合作与权力下放:1980年代以来英国城市复兴的组织手段

第二次世界大战以来,相关的城市更新活动几乎贯穿了整个英国的城市发展.最近的一次高潮是从1980年代开始旨在解决内城表落问题、重新赋予内城活力的城市复兴.从英国的城市复兴历史来看,中央政府一直都对其有所影响,并根据社会经济背景的变化进行改革,使之能够更好地适应社会的发展.本文将从城市政治经济的角度,分析1980年代以来英国城市复兴组织的演变和特征,以期对中国有所借鉴.总的来说,这一时期英国城市复兴组织的特征是合作和权力下放.可以大致分为两个阶段.第一阶段是1980年代至1990年代末,以城市开发公司的盛行和中央政府指导下的合作为特征;第二阶段是1990年代末至今,以授权地方、半官方机构进行管理为特征.     

合作与权力下放：1980年代以来英国城市复兴的组织手段

第二次世界大战以来，相关的城市更新活动几乎贯穿了整个英国的城市发展。最近的一次高潮是从1980年代开始旨在解决内城衰落问题、重新赋予内城活力的城市复兴。从英国的城市复兴历史来看，中央政府一直都对其有所影响，并根据社会经济背景的变化进行改革，使之能够更好地适应社会的发展。本文将从城市政治经济的角度，分析1980年代以来英国城市复兴组织的演变和特征，以期对中国有所借鉴。总的来说，这一时期英国城市复兴组织的特征是合作和权力下放，可以大致分为两个阶段。第一阶段是1980年代至1990年代末，以城市开发公司的盛行和中央政府指导下的合作为特征；第二阶段是1990年代末至今．以授权地方、半官方机构进行管理为特征。     

美国新城市主义指导下的公交导向发展：批判与反思

从历史背景来看,新城市主义是对城市美化运动、田园城市运动等传统城市规划理论的一种发展和扬弃。1980年代以来,“公交导向发展模式”逐渐成为美国城市规划实践中实现新城市主义理念的重要手段之一,并在全美规划实践中广泛流行。然而,虽然这种模式在局部地区得到了一定程度的实现和推崇,但并未在更大范围内产生与其理论相一致的实质影响力。作者认为,无论是新城市主义理论本身,对新城市主义的批判,还是对公交导向发展模式的实证研究,本质上都是对现代主义规划理论,特别是对“空间决定论”思维的深刻反省。了解新城市主义理论及其局限,对于指导我国城市规划实践,避免我国的城市规划和设计走西方的老路,有着重要的借鉴意义。     

美国新城市主义指导下的公交导向发展:批判与反思

从历史背景来看,新城市主义是对城市美化运动、田园城市运动等传统城市规划理论的一种发展和扬弃.1980年代以来,"公交导向发展模式"逐渐成为美国城市规划实践中实现新城市主义理念的重要手段之一,并在全美规划实践中广泛流行.然而,虽然这种模式在局部地区得到了一定程度的实现和推崇,但并未在更大范围内产生与其理论相一致的实质影响力.作者认为,无论是新城市主义理论本身,对新城市主义的批判,还是对公交导向发展模式的实证研究,本质上都是对现代主义规划理论,特别是对"空问决定论"思维的深刻反省.了解新城市主义理论及其局限,对于指导我国城市规划实践,避免我固的城市规划和设计走西方的老路,有着重要的借鉴意义.     

设计导向下的利物浦城市更新探析:混合使用与致密化

20世纪90年代末,英国在工党的引领下开启了城市复兴计划,以应对工业和经济衰退所带来的城市发展危机和社会问题。在此背景下,利物浦率先实施了一系列城市更新活动并获得成功,树立了当代城市转型的典范。该文通过回顾历史的发展,阐述了设计导向式更新的定义、特点以及政策影响,解释了基于该更新模式下的混合使用和致密化关键思想。通过分析位于利物浦的两个案例,讨论了这两种设计方法的实际运用与挑战。最后总结指出：当下城市设计需更加注重多方参与的协同效应,构建完善的社会反馈机制,从而促进城市更新项目的可持续开发和高质量实施。     

基于城市政体理论的工业园区文化导向的更新研究——以上海红坊为例

20世纪90年代以来,在市场化转型的背景下,上海城市建设进入了一个崭新的阶段。由于土地资源紧缺,中心城区的存量工业用地成为各界关注的焦点,是未来城市公共空间建设和地产开发的重要资源。本文以上海市中心城区经历两次改造的红坊为例,从微观视角来分析参与主体在土地更新过程中的不同角色,并结合城市政体理论,深入探讨推动地块改造背后权力和资本的互动机制,旨在对国内文化导向的城市更新研究以及城市政体理论在中国语境下的应用研究进行补充。     

