Investigation of film cooling and superposition method for double row dustpan‐shaped holes

Film cooling effectiveness for injection from single row and double row dustpan‐shaped holes was studied experimentally. The difference in cooling performance between single row and double row holes are described. The results show that the optimal blowing ratio of injection from double row holes is higher than that of injection from a single row hole. In the case of higher blowing ratios, the traditional superposition calculation method underpredicts the film cooling effectiveness of the double row injection based on that of the single row hole injection. The modified superposition calculation method is given in this paper. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 37(4): 208–217, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20204     

微型燃气轮机涡轮背盘冲击冷却特性研究

受可靠性和成本制约,微型燃气轮机冷却技术的发展和应用一直较为缓慢,已成为其进一步提升热效率的主要瓶颈。针对此问题,提出了一种简单可靠的径流涡轮新型冷却技术-背盘冲击冷却,使用气热耦合的方法对该冷却技术的冷却特性进行了仿真研究。结果表明:背盘冲击冷却可以大幅降低径流涡轮背盘的温度。当冷却气体流量为主流的2%时,冷却流体温度从473.0降到323.0 K,背盘平均温度降低了143.0～202.0 K;当冷却温度为323.0 K时,冷却气体消耗量从主流质量流量的1%增加到4%时,背盘平均温度降低150.0～252.0 K。冷却流体流入主流后会对其产生一定的影响,每增加1%的冷却流量,涡轮机效率下降约1%。     

不同叶顶结构对燃气透平动叶顶部气膜冷却性能的影响

对不同叶顶结构的GE-E3叶片的气膜冷却现象进行了数值研究,比较了三种不同的叶顶结构：平顶、凹槽顶和平顶开槽孔结构在叶顶部的流动和冷却现象,并分析了吹风比对这三种结构的冷却性能的影响。发现凹槽顶和平顶开槽孔在结构上具有相似性;在叶顶开槽后,既降低了射流动量,又降低了顶端泄漏流速,有助于提高冷却效果,同时由于凹槽顶的槽比开槽孔的槽大,冷却气体和燃气在槽内充分混合,使得凹槽顶结构具有最高的冷却效率值和最低的换热系数值,平顶开槽孔结构次之。     

冷却空气量对涡轮冷却性能影响综述

涡轮冷却技术被广泛应用于航空发动机及燃气轮机涡轮研发中,冷却空气的引气量成为影响整机效率的重要因素之一。本文基于现代燃气轮机及航空发动机涡轮叶片采用外部冷却与内部冷却结合的复合冷却的技术发展背景,综述了国内外在冷却空气量对涡轮叶片冷却性能影响方面的研究进展,分析并总结了冷却空气量对气膜冷却、交错肋冷却以及对综合冷却效率的影响规律,并对未来的研究方向给出了一定的建议。分析表明：对气膜孔形状的探索是未来气膜冷却技术研究的重点;交错肋研究主要处于定性研究阶段,对定量研究方法的探索是目前的发展趋势;对综合冷却效率的研究还处于起步阶段,未来可以从外部冷却和内部冷却之间的相互作用关系方面对综合冷却效率开展进一步的研究。     

Improving film cooling performance by using one -inlet and double-outlet hole

The film cooling performance of a trunk-branch hole is investigated by numerical simulation in this paper. The geometry of the hole is a novel cooling concept, which controls the vortices-pair existing at the mink hole outlet using the injection of the branch hole. The trunk-branch holes require easily machinable round hole as compared to the shaped holes. The flow cases were considered at the blowing ratios of 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. At the low blowing ratio of 0.5, the vortices-pair at the outlet of the trunk hole is reduced and the laterally coverage of the film is improved. At the high blowing ratio of 2.0, the vortices-pair is killed by the vortex which is produced by the injection of the branch hole. The flow rate of the two outlets becomes more significantly different when the blowing ratio increases from 0.75 to 2.0. The discharge coefficients increase 0.15 and the laterally averaged film effectiveness improve 0.2 as compared to the cylindrical holes. The optimal blowing ratios occur at M=1.0 or M= 1.5 according to the various locations downstream of the holes.     

