Interscale wavelet maximum-a fine to coarse algorithm for wavelet analysis of the EMG interference pattern

A method has been developed, interscale wavelet maximum (ISWM), for characterising the electromyogram (EMG) interference pattern to assist in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disease. EMG signals are decomposed with the redundant dyadic wavelet transform and wavelet maxima (WM) are found. Thresholding methods are applied to remove WM due to noise and background activity. An efficient fine-to-coarse algorithm identifies the WM tree structure for the motor unit action potential rising edges. The WM for each tree are summed at each scale; the largest value is the ISWM. Highly significant differences in ISWM values have been found between healthy, myopathic, and neuropathic subjects that could make the technique a useful diagnostic tool.     

基于Hermite插值的小波模极大值重构滤波的肌电信号消噪方法

为了消除混杂在肌电信号中的噪声,该文提出了基于Hermite插值的小波模极大值重构滤波的肌电信号消噪方法。该方法先对肌电信号进行小波分解;其次,根据小波系数的奇异性,利用信号与噪声模极大值在小波尺度上的不同变化特性,分离出信号与噪声;再次,用Hermite插值法重构小波系数;最后从重构的小波系数恢复成去噪后的信号。实验结果表明,Hermite插值的小波模极大值重构能有效地去除噪声,提高信噪比,且保留了肌电信号的细节信息,为肌电信号的特征提取和模式识别创造了良好的条件。     

一种基于小波变换模极大值的估计 Lipschitz指数新方法

信号的奇异点和不规则部分往往包含丰富的信息,其奇异性行为通常由Lipschitz指数(Lipschitz Exponent,LE)来刻画.Mallat和Hwang在其经典文献[1]中提出采用小波变换模极大值随对数尺度变化曲线的最大斜率作为LE指数的度量.该方法已被学界广泛采用.但是,由于该计算方法只是文献[1]定理4不等式等号成立时的特例,故在噪声的情况下其计算的精确性和鲁棒性往往得不到保证.本文将Mallat的方法进行了改进,将对数坐标系中在小波变换尺度范围内满足文献[1]定理4的直线与小波变换模极大值(Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima,WTMM)曲线间的面积作为估算LE的目标函数.在此基础之上研究了LE的先验知识,并给出了适于工程计算的估计算法.最后进行了对比仿真实验.实验结果证明本文的方法具有更高的精确性和鲁棒性.     

莫奈特子波变换分析信号奇点

用原函数为光滑曲线的子波变换(简称莫奈特子波变换)检测信号波形奇点的方法是建立在信号奇异性与李普西兹正则性关系基础上的。该方法的基本原理是信号子波变换Wψ(a,t)等价于信号光滑版s(t)θa(t)的1阶导数,当s(t)θa(t)为尖锐变化时,必然对应其导数的模的极大值,只要检测到子波变换模的极大值,就能检测到信号s(t)的奇点。仿真表明,莫奈特子波变换能准确检测出信号奇点。     

Compression of biomedical signals with mother wavelet optimization and best-basis wavelet packet selection

We propose a novel scheme for signal compression based on the discrete wavelet packet transform (DWPT) decompositon. The mother wavelet and the basis of wavelet packets were optimized and the wavelet coefficients were encoded with a modified version of the embedded zerotree algorithm. This signal dependant compression scheme was designed by a two-step process. The first (internal optimization) was the best basis selection that was performed for a given mother wavelet. For this purpose, three additive cost functions were applied and compared. The second (external optimization) was the selection of the mother wavelet based on the minimal distortion of the decoded signal given a fixed compression ratio. The mother wavelet was parameterized in the multiresolution analysis framework by the scaling filter, which is sufficient to define the entire decomposition in the orthogonal case. The method was tested on two sets of ten electromyographic (EMG) and ten electrocardiographic (ECG) signals that were compressed with compression ratios in the range of 50%-90%. For 90% compression ratio of EMG (ECG) signals, the percent residual difference after compression decreased from (mean +/- SD) 48.6 +/- 9.9% (21.5 +/- 8.4%) with discrete wavelet transform (DWT) using the wavelet leading to poorest performance to 28.4 +/- 3.0% (6.7 +/- 1.9%) with DWPT, with optimal basis selection and wavelet optimization. In conclusion, best basis selection and optimization of the mother wavelet through parameterization led to substantial improvement of performance in signal compression with respect to DWT and randon selection of the mother wavelet. The method provides an adaptive approach for optimal signal representation for compression and can thus be applied to any type of biomedical signal.     

