不同温度气体喷射特性的PIV试验研究

研究气体的喷射特性,用于指导发动机燃油供给系统的设计和燃烧室有效组织燃烧。基于粒子图像测速技术(PIV),对不同温度、不同压差下气体喷射的特性进行了对比研究。通过试验分析和图像处理等手段对射流流场及涡结构、气体射流边界扩展、喷嘴轴向流速衰减规律、断面流速分布等进行了总结。试验表明:射流边界呈线性扩展,可用锥角大小来表征其特性,锥角随压差的减小而增大,且增幅明显,温度对其也有一定影响。喷嘴射流的轴向速度与射流距离成反比,而速度的影响面积随射流距离的增大而增大,温度的增大使得相同压差下的轴向速度相应增大,断面流速的分布存在很大的相似性。     

关键结构参数对离心式雾化喷嘴雾化效果的影响研究

为提高某离心式喷嘴的雾化质量,对其内部结构进行改进优化,并采用数值模拟和试验相结合的方法详细探讨切向槽位置和倾斜角度对雾化效果的影响。结果表明:数值仿真可以较好地模拟喷嘴的雾化特性,其结果与试验吻合良好;位置和倾角的改变会影响雾化颗粒粒径和雾化锥角,其中雾化锥角受倾角的影响较为显著,随倾角的增大而减小;随着压力增大,雾化颗粒粒径会逐渐减小,雾化锥角逐渐增大并趋于稳定;9组不同工况下喷嘴雾化效果对比表明,在旋流室圆锥半径1/2或3/4处设置20°倾角的切向槽,雾化效果最佳。     

4种脱硫喷嘴雾化特性对比试验

对目前湿法烟气脱硫系统中常用的4种机械式雾化喷嘴进行了雾化试验,采用高速数码摄影法对4种喷嘴在不同压力下的喷雾状况进行测试,并用ImageJ软件处理,得到各喷嘴在不同工况下的粒径、粒径分布和雾化角等特性。研究结果表明:4种喷嘴雾化粒径随液压的增大呈减小趋势,其中螺旋喷嘴雾化粒径最小,扇形喷嘴雾化粒径最大;螺旋喷嘴、空心锥喷嘴和扇形喷嘴的雾化角随液压增大变化不大,较为稳定,实心锥喷嘴雾化角随液压增大而增大,螺旋喷嘴与扇形喷嘴的雾化角较大,空心锥喷嘴的雾化角最小;各喷嘴在小于0.2MPa的液压下粒径分布不均匀,当达到0.2MPa后粒径分布较为均匀。综合结构特点和雾化特性,螺旋喷嘴较适用于火电厂湿法烟气脱硫系统。     

超声波喷嘴雾化性能影响因素的研究

为研究新的雾化方式并将其应用于实际的油雾润滑系统中,针对流体动力式超声波喷嘴,设计其雾化性能测试系统。通过测量喷嘴产生的油雾浓度和喷嘴的流量,研究喷嘴在不同进气压力、进出口压差时的雾化性能。研究结果表明:随着喷嘴进气压力的增大,油雾浓度先增大后减小,喷嘴流量先增大后趋于恒定,喷嘴的进口压力最佳值为0.5 MPa;增大喷嘴进出口压差可以明显地提高油雾浓度和喷嘴的流量,喷嘴的雾化性能得到显著提升。     

航空发动机燃油喷嘴关键件配合精度研究

基于流体体积(Volume of Fluid,VOF)方法和realizable k-ε湍流模型,对航空发动机双油路离心式喷嘴的主油路进行数值模拟,通过仿真与实验结果相结合对关键件的尺寸公差和配合尺寸进行了调整。通过实验加工出了不同尺寸公差的配合试件,并在不同工况条件下进行测试,对比主油路的雾化性能,验证燃油喷嘴关键件的配合精度对主油路雾化性能的影响,找到了导致燃油喷嘴出现油膜过厚、喷雾锥角偏大和流量偏小等性能不达标的影响因素,为优化航空发动机燃油喷嘴雾化性能和提高整套喷嘴性能一致性提供了参考。     

