机载紧凑型中波红外相机的设计

为了实现机载光电跟瞄系统的捕获与跟踪功能,针对机载环境狭小的空间设计了一款紧凑型中波红外相机。首先从机载平台的应用需求出发,提出了红外相机的各项性能指标。然后,采用二次成像与二次折转的方案对红外相机的光学系统进行了设计与优化,并研制出一套高精度调焦平台用以光学系统的距离与温度调焦;采用箱体式结构方案对红外相机的支撑基座进行了优化设计,有限元分析结果表明所设计的支撑基座具有足够的结构刚度。最后,在完成机载中波红外相机精密加工、装配与调试的基础上,采用光电测试平台对红外相机的焦距、视场角、噪声等效温差(NETD)和调制传递函数(MTF)等参数进行了实验检测。结果显示:相机的焦距、视场角等与理论设计较为符合,NETD为22mK,在探测器的极限空间频率处相机的MTF不低于0.58,接近衍射极限水平。因此,所研制的机载紧凑型中波红外相机工作灵敏度高、成像质量好,满足机载平台的应用需要。     

低温红外镜头设计仿真方法及试验验证

在低温环境下镜头结构会产生热变形,对镜头光学传递函数（MTF）及离焦量均会产生影响,从而影响光学成像质量。在此基于某红外遥感器,针对210 K低温工作环境,设计了一套具备热卸载功能的透射式低温镜头。对其建立有限元模型,并加载模拟在轨工作环境温度场,得到热变形数据,最终计算出镜头MTF及离焦量变化,并通过该仿真分析手段对低温镜头结构进行优化设计。低温镜头装调完成后,将低温镜头及其他配合测试设备置于真空罐内,在常温与低温环境条件下,对光学系统MTF及最佳焦面位置进行测试标定。测试结果表明,各项偏差在可接受范围之内,MTF仅变化0.2%,说明使用的低温镜头多场耦合仿真方法是可靠的,能够对红外遥感器低温镜头设计进行指导。     

温度对机载成像光谱仪光学性能的影响

为了研究温度对机载成像光谱仪光学性能的影响,分析了机载环境下仪器温度载荷的特点,阐述了温度载荷的作用机理和表现形式,研究了光谱仪的热光学性能。首先,分析了机载环境下温度载荷特点;其次,以最小二乘法和坐标转换法为理论依据,编制了面形误差及刚体位移求解程序,并结合有限元法计算了光机系统在温度载荷作用下各镜面的变形值和刚体位移大小;最后,对变形后的光学系统进行了光线追迹,求解了镜面刚体位移导致的谱线位置变化,研究其谱线漂移特性,并计算了刚体位移对传递函数(MTF)的影响。计算结果表明,10 ℃温度变化范围内,谱线漂移量小于光谱定标精度要求的1/3,不需要再进行光谱定标和光谱修正;系统传递函数也能够满足成像质量要求。这些结论会对仪器研制有很大的工程实用价值。     

面向卫星动中成像模式的地面实验系统

动中成像模式可实现卫星在大角度快速机动过程中成像,满足遥感观测多样化、定制化、精细化需求。分析了动中成像地面实验系统的基本原理,并在实验室搭建了一套面向动中成像模式的地面实验验证系统。该系统采用高精度、高稳定的动态气浮靶标和基于外触发信号的相机积分时间调整方法。研究了成像质量和光强的关系以及成像质量和相机探测器积分级数、卫星机动角速度的关系,开展了自定义运动曲线的动中成像实验。结果表明,在相机探测器线性区内,不同机动角速度与探测器积分级数获取的图像动态调制传递函数(MTF)值的范围为0.0918~0.1054,满足工程应用(0.1附近)的要求,且MTF值与机动角速度、探测器级数无关。动中成像实验中系统运行稳定,动态MTF值在0.1015±0.0098之间。     