基于红外热像技术的气膜冷却实验方法与应用

为了研究燃气轮机高温部件气膜冷却技术,设计了低速风洞试验台。用红外热成像温度测量技术,对平板单孔和排孔射流冷却特性进行试验研究。通过埋在平板内的高精度热电偶校正,得到准确的温度,并建立了校正关系。试验件为不锈钢平板,孔是35°圆柱斜孔,孔径D=4mm,长径比L/D=3.49,吹风比M=0.5～2.5。通过气膜冷却效率分布来描述气膜冷却效果,实验处理数据给出了在50℃、196℃、267℃时不同位置的气膜冷却效率,实验结果表明不同冷却空气量对气膜冷却效果的影响。     

Film cooling characteristics of rows of round holes at various streamwise angles in a crossflow: Part I. Effectiveness

Film cooling effectiveness were studied experimentally on rows of cylindrical holes with streamwise angles of 30°, 60° and 90°, in a flat plate test facility with a zero pressure gradient. Detailed effectiveness and heat transfer results for a single cylindrical hole at the same inclinations have been presented in Yuen and Martinez-Botas [C.H.N. Yuen, R.F. Martinez-Botas, Film cooling characteristics of a single hole at various streamwise angles: Part I. Effectiveness, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 46 (2003) 221–235; C.H.N. Yuen, R.F. Martinez-Botas, Film cooling characteristics of a single hole at various streamwise angles: Part II. Heat transfer coefficient, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 46 (2003) 237–249] with the same test facility and measurement technique. This present investigation commenced with a single row of holes with two pitch-to-diameter ratios (p/D) of 3 and 6. It then presents and discusses the effects of introducing inline and staggered rows for each streamwise angle and pitch-to-diameter ratio. The row spacing in the inline and staggered rows is 12.5 diameters in the streamwise direction. The short but engine representative hole length (L/D = 4) is constant for all geometries. The blowing ratio ranges from 0.33 to 2, and the freestream Reynolds number based on the freestream velocity and hole diameter (Re_D) was 8563. Both local values and laterally averaged ones are presented, the latter refers to the averaged value across the central hole. The current results are compared with the experimental results obtained by other researchers, the effects of the additional inline and staggered rows, and of the variations in injection angle, pitch-to-diameter ratio are described.The objectives of the present study are to provide a consistent set of measurements in terms of effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients presented in the companion paper [C.H.N. Yuen, R.F. Martinez-Botas, Film cooling characteristics of rows of round holes at various streamwise angles: Part II. Heat transfer coefficient, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, in press], obtained systematically with the same test facility, and to deliver a better understanding of film cooling performance. The present results also serve as a database with 105 test cases, in addition to the 21 cases presented in [C.H.N. Yuen, R.F. Martinez-Botas, Film cooling characteristics of a single hole at various streamwise angles: Part I. Effectiveness, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 46 (2003) 221–235], for future numerical modelling.     

Effect of various inlet air cooling methods on gas turbine performance

Turbine air inlet cooling is one of many available commercial methods to improve the efficiency of an existing gas turbine. The method has various configurations which could be utilized for almost all installed gas turbines. This paper presents a comparison between two commons and one novel inlet air cooling method using turbo-expanders to improve performance of a gas turbine located at the Khangiran refinery in Iran. These methods have been applied to one of the refinery gas turbines located at the Khangiran refinery in Iran. Two common air cooling methods use evaporative media or a mechanical chiller. The idea behind the novel method is to utilize the potential cooling and power capacity of the refinery natural gas pressure drop station by replacing throttling valves with a turbo-expander. The study is part of a comprehensive program with the goal of enhancing gas turbine performance at the Khangiran gas refinery. Based on the results, it is found that using turbo-expanders is the most economically feasible option and so is recommended to be utilized for improving gas turbine performance at the Khangiran refinery.     

Heat transfer in high‐aspect‐ratio rectangular passage with skewed ribs

The heat transfer characteristics and flow behavior in a rectangular passage with two opposite 45° skewed ribs for turbine rotor blade have been investigated for Reynolds numbers from 7800 to 19,000. In this blade, the spanwise coolant passage at the trailing edge region whose thickness is very thin is chosen, so the channel aspect ratio (=width/height of channel) is extremely high, 4.76. Therefore the heat transfer experiment in the high‐aspect‐ratio cooling channel was performed using thermochromic liquid crystal and thermocouples. Furthermore, the calculation of flow and heat transfer was carried out using CFD analysis code to understand the heat transfer experimental results. The enhanced heat transfer coefficients on the smooth side wall at the rib's leading end were the same level as those on the rib‐roughened walls. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(2): 89–104, 2002; DOI 10.1002/htj.10018     

Investigation on cooling effectiveness and aerodynamic loss of a turbine cascade with film cooling

This paper describes the numerical study on film cooling effectiveness and aerodynamic loss due to coolant and main stream mixing for a turbine guide vane. The effects of blowing ratio, mainstream Mach number, surface curvature on the cooling effectiveness and mixing loss were studied and discussed. The numerical results show that the distributions of film cooling effectiveness on the suction surface and pressure surface at the same blowing ratio (BR) are different due to local surface curvature and pressure gradient. The aerodynamic loss features for film holes on the pressure surface are also different from film holes on the suction surface.     

