蜡油加氢装置换热网络分析与优化

洛阳石化蜡油加氢装置由反应、分馏、富氢气体脱硫、热回收和产汽系统以及装置公用工程部分等组成,设计年加工能力220×104t/a,以减压蜡油、焦化蜡油和脱沥青混合油为原料,采用抚顺石油化工研究院开发的FFHT蜡油加氢处理工艺技术,催化剂采用FF-18型,主要生产低硫含量的精制蜡油,同时副产少量石脑油和柴油,富氢气体经脱硫后送至制氢装置作原料.利用换热网络优化软件PINCH2.0,对蜡油加氢装置换热网络进行模拟,得出现行工艺条件下换热网络最小冷却公用工程和最小加热公用工程用量,提出以现行换热网络的操作工艺为基础,停运分馏塔进料加热炉,提高反应进料加热炉热负荷,在不增加装置换热网络换热器换热面积前提下,充分利用装置现有换热器换热面积余量,增大换热器的换热负荷.实施换热网络优化方案后,降低蜡油加氢装置耗能105.5kg标油/h,年运行时间以8400h计算,年实现节能886.2t标油,标油价格按照3600元/t计算,年实现经济效益319万元;装置进料量按照295t/h计算,则降低装置综合能耗0.358kg标油/t原料.     

Thermal analysis of indirect geothermal district heating systems

Low- and moderate-temperature geothermal resources have been discovered in many areas of the world, and are being used increasingly for district heating. Due to the corrosive action of some geothermal waters, heat exchangers are used to avoid circulating the geothermal fluid directly through the district heating systems, in what are called Indirect Geothermal District Heating Systems (IGDHS). In this case, the geothermal water acts as a heat source directly heating the network fluid through a heat exchanger. However, it is different from that of conventional systems in which hot water from a fossil fuel boiler is used directly. In the former (IGDHS), the geothermal water is regarded as a heat source with constant temperature, and in the latter the boiler is considered a heat source with variable heat flux. This paper presents a thermal analysis of a simple IGDHS, and discusses the selection of heat exchangers and optimum operating conditions.     

蚁群算法在换热网络优化中的应用

提出将蚁群算法应用于换热网络优化中,按照相等的能量份额将各股热流体分解成能量集合,热流体能量通过换热器在与冷流体换热的过程中得到分配,换热器单元面积得到相应地调整．能量分配过程中换热网络得到优化,从而使年综合费用减少的换热器面积不断积累,最终形成了一个最优的换热网络结构．通过具体算例验证了该方法的可行性和有效性,最终优化的结果证明该方法具有较强的全局搜索能力,能够应用于复杂换热网络的优化问题中．     

连续螺旋折流板管壳式换热器动态特性研究及预测

建立了可进行壳管式换热器动态特性试验研究系统,通过试验研究的方法对水-油为换热工质的连续螺旋折流板管壳式换热器动态特性进行了试验研究,进口流量扰动为等百分比流量特性,研究了4种流量扰动方式下水和油出口温度的动态响应。同时研究了在一定Re数下,不同的流体扰动量对换热器进出口温升的影响,得到了换热器进出口温升与流体扰动量之间的关联式。实验表明,液液换热系统温度的动态响应时间比较长,研究发现在正负的流量扰动下,换热器进出口温度变化呈现线性变化,进出口温升在正负流量扰动下其变化曲线具有对称特征。分别建立了有限差分数值预测模型及人工神经网络模型对换热器油侧的出口温度进行了动态预测,预测结果与试验值符合良好,人工神经网络的预测结果要好于数值模拟预测,其偏差绝对值在1.3%以内,表明人工神经网络在进行复杂的系统辨识时具有一定的参考及应用价值。     

Design of A Single Tube Fuel Oil Preheater

This article presents design analysis of a fuel oil preheater. The preheater is a concentric tube heat exchanger where the fuel oil is on the tube-side and the heating medium flows in the annular space. Two situations were addressed in this study. In the first case, an analytical model was developed where the required heat exchanger length, diameter and the fluid velocity were determined for a given heat transfer duty and for an allowable pressure loss. A detailed study was conducted by individually varying parameters such as pressure loss, preheater discharge temperature, and mass flow rate of the fuel oil. In each instance their influence on the predicted design of the heat exchanger was investigated. In the second case, an optimization strategy was proposed for a certain heat transfer duty. The heat exchanger dimensions and the fluid flow rate were selected such that the annual operating cost of the heat exchanger was minimized. In addition, a detailed study was conducted to understand the total annual operating cost as a function of the fuel oil outlet temperature and the fuel oil mass flow rate.     