高分辨相机传函测试误差分析

文中通过对高分辨相机静态传函测试中误差产生的机理进行分析,提出了相应的测试策略,有效抑制条纹靶标周期偏差、环境振动及图像噪声对MTF的影响。TDI CCD相机的MTF测试值受到条纹靶标周期偏差、环境振动和图像噪声的影响,通过分析上述因素对MTF测量值的影响机理,建立了条纹靶标周期偏差、环境振动和图像噪声对传函的影响模型,并分别提出了针对条纹靶标周期偏差引入的MTF测量值修正方法,以及针对噪声影响提出了MTF计算模板的最优化选取算法,通过最优化模板计算得到的MTF测量值可以有效抑制图像噪声的影响,同时抑制环境振动以及条纹靶标周期偏差引起的摩尔条纹对MTF测量值的影响。根据对某空间相机实测图像的分析结果,横向模板尺度应不大于摩尔条纹横向周期的4%,纵向模板的尺度应不大于摩尔条纹纵向周期的2%,分析表明模板越大,MTF受噪声影响越小,但受环境振动和条纹靶标周期偏差影响越大,实际工程中应结合相机本身的噪声水平,在最优区间选取MTF计算模板,使得测量值更准确。     

TMA 空间相机性能稳定性的全状态分析与测试

光学系统波像差是空间相机的关键成像性能指标,其稳定性决定了成像质量的稳定性。针对大视场TMA 空间相机研制过程和在轨成像时重力和温度变化状态,用有限元方法分析反射镜位置公差、面形等尺寸稳定性,结合反射镜的加工面形,计算光学系统波像差,分析成像性能稳定性的变化;采用实验室多方向重力(水平、悬挂、向上、向下等)和204环境调温状态模拟测试,系统波像差平均在/14.7～/12.4 之间,单个视场最低为/11。波像差的分析数据与测试结果趋势一致,各状态平均误差范围为-0.012 6 ～0.003 1 ,最大单点误差为-0.023;在不同状态下的传函复合测试结果都达0.21 以上,相对变化小于-4.8%。该方法作为分析、验证系统成像稳定性有效便捷的手段,应用到大视场TMA 空间相机的研制中,指导设计、分析薄弱环节,通过全状态的分析和测试,说明大视场TMA空间相机具有良好稳定的成像性能。     

红外光电成像系统MTF测试技术分析

本文对红外光电成像系统MTF测试技术进行了分析,阐述了MTF测试技术的概念和MTF倾斜目标靶测试原理,并对MTF测试受狭缝的影响进行了说明,还将红外光电成像系统MTF测试斜缝法与斜刀口进行了对比,最后总结了红外光电成像系统MTF测试技术的要点,旨在提高MTF测试技术促进红外光电系统成像的质量.     

红外系统小目标成像自动调光方法

提出了一种实时调整红外相机积分时间的方法。针对成像为点目标且灰度值变化剧烈的情况,为保证红外辐射特性测量的精度,标定了相机在不同积分时间下亮度与成像灰度值的对应关系,确定了红外相机响应关系线性度较好的区域;提出了点目标弥散范围的计算方法,并对红外系统的模拟图像和真实图像进行匹配获得最优化估计的目标位置、尺寸以获取目标的所有灰度值,而后根据亮度与灰度的关系对积分时间进行调整。实验结果证明,可同时调整两个不同红外相机的积分时间以保证灰度值处于理想区间内,调整频率可达25Hz,满足高速飞行器试验的实时性要求。     

空间相机整机有限元分析

相机的结构空间是相机的重要子系统,是保证相机成像质量的关键之一。光学反射镜在重力和微重力环境变化以及热控温度范围变化综合影响下,面形误差变化量RMS和PV值是衡量相机成像质量的重要指标,结构还必须保证满足光学设计提出的各反射镜的各种公差要求,为保证相机在运输以及发射过程中能承受住恶劣的振动条件,需要整机有足够高的动态刚度和合理的模态分布。利用CAD/CAE技术对空间相机整机进行大量的工程分析,分析比较计算结果,此相机满足设计指标。CAE技术对空间相机光机结构设计起着重要的指导作用,是现代设计方法的重要手段之一。     