不同目标导向下的城市更新研究

城市更新在城市发展中起着新陈代谢的作用,我国的城市更新正处于市场化转型时期,存在着多方利益主体之间的利益分配矛盾,要在各利益主体间平衡这种矛盾,就必须引入多方参与的机制。本文以GIS技术为基础,以福州市鼓楼区城市更新为例,针对各利益主体的不同目标导向,试图归纳出不同目标下的城市更新模式及更新时序,为研究区域的城市更新提供参考。     

英国城市更新策略下的人文关怀——以莱斯特国家太空中心为例

城市更新是现代化城市建设发展过程中的必由之路。随着国民经济的迅速发展,中国许多城市都面临着不同程度、不同特点的城市更新问题。通过梳理英国城市更新的历程,以老工业城市莱斯特为例,分析其城市发展经验与导向,从而为中国现今的城市化建设与发展提供参考。     

国外基础设施建设基金发展概览

一、英国城市发展基金 英国城市发展基金由英国环境部于1982年正式成立,是专门用于城市更新的专项基金,主要目的是为了推动英国城市更新运动,抑制日益严重的内城衰退.尽管20世纪六七十年代英国采取了多项更新措施试图恢复内城的繁华,但到了80年代,内城的衰退现象依然严重,缺乏对投资的吸引力.资金是制约着城市更新发展的重要因素.英国在总结过去城市更新经验和教训的基础上采取了一系列新的更新政策,设立城市发展基金是重要的政策措施之一,其目的是引导投资向内城聚集.     

基于文化导向的城市更新设计研究

近年来,城市中出现的带有时代性的建筑无一不体现出文化导向的特色。这种将文化导向作为基础的城市更新设计模式传承了城市的文脉,更改变了城市原有的刻板形象,将城市与历史等元素相互结合,有助于城市内部各文化产业的升级,如旅游业、教育业等。总之,文化导向下的城市更新设计研究可进一步吸引企业投资,对当代的文化产业发展形成促进作用,现代人将其称之为"Culture-led",即文化导向为核心的城市开发模式。本文从现代城市设计历史至文化视角的各项内容作出分析,并提出了关于城市更新设计的新思路,如注重城市文化产业发展、加大政府参与力度等,希望能够为实际工作带来参考价值。     

从政府主导到多元合作——1973年以来台北市城市更新机制演变

应用"城市政体"理论,对1973年以来台北市城市更新过程中政府、市场和社会三者动态博弈格局以及由此引起更新策略、法令及实施等方面的变化进行了分析。认为在不同的政治经济背景下政府力量、市场力量和社会力量逐步进入城市更新领域,形成了不同类型的"城市更新政体",可分为"管制型"、"增长型"和"服务型"3个阶段。台北市城市更新由早期"政府主导"模式演变为政府、市场和社会"多元合作"模式。全球化背景下政治、经济和社会多元化发展是其内在动力,并通过城市更新实践在城市空间上得以体现。认为我国城市更新过程中,应更加重视多元合作机制的构建,充分调动和发挥各利益群体参与城市更新的积极性,尤其应重视培育和发挥社会力量。     

Partnerships and networks: The governance of urban regeneration in Britain

Urban regeneration in Britain has often been described as being ‘market-led’. However, such a characterisation does justice neither to the complexity of urban policy over the past 25 years, nor to the changes that have taken place in the same period. Nevertheless, since the beginning of the 1980s partnership with the private sector – however the concept has been understood – has been a vital ingredient of the regeneration process. What is striking is the way that the will to involve the private sector has had a profound impact on local governance. This paper outlines the evolution of urban regeneration in the context of evolving urban policy since 1979. It traces the approach adopted by the Conservative government in the 1980s, specifically through the use of Urban Development Corporations; it examines the change of heart in the early 1990s that preceded the coming into power of a Labour administration; and it looks at the experience of urban regeneration under the leadership of Tony Blair. It explores the changing role of key actors within the process, and the way in which urban local government has responded to the evolution of national policy. The case of Sheffield is used to illustrate the general theme of changing national policy.     

Yes Prime Minister, but it is also investment, investment,investment

The author argues that, once again in the UK, those occupied in wealth creation, using science and engineering to produce the things that people need and want for a better life, a process otherwise known as manufacturing, have been pushed to the edge of an economic recession. Things may not be so bad as the wholesale destruction of the cut-and-burn days of the early 1980s, nor so severe as the later 1980s and early 1990s when the `establishment' attempted to hold Sterling to an unsustainable exchange rate, but they are bad enough     

Thirty years of urban regeneration in Britain,Germany and France: The importance of context and path dependency

It is a little over 30 years since Jim Callaghan's Labour Government passed the 1978 Inner Urban Areas Act. The following year marked a shift in power to Margaret Thatcher's Conservative Government and a very different approach to urban regeneration. These developments established and shaped the approach to urban regeneration in England for a generation. The economic context and the urban changes of the 1970s and 1980s and the nature of these responses put England at the forefront of the evolution of this type of urban policy in Europe. It is therefore timely to reflect on 30 years of urban regeneration and to do so from a comparative perspective, setting the English experience alongside that of Germany and France. In this paper the authors compare the experiences of these three countries. The great benefit of international comparison is that it allows the observer to step outside their own institutions and context, to compare with other countries and to look back at their own country from a new, foreign, perspective. The emphasis of this paper is on the contingent and contextualised nature of actions designed to foster urban regeneration. This reinforces the rationale for studying the evolution of this policy field in different nation-state settings.     