Decomposition of multiunit electromyographic signals

We have developed a comprehensive technique to identify single motor unit (SMU) potentials and to decompose overlapped electromyographic (EMG) signals into their constituent SMU potentials. This technique is based on one-channel EMG recordings and is easily implemented for many clinical EMG tests. There are several distinct features of our technique: 1) it measures waveform similarity of SMU potentials in the wavelet domain, which gives this technique significant advantages over other techniques; 2) it classifies spikes based on the nearest neighboring algorithm, which is less sensitive to waveform variation; 3) it can effectively separate compound potentials based on a maximum signal energy deduction algorithm, which is fast and relatively reliable; and 4) it also utilizes the information on discharge regularities of SMU's to help correct possible decomposition errors. The performance of this technique has been evaluated by using simulated EMG signals composed of up to eight different discharging SMU's corrupted with white noise, and also by using real EMG signals recorded at levels up to 50% maximum voluntary contraction. We believe that it is a very useful technique to study SMU discharge patterns and recruitment of motor units in patients with neuromuscular disorders in clinical EMG laboratories.     

小波分析在信号奇异性检测中的应用

研究了信号的奇异性检测问题。给出小波变换和信号奇异性的关系,实现小波分析对信号各类奇异间断点的有效检测,利用小波分析构造故障诊断所需的特征因子（或直接提取对诊断有用的信息）,从而将该方法推广到各类冲击响应信号的奇异性检测中。最后给出一个实例进行验证。     

基于自适应阈值函数的小波阈值去噪方法

去噪是小波分析的一个重要应用领域,相对于其它方法,小波变换具有对信号时频局部性详细刻画的优势。在信号的去噪处理过程中,如何在削弱噪声的同时又最大限度的保留信号的奇异性特征是信号去噪研究的一个核心问题。该文提出一种基于自适应阈值函数的小波去噪方法,通过调整阈值函数实现在信号小波分解的细尺度上去除噪声的同时又尽量保留信号细节系数,而在宽尺度上最大限度地滤除噪声部分的小波系数。通过对blocks, bumps和水下目标回波信号的仿真实验证明,该方法和现有的阈值去噪方法相比,具有显著的优势,能够在滤除噪声的同时很好地保留信号的奇异性特征。     

Optimized wavelets for blind separation of nonstationary surface myoelectric signals

Surface electromyography (EMG) signals detected over the skin surface may be mixtures of signals generated by many active muscles due to poor spatial selectivity of the recording. In this paper, we propose a new method for blind source separation (BSS) of nonstationary signals modeled as linear instantaneous mixtures. The method is based on whitening of the observations and rotation of the whitened observations. The rotation is performed by joint diagonalization of a set of spatial wavelet distributions (SWDs). The SWDs depend on the selection of the mother wavelet which can be defined by unconstrained parameters via the lattice parameterization within the multiresolution analysis framework. As the sources are classically supposed to be mutually uncorrelated, the design parameters of the mother wavelet can be blindly optimized by minimizing the average (over time lags) cross correlation between the estimated sources. The method was tested on simulated and experimental surface EMG signals and results were compared with those obtained with spatial time-frequency distributions and with second-order statistics (only spectral information). On a set of simulated signals, for 10-dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), the cross-correlation coefficient between original and estimated sources was 0.92 +/- 0.07 with wavelet optimization, 0.74 +/- 0.09 with the wavelet leading to the poorest performance, 0.85 +/- 0.07 with Wigner-Ville distribution, 0.86 +/- 0.07 with Choi-Williams distribution, and 0.73 +/- 0.05 with second-order statistics. In experimental conditions, when the flexor carpi radialis and pronator teres were concomitantly active for 50% of the time, crosstalk was 55.2 +/- 10.0% before BSS and was reduced to 15.2 +/- 6.3% with wavelet optimization, 30.1 +/- 15.0% with the worst wavelet, 28.3 +/- 12.3% with Wigner-Ville distribution, 26.2 +/- 12.0% with Choi-Williams distribution, and 35.1 +/- 15.5% with second-order statistics. In conclusion, the proposed approach resulted in better performance than previous methods for the separation of nonstationary myoelectric signals.     