小型折反式短波红外光学系统设计

为解决纯折射式光学系统不易实现长焦小型化设计以及纯反射式光学系统不易实现较大视场的技术问题,采用折反式光学结构形式设计了一种焦距为500 mm、工作波段为0.9～1.7■m、F数为5的短波红外成像光学系统。该系统由抛物面主镜、二次曲面次镜以及后组透镜组成,光学系统总长度小于138 mm。设计结果表明,该系统结构紧凑、体积小、成像质量良好,在探测器对应的特征频率33 lp/mm处的调制传递函数(Modulation Transfer Function, MTF)值大于0.55,接近衍射极限。整机装配完成后进行了MTF测试及外景成像测试。实际测试结果与设计分析一致,满足应用需求。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Development of the readout system for waveguide multilayer optical card

Waveguide multilayer optical card （WMOC） is a novel storage device of three-dimensional optical information. An advanced readout system fitting for the WMOC is introduced in this paper. The hardware mainly consists of the light source for reading, WMOC, motorized stages addressing unit, microscope imaging unit, CCD detecting unit and PC controlling ＆ processing unit. The movement of the precision motorized stage is controlled by the computer through Visual Basic （VB） language in software. A control panel is also designed to get the layer address and the page address through which the position of the motorized stages can be changed. The WMOC readout system is easy to manage and the readout result is directly displayed on computer monitor.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Collinear phase-matching study of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and Inp

The collinearly phase-matching condition of terahertz-wave generation via difference frequency mixed in GaAs and InP is theoretically studied. In collinear phase-matching, the optimum phase-matching wave hands of these two crystals are calculated. The optimum phase-matching wave bands in GaAs and lnP are 0.95-1.38μm and 0.7-0.96μm respectively. The influence of the wavelength choice of the pump wave on the coherent length in THz-wave tuning is also discussed. The influence of the temperature alteration on the phase-matching and the temperature tuning properties in GaAs crystal are calculated and analyzed. It can serve for the following experiments as a theoretical evidence and a reference as well.     

Effects of the alloy compositions on the phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals

Composition dependence of bulk and surface phonon-polaritons in ternary mixed crystals are studied in the framework of the modified random-element-isodisplacement model and the Bom-Huang approximation. The numerical results for Several Ⅱ - Ⅵ and Ⅲ- Ⅴ compound systems are performed, and the polariton frequencies as functions of the compositions for ternary mixed crystals AlxGa1-xAs, GaPxAS1-x, ZnSxSe1-x, GaAsxSb1-x, GaxIn1-xP, and ZnxCd1-xS as examples are given and discussed. The results show that the dependence of the energies of two branches of bulk phonon-polaritons which have phonon-like characteristics, and surface phonon-polaritons on the compositions of ternary mixed crystals are nonlinear and different from those of the corresponding binary systems.     

New insert layer structure OLEDs

An insert layer structure organic electroluminescent device（OLED） based on a new luminescent material （Zn（salen）） is fabricated. The configuration of the device is ITO/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1/CuPc/NPD/Zn（salen）/Liq/LiF/A1. Effective insert electrode layers comprising LiF（1nm）/Al（5 nm） are used as a single semitransparent mirror, and bilayer cathode LiF（1 nm）/A1（100 nm） is used as a reflecting mirror. The two mirrors form a Fabry-Perot microcavity and two emissive units. The maximum brightness and luminous efficiency reach 674 cd/m^2 and 2.652 cd/A, respectively, which are 2.1 and 3.7 times higher than the conventional device, respectively. The superior brightness and luminous efficiency over conventional single-unit devices are attributed to microcavity effect.