Urban design, regeneration and the entrepreneurial city

This paper explores whether and how forms of entrepreneurial governance effecting deprived regions of the UK have embraced urban design as a necessary and distinctive feature of regeneration efforts. It applies established theory and thinking to work completed in the city centre of Liverpool since the late 1990s. The article examines the economic and governance context through which new forms of urban design policy and guidance have emerged, and discusses whether and how they have been applied to developments emerging across the centre.The case has embraced an urban design agenda and this can firmly be attributed to entrepreneurial forms of governance, although the attributes of the built form sometimes credited to such places were not so evident. Principles embedded in policy and guidance have dovetailed with substantive thinking within urban design and can be recognised in significant projects. Whilst there should be a concern for the privatisation of the public realm generally, issues such as gentrification and a more general concern for placelessness are overstated. Iconic forms of development have not materialised. Forms of over development, such as tall buildings, have been moderated by policy and guidance. Large scale projects can be designed to fit into and enhance the fabric of the city when urban design thinking is clearly embraced by partners. Established critiques of the relationship between urban design and entrepreneurial forms of governance have not always explored the multiple meanings and discourses that the built environment can contain, but where urban design is concerned the discussion must at least embrace the criteria urban designers themselves employ to design schemes or judge the results.     

Mega Events in Istanbul from Henri Prost's master plan of 1937 to the twenty-first-century Olympic bids

Mega Events are considered to be important impetuses for the regeneration of their host cities as much as for the economic development of their countries. This study examines a number of events planned to take place in Istanbul since the mid-1930s. Although the projects studied here never progressed beyond the planning stages, they have been understood as an important influence upon urban development. Henri Prost, who oversaw the planning of Istanbul from 1936 to 1951, first introduced the idea that the Olympic Games and international exposition might serve as structural tools for urban transformation and development. Organizing the Olympics has remained an aspiration for Istanbul since then. At the turn of the twenty-first century, Istanbul applied officially to host this Mega Event. This paper analyzes the ways in which plans for these Mega Events impacted upon urban development in Istanbul.     

Public Art and Urban Regeneration: advocacy, claims and critical debates

Public art has been increasingly advocated on the basis of a series of supposed contributions to urban regeneration since the 1980s. A wide range of advocates have claimed that public art can help develop senses of identity, develop senses of place, contribute to civic identity, address community needs, tackle social exclusion, possess educational value and promote social change. However, these claims have been subject to very little serious evaluation. This paper critically reviews these claims along with salient theoretical critiques of public art's contributions to urban regeneration. It concludes by raising questions that might frame a research agenda for public art within this context.     

Partnerships versus Regimes: Why Regime Theory Cannot Explain Urban Coalitions in the UK

Abstract This study compares and contrasts urban regeneration partnerships in the UK with urban regimes in the US. Regime theory, as developed by Elkin and Stone, neither describes nor explains the contrasting forms of collaboration in the UK. The development of urban regeneration partnerships has been driven by a combination of two main factors: the development of an ideological perception within local government elites that urban regeneration depends on market led growth, and a series of central government regeneration initiatives. These initiatives, designed to encourage, and where necessary coerce, local authorities into cooperative arrangements have resulted in highly bureaucratized, but symbolic, partnerships with local business elites. Business activity in these partnerships thus far has been marginal. It is unlikely to be fruitful, therefore, for scholars to seek Stonean regimes in the UK. On the other hand, to describe such partnerships as regimes is misleading and results in a lack of conceptual clarity. Despite the fashion for copying urban policy from the US, the institutions of urban politics in the UK are likely to remain resolutely different.     

城市地区理论与中国沿海城市密集地区发展

论文回顾 1 980年代以来对城市地区的研究 ,结合全球化的大背景和中国沿海城市密集地区的发展 ,提出城市地区理论 ,并在此基础上对沿海城市密集地区未来的发展和城市规划理论研究进行展望与推论 ,提出要从全球的高度 ,审视沿海城市密集地区在国家发展及国际竞争中的战略地位 ;以区域的观念 ,高起点选择区域可持续发展模式 ;打破“诸侯规划” ,因地制宜地推进区域协调 ;因势利导 ,发展城市规划学