份肉鸡样品进行检验。结果 4大环节共检测样品3 766份,检出阳性样品339份,检出率为9.00%,孵化、养殖、屠宰到配送分销4个环节均检出沙门菌,检出率分别为2.82%(22/781)、2.14%(11/515)、13.84%(220/1 590)、9.77%(86/880)。其中,屠宰环节的8种样品中预冷池水样品沙门菌检出率最高,为35.42%(34/96)。检出的沙门菌分属于9个血清型,以肠炎沙门菌和印地安纳沙门菌的比例最高。结论黑龙江省肉鸡屠宰和配送分销环节中沙门菌污染较严重。屠宰环节阳性率最高,是重要的污染环节,其中预冷池水中沙门菌检出率最高,是屠宰过程中肉鸡污染沙门菌的主要环节。     

Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella infantis isolates originating from different points of the broiler chicken-human food chain in Hungary

During the 10-month study period Salmonella contamination of broiler houses and the flocks reared in three farms (A, B and C), the slaughter houses where the flocks were slaughtered, as well as the carcass and retail raw meat products originating from them was investigated. In the broiler farm A five consecutive flocks, in the B and C farms one flock was sampled. Environmental samples were taken prior to the introductions. Environmental, drinking water, feed and faecal samples were collected regularly using standard methods. Before and during processing of the flocks, environmental and carcass samples were taken at the abattoirs. Salmonella contamination of the carcass, retail meat, as well as stool samples of farm and abattoir workers and from human illnesses registered in the same period and region were also examined. Isolation, sero-, phage- and antibiotic resistance typing, class 1 integron and plasmid profiling of the strains were performed; their genetic relationship was assessed by PFGE. Although the broiler house and the faecal samples of the 5 flocks of the farm A were negative for Salmonella, S. infantis was isolated from 20-100% of the abattoir carcass samples. The retail raw meat samples were 0-100% S. infantis positive. The environmental samples of farm B were Salmonella negative, but the examined flock was contaminated: S. infantis was identified from 43% of the faecal samples. This serotype was identified in 100% of the carcass and retail raw meat samples. From environmental samples taken before the arrival of the 1-day-old chicks in the broiler house C, S. infantis was cultured. S. infantis prevalence in the faecal samples was 35% and all the carcass and retail raw meat samples were S. infantis contaminated. Altogether 164 S. infantis strains were isolated out of which 145 were further characterized. The vast majority (142/145) of the strains belonged to phage types 217 and 213. All but one were characterized by the nalidixic acid-streptomycin-sulphonamide-tetracycline resistances, had an 885 bp class 1 integron and a large plasmid of >168 kb in size. The strains showed >/=88.7% genetic similarity. The results obtained shows that the same multi-drug resistant S. infantis clone was spread from the examined broiler farms contaminating the slaughter and the retail meat and appeared in the human illnesses of the examined region that was earlier detected as the dominant clone characteristic of the broiler and human population of the whole country.     

淄博市肉鸡生产过程中沙门菌污染情况调查

目的了解沙门菌在肉鸡生产各个环节中的污染状况,对其污染程度及危害进行系统评价,为开展"从农场到餐桌"的风险评估以及制定防控策略提供基础数据。方法采集肉鸡孵化、养殖、屠宰、销售环节的不同样品,按照GB 4789.4—2010《食品安全国家标准食品微生物学检验沙门氏菌检验》进行沙门菌检测。结果肉鸡生产的不同环节共采集样品1 267份,检出沙门菌阳性样品298份,总检出率为23.5%,孵化、养殖、屠宰、配送分销环节的检出率分别为4.6%(10/217)、8.4%(18/215)、32.8%(187/570)、31.3%(83/265)。印第安纳沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌为主要血清型。结论沙门菌在肉鸡生产的各个环节均有检出。各季节的检出率差异没有统计学意义(P0.05)。屠宰及销售环节的检出率较高,提示加工屠宰过程存在沙门菌交叉污染的可能,这些环节对减少鸡肉及其制品的沙门菌污染尤为重要。     