A Supervised Feature-Projection-Based Real-Time EMG Pattern Recognition for Multifunction Myoelectric Hand Control

Electromyographic (EMG) pattern recognition is essential for the control of a multifunction myoelectric hand. The main goal of this study was to develop an efficient feature- projection method for EMG pattern recognition. To this end, a linear supervised feature projection is proposed that utilizes a linear discriminant analysis (LDA). First, a wavelet packet transform (WPT) is performed to extract a feature vector from four-channel EMG signals. To dimensionally reduce and cluster the WPT features, an LDA, then, incorporates class information into the learning procedure, and identifies a linear matrix to maximize the class separability for the projected features. Finally, a multilayer perceptron classifies the LDA-reduced features into nine hand motions. To evaluate the performance of the LDA for WPT features, the LDA is compared with three other feature-projection methods. From a visualization and quantitative comparison, it is shown that the LDA produces a better performance for the class separability, plus the LDA-projected features improve the classification accuracy with a short processing time. A real-time pattern-recognition system is then implemented for a multifunction myoelectric hand. Experiments show that the proposed method achieves a 97.4% recognition accuracy, and all processes, including the generation of control commands for the myoelectric hand, are completed within 97 ms. Consequently, these results confirm that the proposed method is applicable to real-time EMG pattern recognition for multifunction myoelectric hand control.     

奇异信号消噪中小波消失矩的选取

信号小波变换模的局部极大值和信号奇异性之间存在对应关系,利用信号和噪声小波变换模极大值在不同尺度上表现出的截然不同的性质,可以对奇异信号进行消噪。本文讨论了小波消失矩的阶数与信号Lipschitz指数间的关系,分析了消失矩对奇异信号检测的影响。实验结果表明,为了有效地检测奇异信号的各种奇异性特征,需要根据信号奇异性选择具有不同消失矩的小波。     

基于小波奇异性的管道泄漏检测方法

对小波变换的理论进行了简要的介绍,特别是信号的奇异性检测,并以输油管道泄漏后获得的负压波信号为对象,利用小波变换方法来分析信号的奇异性及奇异性位置。应用到输油管道泄漏检测中,实验证明了该方法对管道泄漏诊断的精度,同时也显示出小波分析在泄漏定位方面的优越性。     

The effect of electrode arrangement on spectral distance measuresfor discrimination of EMG signals

The proper electrode placement in applying cepstral coefficients for electromyogram (EMG) signature discrimination was investigated. The authors measured EMG signals of different motions with two electrode arrangements simultaneously. Electrode pairs were located separately on dominant muscles (S-type arrangement) and closely in the region between muscles (C-type arrangement). The application of the cepstral method to signals derived from a C-type arrangement did not achieve the same discrimination as with a S-type arrangement. The authors used a simplified model to elucidate the poor performance in C-type signals. The bandwidth of signals obtained from S-type placement is wider than that from C-type. Narrower bandwidth decreases the importance of the more discriminative parts for both autoregressive (AR) and cepstral methods. The cepstral method is more sensitive to such variation, so the degradation in performance is more serious for the cepstral method. Second, the amplitude of C-type signal is lower than the S-type; therefore, the C-type signal is more sensitive to the disturbance of noise, especially in the high-frequency band. As high-frequency noise increases, the spectral difference between different EMG signals is gradually dominated by the low-frequency part, which is more informative. Thus, the performances of both methods are improved with increasing high-frequency noise. The improving rate of the AR method is faster than the cepstral method; therefore, its discriminative efficiency may exceed the cepstral method with C-type arrangement     