Endwall heat transfer and film cooling measurements in a turbine cascade with injection upstream of leading edge

Detailed heat transfer measurements were conducted on the endwall surface of a large‐scale low‐speed turbine cascade with single and double row injection on the endwall upstream of leading edge. Local film cooling effectiveness and the heat transfer coefficient with coolant injection were determined at blowing ratios 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. In conjunction with the previously measured flow field data, the behaviors of endwall film cooling and heat transfer were studied. The results show that endwall film cooling is influenced to a great extent by the secondary flow and the coverage of coolant on the endwall is mainly determined by the blowing ratio. An uncovered triangle‐shaped area with low effectiveness close to pressure side could be observed at a low blowing ratio injection. The averaged effectiveness increases significantly when injecting at medium and high blowing ratios, and uniform coverage of coolant on the endwall could be achieved. The averaged effectiveness could be doubled in the case of double row injection. It was also observed that coolant injection made the overall averaged heat transfer coefficient increase remarkably with blowing ratio. It was proven that film cooling could reduce endwall heat flux markedly. The results illustrate the need to take such facts into account in the design process as the three‐dimensional flow patterns in the vicinity of the endwall, the interactions between the secondary flow and coolant, and the augmentation of heat transfer rate in the case of endwall injection. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(3): 141–152, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20007     

Film cooling characteristics of rows of round holes at various streamwise angles in a crossflow: Part II. Heat transfer coefficients

Measurements of heat transfer coefficient (h) are presented for rows of round holes at streamwise angles of 30°, 60° and 90° with a short but engine representative hole length (L/D = 4). The study began with a single row of holes with pitch-to-diameter ratios of 3 and 6, followed by two inline and staggered rows for each hole spacing and streamwise inclination, which amount to 105 different test cases in addition to the 21 test cases presented on the single hole [C.H.N. Yuen, R.F. Martinez-Botas, Film cooling characteristics of a single round hole at various angles in a crossflow: Part I. Effectiveness, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, in press; C.H.N. Yuen, R.F. Martinez-Botas, Film cooling characteristics of a single round hole at various angles in a crossflow: Part II. Heat transfer coefficients, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, in press]. The present investigation is a continuation of the previous work [Yuen and Martinez-Botas, Parts I and II, in press] with the same test facility, operating conditions (freestream Reynolds number, Re_D of 8563, and blowing ratio, 0.33 ⩽ M ⩽ 2), and measurement technique of liquid crystal thermography and the steady-state heat transfer method, therefore the results presented in the form of h/h₀, which is the ratio of heat transfer coefficient with film cooling to that without, are directly comparable. Both local values and laterally averaged ones are presented, the latter refers to the averaged value across the central hole. The corresponding measurements of effectiveness for the rows of holes are presented in a companion paper [C.H.N. Yuen, R.F. Martinez-Botas, Film cooling characteristics of rows of round holes at various angles in a crossflow: Part I. Effectiveness, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, submitted for publication]. The low effectiveness observed with the 90° holes in the companion paper [Yuen and Martinez-Botas, submitted for publication] and the relatively large heat transfer coefficient presented here, suggest that the normal injection should only be used in situations where shallower holes are not feasible. The combined performance of effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient suggests that the two inline rows are likely to be advantageous in the film cooling of turbine blades with good coverage per unit mass flow of cooling air and lower thermal stresses due to the smaller heat load.     

同轴度对引射器性能影响的数值分析

船用燃气轮机需要安装引射器来降低红外特征,受限于机舱尺寸,引射器的主喷管和混合管往往不能同轴线布置。为了研究主喷管和混合管在非同轴线布置下对引射器的影响,本文以某燃气轮机上带有冷却孔的引射器为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法研究了主喷管相对混合管轴线偏离±30%,±50%,±70%时引射器的性能,并且对比了冷却孔在开闭状态下的性能。结果表明：当冷却孔关闭时,主喷管向负方向偏移时压力损失系数最大提高4.3%,向正方向偏移时压力损失系数最大提高2.5%;当冷却孔开启时,偏移方向对压力损失系数没有明显影响,且引射器内部的燃气总温降低100~150 K。     

气膜孔形状对冷却效率影响的数值研究

采用控制容积法对三维定常不可压缩雷诺时均紊流方程(N-S方程)进行了离散,并在吹风比M为0.6和1.2的情况下,利用非结构化网格及两层k-e湍流模型,对气膜孔几何形状对涡轮叶片气膜冷却效率的影响进行了数值模拟,得到气膜孔附近的流场分布.结果表明:圆柱形孔的冷却效率随吹风比的增大而明显降低.前向扩张孔的冷却效率优于圆柱形孔,射流在叶高方向上扩展较广,在侧向孔间区域的气膜冷却效率较高.缩放槽缝孔在不同吹风比下的冷却效率均高于圆柱形孔和前向扩张孔,而且在孔下游较远区域,2个孔之间沿叶高方向的气膜覆盖性较好.缩放槽缝孔和前向扩张孔不同程度地抑制了反向涡旋对的产生,因而提高了射流对壁面的贴附性,增强了壁面的冷却效果.     

