邻苯二甲酸酯类的毒性、分析方法及使用规定

本文对邻苯、二甲酸酯类(phthalic acid esters,PAEs)增塑剂的毒性,近5年来食品、食品包装材料、生物样品中FAEs的分析方法以及美国、欧盟、日本、中国的相关使用规定进行了综述,并就探索更为可靠的分析方法,加强人群暴露水平评估,制定食品中PAEs的安全限值进行了讨论和总结.     

植物纤维食品接触材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的研究现状

从迁移条件与检测方法两个方面介绍了近年来国内外学者关于植物纤维食品接触材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类(Phthalic Acid Easters,PAEs)增塑剂的研究现状,选择合适的迁移实验条件并建立高灵敏度、低检出限的检测方法是近年来相关学者在研究中的工作重点,但仍有待于深入开展。同时该方面研究还证实了植物纤维食品接触材料中PAEs类增塑剂的存在并且危害消费者健康,对我国相关生产企业具有警示作用,也为国家尽快发布植物纤维类食品接触材料中增塑剂限量或特定迁移限量,并制定相关迁移实验与检测方法的法规标准提供参考依据。     

食品中邻苯二甲酸酯分析与风险评估技术研究进展

食品安全已经成为了倍受社会关注的热点问题,成为了全社会共同面对的挑战。其中,作为目前最常见的增塑剂,邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)在现代食品工业中应用广泛,其通过迁移、富集、转化对食品造成污染,现已引起了公众的高度关注。近年来,不同基质中PAEs的样品前处理技术(固相萃取、分散液液微萃取、Qu ECh ERS等)和分析技术(光谱法、色谱法、质谱联用法等)、毒性及风险评估成为了研究热点。本文对国内外PAEs最新的研究进展进行总结评述,对食品中PAEs的筛查技术进行探讨,为将来开展食品中PAEs的检测、评估提供建议和思考。其中,简便快捷的前处理技术结合高通量、高灵敏度的筛查技术将成为今后一段时间的研究热点。     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯分析方法研究进展

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)是一种应用较广泛的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)类合成有机物,主要用作增塑剂来提高塑料树脂的机械性能、柔韧性。近年来,由于在全球范围内的广泛使用,由于其在环境中的普遍存在,以及内分泌干扰毒性,DEHP受到了人们越来越多的关注。介绍了环境中DEHP分析方法的研究进展,对DEHP的样品的预处理方法和检测技术作了综述。     

食品中邻苯二甲酸酯及其检测的研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalic Acid Esters,简称PAEs)是一类广泛应用的塑料增塑剂,具有生殖毒性和致畸致癌等危害。随着塑料制品的大量生产和任意添加,邻苯二甲酸酯越来越多的进入到人体中。本文介绍了PAEs的危害,总结了邻苯二甲酸酯的国内外标准、样品前处理方法以及现有的分析检测方法,并且提出了检测中存在的问题和研究前景。     

聚氯乙烯纤维中邻苯二甲酸酯增塑剂的迁移规律(一)

纺织品及玩具中使用最广的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)类增塑剂会影响生物体内激素的正常分泌,有致畸、致癌、致突变作用。针对PAEs类增塑剂迁移规律的检测问题,采用萃取法和顶空法,检测了聚氯乙烯长丝中6种PAEs类增塑剂在有机溶剂、空气及模拟人体体液(如酸汗、碱汗和唾液)中的迁移情况,研究发现:以正己烷作为迁移介质,中浓度聚氯乙烯长丝中的PAEs类增塑剂迁移能力较低;随着温度的升高,PAEs类增塑剂更容易挥发至空气中,6 h内的挥发量在第3小时或第4小时达到峰值;PAEs类增塑剂在与人体体液接触时,总体迁移效率随其比表面积的增大和浓度的升高而不断升高,在唾液中的析出能力更大。     

快餐和早点包装中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂迁移 风险的研究

目的：对快餐和早点包装中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)塑化剂迁移至食品中的风险进行评估。方法：采集42批次一次性餐盒,依据GB/T 21928-2008《食品塑料包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定》,采用气相色谱-质谱法对样品中的PAEs含量进行检测;并依据GB/T 23296.1-2009选择迁移实验浸泡条件,考查样品中PAEs的迁移风险。结果: 42批次快餐和早点包装中,共计有26批次样品中检出PAEs增塑剂,占总抽检批次的61.9%。其中24批次检出含量在0~10mg/kg范围内,最高检出含量为93.5mg/kg。迁移实验中只有含量最高的样品检出DEHP迁移量为0.06mg/kg。结论：快餐和早点包装中PAEs总体暴露水平低于100mg/kg,正常使用过程中迁移风险较小。     