不同喷口扩张比下离心喷嘴雾化特性研究

为研究喷口扩张比对航空发动机离心喷嘴雾化特性的影响,对多种结构离心喷嘴开展试验研究。用工业相机捕捉油雾场形态;用多普勒激光粒度仪测量喷嘴出口液膜速度、雾化粒径;结合数值模拟得到的液膜流动情况,对雾化性能进行详细分析。研究结果表明：随着喷口扩张比的增加,雾化锥角增大,雾化粒径减小,液膜轴向速度减小;当扩张比一定时,不同压差下雾化锥角基本一致;喷嘴下游存在三个流动区域,分别为燃油射流区、射流内侧空气区及射流外侧空气区,射流内侧形成对称的空气涡;在扩张段处液膜与壁面之间会形成分离区,当扩张比较大时,液膜可绕过分离区重新靠近壁面,且扩张比越大,液膜与壁面贴合程度越高。     

乙醇圆柱射流雾化破碎过程的PIV试验研究

在喷雾容弹上利用PIV激光测试系统,研究了容弹背压、容弹温度和喷射脉宽对乙醇圆柱射流破碎雾化的影响。试验结果表明：容弹背压升高,乙醇圆柱射流贯穿距离减小,射流锥角变大;温度由20℃变为60℃时,乙醇运动黏度变小,射流贯穿距离增大,射流锥角略有增加;喷射脉宽的改变对乙醇圆柱射流贯穿距离和射流锥角影响很小,然而大脉宽的乙醇射流雾化困难。     

甲醇低压喷射射流特性试验

在定容弹上利用高速摄影进行不同背压下3种喷油器的甲醇低压喷射射流特性试验。测量3种喷油器不同背压下单次喷射的甲醇质量。使用Matlab软件对数字图像进行后处理,测取射流贯穿距离和射流锥角。结果表明,甲醇射流的贯穿距离、射流锥角和单次喷射的甲醇质量随背压的增加而减小。当背压增加到0.15 MPa以上时,射流贯穿距离快速减小。在喷射初期,射流的锥角较大,随着射流的发展,锥角以波动形式向减小方向变化,最后趋于3.8°。3种喷油器的质量流量随背压的变化符合伯努利方程的变化趋势。2孔和4孔喷油器的质量流量比伯努利方程的理论计算数值大。当背压达到与喷射压力相同的0.3 MPa时,3种喷油器喷射的甲醇质量随喷射时间的增加趋于定值。     

核主泵2号密封变形机理及泄漏特性数值研究

核主泵2号密封在事故工况下，需要承受一回路高压，由于缺乏2号密封在承受高压条件下的密封机理研究，严重制约2号密封承受高压时的可靠性分析和评价。依托CPR1000核电机组100型核主泵2号密封，提出一种流固耦合分析数值模型并通过台架试验验证，系统阐述了核主泵2号密封承受高压时由摩擦面密封向流体静压型密封的转变机理，并研究了动环锥角、泄漏量随压差增加的变化规律。通过数值研究，发现2号密封锥角和泄漏量在5 MPa压差左右出现拐点，动环锥角最大约为0.05°,随着压差进一步增加，动环锥角基本保持不变，泄漏量则随压差呈现近似线性上升。     

球阀与阀组结构参数变化规律的分析研究

基于FLUENT软件的动网格技术,将湍流模型与多相流技术相结合,通过计算与分析球阀阀组的结构参数对转子泵出口球阀的运动特性及球阀内部流场特性的影响规律,给出了阀球运动参数的变化曲线和球阀内部流场的分布云图。阀座半锥角小于45°时,阀球速度、升程变化较大,阀隙最大流速较小且变化较快,大于45°时,阀球速度、升程、阀隙最大流速变化较接近。阀球上下表面压差随阀座半锥角的增大而增大,且阀座半锥角大于45°时,阀球上下表面压差随介质气液比的增大明显减小。阀座入口直径增大,阀球速度、升程及阀隙最大流速变小。阀球速度随时间函数呈现先增大后减小趋势;但当介质气液比增加到0.8、0.9时,阀球速度则呈现先减小后增大趋势;随介质气液比的增大,阀球速度、升程变化梯度和阀隙开度减小,阀隙最大流速增大。气液比小于0.5时,流量系数缓慢变化,超过0.5时,流量系数发生突变,甚至于在超过0.65以后,流量系数急剧变化超过1.0。     