射流孔分布对径流涡轮背盘冷效均匀性的改善

由于可靠性和成本限制,微型燃气轮机涡轮冷却问题尚未形成成熟的解决方案。本文提出了一种简单、高可靠性的径流涡轮背盘冲击冷却技术,并针对由于涡壳几何周向不均匀导致的涡轮背盘冷效不均匀的问题,采用射流孔周向非均匀布置措施对其进行了改善。研究结果表明,在涡舌附近加密射流孔,使其附近对应的冷效极大和极小值均明显提升,冷效均匀性最高改善17.9%。不同非均布射流孔方案对涡轮背盘平均冷效及涡轮整机膨胀比的影响可忽略,对涡轮整机的效率影响不超过0.5%。     

燃气轮机透平叶片传热和冷却研究：气膜冷却

气膜冷却作为燃气轮机透平叶片通流部分外部冷却的一种主流技术,经过多年来的研究改进,已在工程应用实践中得到了很好的发展.总结近年来燃气透平叶片气膜冷却的相关研究进展,重点介绍了一些新型气膜冷却结构的研究情况,基于当前研究热点和发展趋势,结合作者在这方面的研究经历,指出了气膜冷却研究及其应用的发展方向.鉴于新型气膜孔、组合气膜孔以及涡发生器与气膜孔的组合在气膜冷却性能方面具有较大优势,未来将深入研究其在实际透平中的应用问题.     

The interior heat transfer characteristics of gas turbine blade due to sparse film cooling holes

The film cooling technique is one of the most useful cooling methods. At present, the midchord region of gas turbine blades in an aeroengine often adopt a sparse film cooling technique and impingement cooling technique at the same time. So the interior heat transfer characteristics on the inner side of blades due to the sparse film cooling holes have become a very complicated and interesting problem. In this paper, the heat transfer characteristics of impingement‐cooling have been investigated experimentally. Through lots of experimental data, the effect of flow parameters and geometric parameters on heat transfer characteristics has been studied. Correlation equations obtained show good agreement with experimental data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 34(3): 197–207, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20052     

Analysis of parameters affecting the performance of gas turbines and combined cycle plants with vapor absorption inlet air cooling

The integration of an aqua‐ammonia inlet air‐cooling scheme to a cooled gas turbine‐based combined cycle has been analyzed. The heat energy of the exhaust gas prior to the exit of the heat recovery steam generator has been chosen to power the inlet air‐cooling system. Dual pressure reheat heat recovery steam generator is chosen as the combined cycle configuration. Air film cooling has been adopted as the cooling technique for gas turbine blades. A parametric study of the effect of compressor–pressure ratio, compressor inlet temperature, turbine inlet temperature, ambient relative humidity, and ambient temperature on performance parameters of plants has been carried out. It has been observed that vapor absorption inlet air cooling improves the efficiency of gas turbine by upto 7.48% and specific work by more than 18%, respectively. However, on the adoption of this scheme for combined cycles, the plant efficiency has been observed to be adversely affected, although the addition of absorption inlet air cooling results in an increase in plant output by more than 7%. The optimum value of compressor inlet temperature for maximum specific work output has been observed to be 25 °C for the chosen set of conditions. Further reduction of compressor inlet temperature below this optimum value has been observed to adversely affect plant efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

带沟槽涡轮叶片颗粒沉积特性和气膜冷却性能研究

为探究带沟槽叶片的颗粒沉积特性以及气膜冷却性能,以某型高压涡轮含有尾缘劈缝结构的涡轮叶片为原型,针对实际工况建立沉积模型,采用数值模拟方法研究了0<M≤2不同吹风比下沟槽结构对叶片表面颗粒沉积特性和叶片表面气膜冷却性能的影响规律。结果表明：沟槽结构提高了总碰撞效率,降低了总沉积效率,颗粒易沉积于气膜孔下游以外区域以及端壁两侧,沟槽导致压力面中后部颗粒沉积的区域增大;随着吹风比的增加,沟槽内部捕获效率提高,整体颗粒捕获效率降低,沟槽内部的气膜冷却性能不断下降,但沟槽下游部分区域的气膜冷却性能优于原始结构;沟槽的存在使下游附近沿展向的气膜覆盖区域变大,冷却性能提升,沿孔流向的展向平均气膜冷却效率最高可提升18%。     

广东地区电站燃气轮机进气冷却潜力的初步分析

分析了燃气轮机进气蒸发式冷却的热力学特点，由此导出燃气轮机进气冷却潜力的概念。结合广东典型地区气象特点，初步分析了广东地区电站燃气轮机进气实施蒸发冷却的潜力。