子波变换去噪及其在卫星电视秒信号传播时延数据处理中的应用

研究了子波变换在随机噪声滤波中的应用，讨论了子波变换模极大值同信号奇异性之间的关系；给出了利用该极大模信息的信号重建方法；并用实测的卫星电视秒信号传播时延值进行计算，理论研究和实算结果表明该滤波方法能很好揭示信号与噪声之间的差别，比传统的滤波方法有更好的效果，为滤波提供了一种有效的手段。     

Combination of canonical correlation analysis and empirical mode decomposition applied to denoising the labor electrohysterogram

The electrohysterogram (EHG) is often corrupted by electronic and electromagnetic noise as well as movement artifacts, skeletal electromyogram, and ECGs from both mother and fetus. The interfering signals are sporadic and/or have spectra overlapping the spectra of the signals of interest rendering classical filtering ineffective. In the absence of efficient methods for denoising the monopolar EHG signal, bipolar methods are usually used. In this paper, we propose a novel combination of blind source separation using canonical correlation analysis (BSS_CCA) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) methods to denoise monopolar EHG. We first extract the uterine bursts by using BSS_CCA then the biggest part of any residual noise is removed from the bursts by EMD. Our algorithm, called CCA_EMD, was compared with wavelet filtering and independent component analysis. We also compared CCA_EMD with the corresponding bipolar signals to demonstrate that the new method gives signals that have not been degraded by the new method. The proposed method successfully removed artifacts from the signal without altering the underlying uterine activity as observed by bipolar methods. The CCA_EMD algorithm performed considerably better than the comparison methods.     

频率编码信号去噪的一种新方法

对频率编码信号直接进行小波去噪难以达到提高信噪比的目的,为了有效提高频率编码信号的信噪比,提出一种新的去噪方法。对接收到的频率编码信号,首先进行奇异点的检测,根据奇异点的位置将频率编码信号划分为不同的单载频信号,然后利用小波去噪方法对单载频信号进行逐个处理,最后将去噪后的多个单载频信号按编码规律进行组合,进而达到有效去噪的目的。仿真验证了新方法有效可行。     

基于小波变换的电磁无损检测技术

电磁无损检测信号中具有大量的噪声信号,给信号分析带来很大困难。小波分析可以聚焦到信号的不同细节,选取B-小波为小波基更能提高信号分析的效果,将它应用于检测信号的消噪平滑和奇异性检测,使得信号更加光滑,消除了干扰信号,避免断丝误判,同时使奇异点更加明显,有效地提高内外部断丝识别和定量检测的准确率,实验证明该方法效果明显。     

A fast and reliable technique for muscle activity detection from surface EMG signals

The estimation of on-off timing of human skeletal muscles during movement is an important issue in surface electromyography (EMG) signal processing with relevant clinical applications. In this paper, a novel approach to address this issue is proposed. The method is based on the identification of single motor unit action potentials from the surface EMG signal with the use of the continuous wavelet transform. A manifestation variable is computed as the maximum of the outputs of a bank of matched filters at different scales. A threshold is applied to the manifestation variable to detect EMG activity. A model, based on the physical structure of the muscle, is used to test the proposed technique on synthetic signals with known features. The resultant bias of the onset estimate is lower than 40 ms and the standard deviation lower than 30 ms in case of additive colored Gaussian noise with signal-to-noise ratio as low as 2 dB. Comparison with previously developed methods was performed, and representative applications to experimental signals are presented. The method is designed for a complete real-time implementation and, thus, may be applied in clinical routine activity.     

Electromyography signal segmentation method based on spectral subtraction backtracking

Surface electromyography (EMG) is a bioelectrical signal that recognizes speech contents in a non-acoustic form. Activity detection is an important research direction in EMG research. However, in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) environment, it is difficult for traditional methods to obtain accurate active signals. This paper proposes a new energy-based spectral subtraction backtracking (E-SSB) method to segment EMG active signal in the low SNR environment. Compared with traditional energy detection, the algorithm in this paper adds spectral subtraction (SS) to filter out the clutter, and raises a retrospective idea to improve the classification performance. The experiment results show the proposed activity detection method is more effective than other methods in the low SNR environment.     

Singularity Detection of Signals Based on their Wavelet Transform

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