Fluid temperature and velocity effect on fouling

A wide variety of industrial processes involve the transfer of heat energy between fluids in process equipment. As a result of this energy exchange unwanted deposits accumulate on the process surfaces causing a resistance to energy transfer. These deposits reduce the heat recovery and can restrict fluid flow in the exchanger by narrowing the flow area. Prevention and control of fouling is costly and time consuming. In many situations, fouling can be reduced but not necessarily eliminated. Fouling is a major unresolved problem in heat transfer.In general, the heat exchangers evaluated in this study were exposed to untreated lake water for typical conditions. After the prescribed time period the exchangers were taken off line and evaluated. Conclusions and observations regarding fouling of brazed heat exchangers, exposed to once-through lake water, are presented here. Transient observations and photographs of the exchanger surfaces are given. Results are presented that compare these heat exchangers to test plates, also exposed to lake water. The progressive change of surface appearance with increasing immersion times is presented.     

Discharge of a thermal storage tank using an immersed heat exchanger with an annular baffle

A number of solar domestic hot water systems and many combined space and water heating systems have heat exchangers placed directly in the storage fluid to charge and/or discharge the tank. Operation of the heat exchanger produces a buoyancy-driven flow within the storage fluid. With a view toward controlling the flow field to increase heat transfer, a cylindrical baffle is inserted in a 350 l cylindrical storage tank. The baffle creates a 40 mm annular gap adjacent to the tank wall. A 10 m-long, 0.3 m² copper coil heat exchanger is placed in the gap. The effects of the baffle on the transient heat transfer, delivered water temperature, heat exchanger effectiveness, and temperature distribution within the storage fluid are presented during discharge of initially thermally stratified and fully mixed storage tanks. The baffle increases the storage side convective heat transfer to the heat exchanger by 20%. This increase is attributed to higher storage fluid velocities across the heat exchanger.     

换热器系统的热力学性能评价

引入可用能损率这一指标对串联组合的换热器系统的热力学性能进行了 分析和评价,得到了换热器系统可用能损率的一般计算式,讨论了换热器系统的总流动趋势、冷热流体热容量流率比、传热单元数及单台换热器的流型、传热有效度和数目等对换热器系统可用能损率的影响。     

Numerical model and effectiveness correlations for a run-around heat recovery system with combined counter and cross flow exchangers

A two-dimensional steady-state numerical model is developed to study the heat transfer in a run-around heat recovery system with two exchangers each with a combination of counter and cross (counter/cross) flow between parallel plates or membranes. A finite difference method is used to solve the steady-state equations of continuity, momentum and heat transfer. The simulated values for the effectiveness of each counter/cross flow heat exchanger and the overall run-around system are used to develop effectiveness correlations which agree within ±2% of the simulated effectiveness of individual heat exchangers and overall system. It is shown that the effectiveness of this new run-around heat exchanger (RAHE) falls between the effectiveness of similar run-around systems with either two cross-flow exchangers or two counter-flow exchangers. For a given total surface area of the exchangers, the highest overall sensible effectiveness is achieved with exchangers which have a small exchanger aspect ratio and relatively small solution flow inlet and outlet lengths.     

Comparing exergy losses and evaluating the potential of catalyst-filled plate-fin and spiral-wound heat exchangers in a large-scale Claude hydrogen liquefaction process

Detailed heat exchanger designs are determined by matching intermediate temperatures in a large-scale Claude refrigeration process for liquefaction of hydrogen with a capacity of 125 tons/day. A comparison is made of catalyst filled plate-fin and spiral-wound heat exchangers by use of a flexible and robust modeling framework for multi-stream heat exchangers that incorporates conversion of ortho-to para-hydrogen in the hydrogen feed stream, accurate thermophysical models and a distributed resolution of all streams and wall temperatures. Maps of the local exergy destruction in the heat exchangers are presented, which enable the identification of several avenues to improve their performances.The heat exchanger duties vary between 1 and 31 MW and their second law energy efficiencies vary between 72.3% and 96.6%. Due to geometrical constraints imposed by the heat exchanger manufacturers, it is necessary to employ between one to four parallel plate-fin heat exchanger modules, while it is possible to use single modules in series for the spiral-wound heat exchangers. Due to the lower surface density and heat transfer coefficients in the spiral-wound heat exchangers, their weights are 2–14 times higher than those of the plate-fin heat exchangers.In the first heat exchanger, hydrogen feed gas is cooled from ambient temperature to about 120 K by use of a single mixed refrigerant cycle. Here, most of the exergy destruction occurs when the high-pressure mixed refrigerant enters the single-phase regime. A dual mixed refrigerant or a cascade process holds the potential to remove a large part of this exergy destruction and improve the efficiency. In many of the heat exchangers, uneven local exergy destruction reveals a potential for further optimization of geometrical parameters, in combination with process parameters and constraints.The framework presented makes it possible to compare different sources of exergy destruction on equal terms and enables a qualified specification on the maximum allowed pressure drops in the streams. The mole fraction of para-hydrogen is significantly closer to the equilibrium composition through the entire process for the spiral-wound heat exchangers due to the longer residence time. This reduces the exergy destruction from the conversion of ortho-hydrogen and results in a higher outlet mole fraction of para-hydrogen from the process.Because of the higher surface densities of the plate-fin heat exchangers, they are the preferred technology for hydrogen liquefaction, unless a higher conversion to heat exchange ratio is desired.     