快餐和早点包装中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂迁移风险的研究

目的对快餐和早点包装中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)塑化剂迁移至食品中的风险进行评估。方法采集42批次一次性餐盒,依据GB/T 21928-2008《食品塑料包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯的测定》,采用气相色谱-质谱法对样品中的PAEs含量进行检测;并依据GB/T 23296.1-2009选择迁移实验浸泡条件,考查样品中PAEs的迁移风险。结果 42批次快餐和早点包装中,共计有26批次样品中检出PAEs增塑剂,占总抽检批次的61.9%。其中24批次检出含量在0~10 mg/kg范围内,最高检出含量为93.5 mg/kg。迁移实验中只有含量最高的样品检出DEHP迁移量为0.06 mg/kg。结论 快餐和早点包装中PAEs总体暴露水平低于100mg/kg,正常使用过程中迁移风险较小。     

高效液相色谱法同时测定食品塑料包装材料中8种邻苯二甲酸酯的含量

建立检测塑料包装材料中8种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)的高效液相色谱法,并采用所建立的方法分析了7种塑料材质、包装不同类型食品的27个塑料包装材料中的PAEs含量,结果发现所有抽检样品中均含有DBP,且44%的样品中含有DEHP,其中1个样品还含有BBP,其他的PAEs未被检出,说明我国目前食品塑料包装材料所用增塑剂主要以DBP和DEHP为主;DBP的含量范围为22.89～267.6mg/kg,而DEHP的含量范围为0.33～899.8mg/kg,其中PET和HDPE两种包装材料中含有很高量的DEHP。     

食品塑料包装中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的调查分析

对市场上常见食品塑料包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的使用情况进行了抽样调查,采用固相萃取-气相色谱法检测增塑剂。结果表明:13个样品中PAEs化合物总量在41.30～16563.05 mg/kg之间,所有样品中均含有增塑剂DEHP,5个样品还含有DBP。DBP含量均超过3.0 mg/kg,最高含量16016.98 mg/kg,DEHP含量均超过1.5 mg/kg,DEHP最高含量达到15200.78 mg/kg。最后对我国增塑剂问题现状控制和修订相应国家标准提出了建议。     

食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂的检测技术研究进展

塑化剂是一种内分泌干扰物,目前食品中的塑化剂污染日益突出,严重威胁了人们的身体健康。本文对近年来食品中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂(phthalic acid esters,PAEs)的检测技术进行了总结分析,对常用的大型仪器检测法如气相色谱法、液相色谱法、质谱法、气质联用法等和新兴的快速检测法如免疫法、荧光法、电化学检测法、表面增强拉曼光谱法等做了详细地对比与分析,列举了其各自的优缺点以及在实际样品检测中的应用,为食品中PAEs检测技术的发展和应用提供了研究思路和方向。     

Endocrine modulating chemicals in food packaging: A review of phthalates and bisphenols

Phthalates and bisphenol chemicals have been widely used globally in packaging materials and consumer products for several decades. These highly functional chemicals have become a concern due to their toxicity (i.e., endocrine/hormone modulators) and ability to migrate from food contact materials (FCMs) into food matrices and the environment resulting in human and environmental health risks. FCMs, composed of postconsumer materials, are particularly high risk for containing these compounds. The evaluation of postconsumer recycled feedstocks in FCMs is compulsory and selection of an appropriate detection method to comply with applicable regulations is necessary to evaluate human and environmental safety. Numerous regulations have been proposed and passed globally for both compound classes that are recognized as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the European Union. Several brand owners and retailers have also released their own “restricted substance lists” due to the mounting consumer and regulatory concerns. This review article has two goals: (1) discuss the utilization, toxicology, human exposure routes, and occurrence levels of phthalates and bisphenols in FCMs and associated legislation in various countries and (2) discuss critical understanding and updates for detection/quantification techniques. Current techniques discussed include extraction and sample preparation methods (solid-phase microextraction [SPME], headspace SPME, Soxhlet procedure, ultrasound-assisted extraction), chromatographic techniques (gas, liquid, detectors), and environmental/blank considerations for quantification. This review complements a previous review of phthalates in foods from 2009 by discussing phthalate and bisphenol characteristics, analytical methods of determining concentrations in packaging materials, and their influence on the migration potential into food.     

食品接触材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质迁移的 研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯类物质是食品接触材料中广泛使用的增塑剂,具有神经毒性和生殖发育毒性。接触材料中添加的邻苯二甲酸酯类物质在与食品的长期接触过程中会向食品中迁移,其安全性直接影响食品安全和消费者的健康。因此,研究食品接触材料中邻苯二甲酸酯的迁移对保障食品安全具有十分重要的意义。本文介绍了食品中邻苯二甲酸酯的污染情况,综述了国内外食品接触材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的迁移试验研究方法、模拟物选择、分析检测方法及近年来的迁移研究现状,提出了目前研究存在的主要问题同时对今后的研究趋势和方向进行了展望。建议进一步加强对脂肪性模拟液、检测方法、迁移模型及迁移机制的研究,以期为准确评估食品接触材料的安全性、保障食品质量安全提供理论基础。     