肉鸡屠宰加工中减菌处理前后细菌菌相分析

基于16S rDNA V6～V8可变区的聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳（polymerase chain reaction-denaturinggradient gel electrophoresis,PCR-DGGE）技术分析肉鸡屠宰加工过程中减菌处理前后胴体或产品细菌多样性。在预冷环节前采用50 ℃、1.5%乳酸溶液对肉鸡胴体冲淋15 s进行减菌处理,采集屠宰加工环节中减菌处理前后的胴体或分割产品表面样品,提取样品中的细菌总DNA,通过16S rDNA V6～V8可变区的PCR扩增,变性梯度凝胶电泳,对PCR扩增片段割胶回收、克隆测序分析减菌前后细菌菌相变化。结果表明,减菌前,胴体清洗环节DGGE条带的数量最多、亮度最强,细菌污染最严重,其次是分割环节,而预冷环节细菌种类及数量最少,污染程度最低;减菌后,各屠宰加工环节细菌种类与数量较减菌前均有所减少,其中胴体清洗环节与分割环节细菌的种类与数量减少量最多,预冷环节细菌的种类及数量最少,不同屠宰加工环节细菌种类并不完全一致;乳杆菌属细菌在整个肉鸡屠宰加工过程中均有出现,与肠杆菌科和假单胞菌属细菌为肉鸡屠宰加工过程中的优势腐败菌。     

Factors associated with carcass contamination by Campylobacter at slaughterhouse in cecal-carrier broilers

A study was conducted in 2009 to identify risk factors of Campylobacter spp. transmission from the digestive tract to the carcasses of standard broilers (slaughter age: 37 day, carcass weight: 1.3 kg on average). Counts of Campylobacter were performed on pools of 10 ceca and 10 neck-skins from 108 Campylobacter ceca-positive batches in three slaughterhouses. Technical and health data also was collected on the broilers: age, size, carcass weight (mean and standard deviation), condemnation rate, mortality rate and nature of treatment during the rearing period.Cecal counts varied from 4.8 to 10.2 log₁₀ cfu/g. In seventeen batches (15.7%), the skin count was below the detection limit. In the 91 batches with positive neck-skin test results, the counts varied from 2.0 to 5.2 log₁₀ cfu/g. Standard deviation of carcass weight, condemnation rate, slaughter rate and cecal count were significantly lower and growth rate higher in the 17 batches where neck-skin results were not detected positive. Multivariate analysis showed that batches with higher standard deviation of carcass weight were 5 to 9 fold more at risk of having detectable carcass contamination. Among the 91 positive neck-skin batches, only slaughter rate and cecal counts were found to have a significant but limited effect on the level of neck-skin contamination. As far as body weight homogeneity may be affected by disease, better health control can contribute to a reduction of the contamination of the broiler carcasses in Campylobacter carrier batches.     

A quantitative approach towards a better understanding of the dynamics of Salmonella spp. in a pork slaughter-line

Pork contributes significantly to the public health disease burden caused by Salmonella infections. During the slaughter process pig carcasses can become contaminated with Salmonella. Contamination at the slaughter-line is initiated by pigs carrying Salmonella on their skin or in their faeces. Another contamination route could be resident flora present on the slaughter equipment. To unravel the contribution of these two potential sources of Salmonella a quantitative study was conducted. Process equipment (belly openers and carcass splitters), faeces and carcasses (skin and cutting surfaces) along the slaughter-line were sampled at 11 sampling days spanning a period of 4 months. Most samples taken directly after killing were positive for Salmonella. On 96.6% of the skin samples Salmonella was identified, whereas a lower number of animals tested positive in their rectum (62.5%). The prevalence of Salmonella clearly declined on the carcasses at the re-work station, either on the cut section or on the skin of the carcass or both (35.9%). Throughout the sampling period of the slaughter-line the total number of Salmonella per animal was almost 2 log lower at the re-work station in comparison to directly after slaughter. Seven different serovars were identified during the study with S. Derby (41%) and S. Typhimurium (29%) as the most prominent types. A recurring S. Rissen contamination of one of the carcass splitters indicated the presence of an endemic 'house flora' in the slaughterhouse studied. On many instances several serotypes per individual sample were found. The enumeration of Salmonella and the genotyping data gave unique insight in the dynamics of transmission of this pathogen in a slaughter-line. The data of the presented study support the hypothesis that resident flora on slaughter equipment was a relevant source for contamination of pork.