Predicting and optimizing the heat transfer performance of radiator with functionalized graphene nanofluids

Accurately predicting the heat transfer characteristics of coolants used in thermal management of energy systems like heat exchangers, power electronics, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is indispensable in maintaining its operating conditions within safety limits. Apart from safety, factors such as power consumption and operating cost are the most important constraints to be considered in designing an energy-efficient and cost-effective cooling solution. In this study, the experimental data available from previous research on the use of functionalized graphene-based nanofluids in compact heat exchangers such as the automotive radiator is used to optimize the heat transfer performance parameters like Nusselt number of the nanofluid, the friction factor, and effectiveness of the heat exchanger. A supervised machine learning technique like the artificial neural network is used to obtain the objective functions of the response variables in terms of input features such as Reynolds number, Prandtl number, the volume concentration of nanoparticles in the base fluid, number of transfer units, heat capacity, the density of nanofluid, pressure drop and velocity. On the current dataset, it is found that by using the Bayesian regularization training algorithm and tangent sigmoidal activation function in the neural network, the best accuracies in the prediction can be achieved. Well-known nature-inspired optimization algorithms like genetic algorithms and simulated annealing are used in optimizing the above-mentioned response variables. Both algorithms converged to the same values of the objective functions. The optimum values of Nusselt number, effectiveness, and friction factor are 105.65, 0.506, and 0.0038, respectively, for the given composition of the nanofluid and radiator configuration.     

Cooling load density characteristics of an endoreversible variable‐temperature heat reservoir air refrigerator

The performance optimization of an endoreversible air refrigerator with variable‐temperature heat reservoirs is carried out by taking the cooling load density, i.e. the ratio of cooling load density to the maximum specific volume in the cycle, as the optimization objective in this paper. The analytical relations of cooling load, cooling load density and coefficient of performance are derived with the heat resistance losses in the hot‐ and cold‐side heat exchangers. The maximum cooling load density optimization is performed by searching the optimum pressure ratio of the compressor, the optimum distribution of heat conductance of the hot‐ and cold‐side heat exchangers for the fixed total heat exchanger inventory, and the heat capacity rate matching between the working fluid and the heat reservoirs. The influences of some design parameters, including the heat capacitance rate of the working fluid, the inlet temperature ratio of heat reservoirs and the total heat exchanger inventory on the maximum cooling load density, the optimum heat conductance distribution, the optimum pressure ratio and the heat capacity rate matching between the working fluid and the heat reservoirs are provided by numerical examples. The refrigeration plant design with optimization leads to a smaller size including the compressor, expander and the hot‐ and cold‐side heat exchangers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Second law analysis of counter flow cryogenic heat exchangers in presence of ambient heat-in-leak and longitudinal conduction through wall

Performance of highly effective heat exchangers is governed by the various internal and external irreversibilities. In low temperature applications, the performance of these heat exchangers strongly depends on the irreversibilities such as ambient heat-in-leaks, longitudinal heat conduction through separating wall of heat exchanger and conduction through high temperature connecting tubes when they are integrated to the system. The special focus of present analysis is the study of effect of these irreversibilities on the performance of heat exchangers through second law analysis. It is observed that the effect of ambient heat-in-leak is different for the balanced and imbalanced counter flow high NTU heat exchangers. Study also makes it possible to compare the different irreversibilities for varying range of NTU and analyze the influence of external irreversibilities on the performance of heat exchangers when either hot fluid or cold fluid is minimum capacity fluid.     

Experiment and simulation of temperature characteristics of intermittently-controlled ground heat exchanges

Because of poor heat transfer coefficients of soil/rock, ground source heat pumps (GSHP) or underground thermal energy storage (UTES) systems always occupy a large area and need many ground heat exchangers. This initial energy investment is so heavy that it cannot be used on a large-scale. Intermittent operation can reduce the extreme temperatures around the ground heat exchangers (GHEs) and keep the temperature in reasonable range. The aim of this study is to implement an experiment and develop a dynamic model of hydronic heating systems of GSHP in order to get a more fair comparison of energy efficiency between continuously controlled and intermittently controlled systems. Factors such as thermal inertia, temperature levels and lag time are also considered to see how they affect the efficiency. It is shown that temperature variation is related to the intermittent period and that intermittence prolongs the heat transfer without reaching at an utmost temperature (operation limitation). An effectively controlled intermittent process can optimize the capacity of heat exchange units so as to achieve better application of the ground energy. Additionally, the intermittent control can decrease the number of GHEs of GSHP and UTES systems and keep better working conditions.     