Phthalate Sample Preparation Methods and Analysis in Food and Food Packaging: a Review

A review on phthalate esters or phthalic acid esters (PAEs), chemicals of concern since a few decades ago that are widely used as plasticizers in food processing and packaging, is presented taking into account the background of such compounds, the metabolism, human exposure to PAEs, the sources and occurrence in food as well as the toxicological aspects and human health effects. In addition, 45 novel research articles that were published between 2002 and 2017 were identified and their results were tabulated showing the PAEs analysed, food matrix of PAEs, methods of sample preparation/extraction, methods of instrumental analysis and quantitation, percentage recovery and limit of detection (LOD) of the instrument for ease of comparison and referencing. In general, it was found that in the last 15 years, the number of PAEs analysed has increased from the commonly analysed 8 PAEs, namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) to as many as 23 PAEs. The methods of sample preparation have also progressed from the simple liquid-liquid extraction using organic solvents to solid-phase microextraction techniques to the more recent head-space or direct immersion solid-phase microextraction methods. Whereas for the analysis of PAEs, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are still the preferred methods with improved LOD of analysis ranging from approximately 10 ppm for fatty foods to 1–60 ppt for water, juices and cooking oil samples.     

水果蔬菜中常见植物生长调节剂分析检测方法研究进展

植物生长调节剂是一类广泛应用于现代农业生产的化学物质,能够调节果蔬生长,使之达到增产、丰收等目的,是农业生产中不可缺少的重要手段。近年来,由于超量、超范围滥用植物生长调节剂而造成的食品安全问题时有发生,其安全性及残留问题也引起了广泛关注。相关的研究也不断增多,检测手段层出不穷。本文综述了国内外对植物生长调节剂残留检测的主要分析技术、优缺点及其应用。分别介绍了前处理方法和多种仪器分析方法。并对国内外植物生长调节剂的限量法规进行了简要对比,为相关限量法规及检测标准的制定和研究提供参考。     

Crustaceans (shrimp,crab, and lobster): A comprehensive review of their potential health hazards and detection methods to assure their biosafety

Crustaceans are popular seafood items worldwide owing to their rich nutritional value, unique tastes, and their incorporation in a variety of cuisines. There has been a great concern about the safety of crustaceans for human consumption being more prone to hazardous contaminants due to their exposure to diverse habitats and unhealthy farming and handling practices. These hazards can arise from chemical contaminants such as heavy metals, environmental pollutants, and biotoxins or biological sources, that is, pathogenic microbes and parasites. The different types of chemical contamination of crustaceans as well as biological hazards are reviewed as major part of this review. Although there are many reviews on contaminants in fisheries, nothing is traces to crustaceans. The current review compiles the food safety hazards of crustaceans arising from both chemical and biological origins and their impact on human health in farmed versus wild origins. The different methods of contaminants detection, viz. microbiological, molecular, and analytical methods, as well as control measures viz. cooking and processing methods that can be implemented to safeguard consumer safety are also reviewed. Future perspectives have been raised toward HACCP protocol implementation during handling, processing, and storage of crustaceans and posing real-time freshness monitoring tools such as intelligent packaging.     

Detection of Genetically Modified Food Products in a Commercial Laboratory

ABSTRACT Since genetically engineered agricultural plants entered the market, new challenges have been imposed on grain producers, food processors, and food testing laboratories. Service laboratories, especially in the United States, face a lack of standardization of testing methods for bioengineered crops. Food companies need a basis on which to choose a laboratory that can meet their specific analytical needs with regard to applicable regulations or commercial contracts by providing scientifically valid and reproducible results. This article outlines the prime technical aspects for laboratories providing analysis of food and agricultural products by PCR and ELISA.     

A brief review of the occurrence, use, and safety of food-related nanomaterials

Nanotechnology and nanomaterials have tremendous potential to enhance the food supply through novel applications, including nutrient and bioactive absorption and delivery systems; ingredient functionality; improved colors and flavors; microbial, allergen, and contaminant detection and control; and food packaging properties and performance. To determine the current state of knowledge regarding the safety of these potential uses of nanomaterials, an appraisal of the published literature on the safety of food-related nanomaterials was undertaken. A method of assessment of reliability of toxicology studies was developed to conduct this appraisal. The review of the toxicology literature on oral exposure to food-related nanomaterials found that the number of studies is limited. Exposure to nanomaterials in the human food chain may occur not only through intentional uses in food manufacturing, but also via uses in agricultural production and carry over from use in other industries. Although a number of analytical methods are useful in physicochemical characterization of manufactured nanomaterials, new methods may be needed to more fully detect and characterize nanomaterials incorporated into foods and in other media. There is a need for additional toxicology studies of sufficient quality and duration on different types of nanomaterials to further our understanding of the characteristics of nanomaterials that affect safety of oral exposure resulting from use in various food applications.