The effects of injector nozzle geometry and operating pressure conditions on the transient fuel spray behavior

Effects of injector nozzle geometry and operating pressure conditions such as opening pressure, ambient pressure, and injection pressure on the transient fuel spray behavior have been examined by experiments. In order to clarify the effect of internal flow inside nozzle on the external spray, flow details inside model nozzle and real nozzle were also investigated both experimentally and numerically. For the effect of injection pressures, droplet sizes and velocities were obtained at maximum line pressure of 21 MPa and 105 MPa. Droplet sizes produced from the round inlet nozzle were larger than those from the sharp inlet nozzle and the spray angle of the round inlet nozzle was narrower than that from the sharp inlet nozzle. With the increase of opening pressure, spray tip penetration and spray angle were increased at both lower ambient pressure and higher ambient pressure. The velocity and size profiles maintained similarity despite of the substantial change in injection pressure, however, the increased injection pressure produced a higher percentage of droplet that are likely to breakup.     

An investigation on the spray characteristics of DME with variation of ambient pressure using the common rail fuel injection system

We investigated the DME spray characteristics about varied ambient pressure and fuel injection pressure using the common rail fuel injection system when the nozzle holes diameter is varied. The common rail fuel injection system and fuel cooling system were used since DME has compressibility and vaporization at atmospheric temperature. The fuel injection quantity and spray characteristics were measured. The spray was analyzed for spray shape, penetration length, and spray angle at the six nozzle holes. There are two types of injectors: 0.166 mm diameter and 0.250 mm diameter. The ambient pressure, which was based on gage pressure, was 0, 2.5, and 5 MPa. The fuel injection pressure was varied by 5 MPa from 35 to 70 MPa. By comparing with the common injector, using the converted injector it was shown that the DME injection quantity was increased 127% but it didn??t have the same low heating value. Both the common and converted injectors had symmetric spray shapes. In case of converted injector, there were asymmetrical spray shapes until 1.2 ms, but after 1.2 ms the spray shapes were symmetric. Also, the converted injector had shorter penetration length and wider spray angle than the common injector.     

不同燃油温度下柴油机喷嘴空穴流动特性试验研究

作为喷射系统的终端,喷油器内部的空穴流动对燃油雾化具有重要影响。采用比例放大透明喷嘴,研究不同燃油温度对喷嘴内空穴流动及其对近场喷雾的影响。引入无单位参数空穴数表征喷油器内燃油空化程度,研究发现燃油温度升高,其空穴初生时的压力减小,同一空穴数下,空穴程度更强烈。同时,试验观察到喷嘴内空穴区域的不对称性,喷孔管壁下壁面的空穴分布远大于上壁面的空穴分布;发生超空穴之后,随着空穴数的增加,试验结果中喷嘴内部的空穴流动变化不太明显,但仿真结果中看出喷孔出口流速减小。相同燃油温度下,随着空穴数增加,体积流量增加,流量系数减小,空穴相对面积增加,近场喷雾锥角增大;相同空穴数下,燃油温度增加使体积流量和流量系数都增加,空穴相对面积逐渐增大,近场雾化效果更好。     

浅谈喷嘴进口压力对扩散角的影响

为确定喷嘴进口压力对喷嘴出口扩散角的影响,采用SolidWorks建模,利用Fluent对不同进口压力的同一喷嘴模型进行仿真,经分析得知喷嘴喷出硼砂的角度随进口压力的增大而增大,喷出的硼砂速度流线图也随压力的增大而变得密集。     

Numerical research on influence of structural parameters of common-rail injector on injection rate of each nozzle hole

Performance of diesel engines are influenced by fuel spray distribution, fuel-air mixture formation and combustion, which are also influenced by hole-to-hole fuel injection rate from multi-hole injectors. In this study, a customized spray momentum flux experimental test rig was used to measure the transient injection rates from a two-layered 8-hole diesel injector. The results indicated that the fuel injection rate and the cycle fuel injection quantities of the lower-layered nozzle holes were 3–15% higher than the fuel injection rates and the cycle fuel injection quantities of the upper-layered nozzle holes. A three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the two-layered 8-hole diesel injection nozzle was developed and validated by analyzing the relative error between the numerical results obtained from the model and the experimental results measured with the test injector. The simulation results showed that the relative average deviation of hole-to-hole cycle injection quantities were less than ±1%, which is the result of 5% increment in the cross-sectional area of the upper-layered holes.     