两种用于HCPV/T的水冷换热器传热特性的对比实验研究

本文对两种适用于高倍聚光发电供热（HCPV/T）系统的多槽道和微通道水冷换热器进行了实验研究。利用模拟热源模拟了HCPV/T系统中光伏电池工作时的热流密度,分别研究了流量、壁面温度和输入电压对两种换热器传热特性的影响,并利用传热学理论对两种换热器的特点进行分析,获得了两种换热器努赛尔数Nu与雷诺数Re的拟合经验公式。实验结果表明,微通道换热器在低流量下有较强的换热能力,但在高流量下,换热能力无法随流量增大继续提高;多槽道换热器在低流量下换热能力不佳,但在高流量下仍可随流量增大继续提高。     

Soil temperature distribution around a U-tube heat exchanger in a multi-function ground source heat pump system

The imbalance of heat extracted from the earth by the underground heat exchangers in winter and ejected into it in summer is expected to affect the long term performance of conventional ground source heat pump (GSHP) in territories with a cold winter and a warm summer such as the middle and downstream areas of the Yangtze River in China. This paper presents a new multi-function ground source heat pump (MFGSHP) system which supplies hot water as well as space cooling/heating to mitigate the soil imbalance of the extracted and ejected heat by a ground source heat pump system. The heat transfer characteristic is studied and the soil temperature around the underground heat exchangers are simulated under a typical climatic condition of the Yangtze River. A three-dimensional model was constructed with the commercial computational fluid dynamics software FLUENT based on the inner heat source theory. Temperature distribution and variation trend of a tube cluster of the underground heat exchanger are simulated for the long term performance. The results show that the soil temperature around the underground tube keeps increasing due to the surplus heat ejected into the earth in summer, which deteriorates the system performance and may lead to the eventual system deterioration. The simulation shows that MFGSHP can effectively alleviate the temperature rise by balancing the heat ejected to/extracted from underground by the conventional ground source heat pump system. The new system also improves the energy efficiency.     

Effectiveness of solar water-heating systems

In order to protect the solar water heaters against freezing and corrosion, the antifreeze solutions are circulated in the collector loop and then in the second loop this fluid heats the water in a heat exchanger. For this two-loop system, the performance can be described in terms of effectiveness similar to that for conventional heat exchangers. In this note an attempt is made to combine the collector and heat exchanger effectivenesses into an overall effectiveness, which is useful to optimize and design the solar water heating systems. The study has also been extended to obtain an overall effectiveness for the three-loop system in which a heat exchanger is placed between the collector and store.     

Heat exchanger optimization for geothermal district heating systems: A fuel saving approach

One of the most commonly used heating devices in geothermal systems is the heat exchanger. The output conditions of heat exchangers are based on several parameters. The heat transfer area is one of the most important parameters for heat exchangers in terms of economics. Although there are a lot of methods to optimize heat exchangers, the method described here is a fairly easy approach. In this paper, a counter flow heat exchanger of geothermal district heating system is considered and optimum design values, which provide maximum annual net profit, for the considered heating system are found according to fuel savings. Performance of the heat exchanger is also calculated. In the analysis, since some values are affected by local conditions, Turkey's conditions are considered.     

Optimization Design of Refuse-Incinerating Power Plant With Air-Cooled Heat Exchanger

As a newly developed industry, refuse incinerating power plants with air-cooled heat exchanger (ACHE) systems benefit both environment and energy savings. Since the exhaust steam of power plant is cooled in the atmosphere, the pressure of the exhaust steam fluctuates with variation of air temperature. As a result, the generated electric power of a power plant with an ACHE system is considerably influenced by meteorological conditions in the region where this type of power plant is built. The present work studies three different designs of a refuse-incinerating power plant with ACHE for a real project. Under the local meteorological conditions, the overall flow and temperature fields of the air in the whole power plant, especially around the air-cooled heat exchanger, are numerically investigated with the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code FLUENT and the feasibility of the project is then evaluated. In addition, a comparison of these three designs is also provided, including the performance of the exchangers and the fans, the collocation of the exhaust gas pipe, and the costs of the ACHE system.     

强制循环式太阳热水系统动态特性分析

基于集热器，水箱及换热器等部件热,地晴天无负荷条件下运行的强制循环式太阳能热水系统进行数值模拟，分析了贮热水箱内温度分层，水量，高径比和水流率等对瞬时集热效率和系统日效率的影响。特别探讨了带热交换器的复合回路系统在两种介质热容流率比值改变时，系统热性能变化规律。对设计和控制运行强制循环式太阳热水系统提出了一些建议。