某旋流式燃油喷嘴流场分析

旋流式喷嘴是航空发动机进油系统和实现燃油雾化的重要部件.为了探究一种旋流式喷嘴的雾化角度,文章介绍了一种旋流式喷嘴的结构特点和工作原理,运用VOF两相流方法与Realizable k-ε模型模对喷嘴的内外部流场进行数值模拟.结果显示:数值仿真可以较好的模拟喷嘴的雾化特性,随着供油压力增大,喷嘴出口流量和速度均增大,燃油...     

The effect of injection pressure and fuel viscosity on the spray characteristics of biodiesel blends injected into an atmospheric chamber

An experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of injection pressure and fuel type on the spray tip penetration length and the angle of spray injected into atmospheric chamber. The objective of the present study is to formulate empirical correlations of the spray tip penetration and the spray angle for non-evaporative condition. The experiment was performed by a common rail type high-pressure injector for the diesel engine at the injection pressure 40??100 MPa and four different fuels (D100, BD25, BD45, and BD65). The results showed that the biodiesel content increased the spray tip penetration and decreased the spray angle. The correlation of spray tip penetration is expressed for each region before and after spray break-up time in terms of injection pressure, fuel viscosity and time after start of injection. The correlation is also obtained for spray angle equation terms of injection pressure and fuel viscosity.     

Determination of diesel sprays characteristics in real engine in-cylinder air density and pressure conditions

The present paper centers on the establishment of a quantified relationship between the macroscopic visual parameters of a Diesel spray and its most influential factors. The factors considered are the ambient gas density, as an external condition relative to the injection system, and nozzle hole diameter and injection pressure as internal ones. The main purpose of this work is to validate and extend the different correlations available in the literature to the present state of the Diesel engine, i.e. high injection pressure, small nozzle holes, severe cavitating conditions, etc. Five mono-orifice, axi-symmetrical nozzles with different diameters have been studied in two different test rigs from which one can reproduce solely the real engine in-cylinder air density, and the other, both the density and the pressure. A parametric study was carried out and it enabled the spray tip penetration to be expressed as a function of nozzle hole diameter, injection pressure and environment gas density. The temporal synchronization of the penetration and injection rate data revealed a possible explanation for the discontinuity observed as well by other authors in the spray’s penetration law. The experimental results obtained from both test rigs have shown good agreement with the theoretical analysis. There have been observed small but consistent differences between the two test rigs regarding the spray penetration and cone angle, and thus an analysis of the possible causes for these differences has also been included.     

Comparison of experimental and predicted atomization characteristics of high-pressure diesel spray under various fuel and ambient temperature

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of the fuel temperature and the ambient gas temperature on the overall spray characteristics. Also, based on the experimental results, a numerical study is performed at more detailed and critical conditions in a high pressure diesel spray using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code (AVL, FIRE ver. 2008). Spray tip penetration and spray cone angle are experimentally measured from spray images obtained using a spray visualization system composed of a high speed camera and fuel supply system. To calculate and predict the high pressure diesel spray behavior and atomization characteristics, a hybrid breakup model combining KH (Kelvin-Helmholtz) and RT (Rayleigh-Taylor) breakup theories is used. It was found that an increase in fuel temperature induces a decrease in spray tip penetration due to a reduction in the spray momentum. The increase of the ambient gas temperature causes the increase of the spray tip penetration, and the reduction of the spray cone angle. In calculation, when the ambient gas temperature increases above the boiling point, the overall SMD shows the increasing trend. Above the boiling temperature, the diesel droplets rapidly evaporate immediately after the injection from calculation results. From results and discussions, the KH-RT hybrid breakup model well describes the effects of the fuel temperature and ambient gas temperature on the overall spray characteristics, although there is a partial difference between the experimental and the calculation results of the spray tip penetration by the secondary breakup model.