聚氨酯泡沫保温材料的制备及性能初探

通过对发泡剂和国产聚醚的筛选,研制一种硬质聚氨酯保温材料,其泡沫的主要性能指标为:平均芯密度41.8 kg/m3,10%压缩强度158.4 kPa,导热系数0.014 W/(m·K).结果表明,以正戊烷为发泡剂的硬质聚氨酯泡沫具有泡孔均匀、规整及导热系数低等性能特点.     

可瓷化聚氨酯泡沫复合材料的制备和阻燃性能

以白云母(mica)、聚磷酸铵(APP)和可膨胀石墨(EG)为阻燃剂,采用一步全水发泡法制备了可瓷化聚氨酯泡沫复合材料。采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、热失重分析仪和极限氧指数仪(LOI)对产物的显微结构、物相、热降解过程和阻燃性能进行了表征与分析。结果表明,mica/APP/EG复配体系能够使可瓷化聚氨酯泡沫复合材料高温烧蚀后的残留产物形成多孔陶瓷相结构,即成功制备出可瓷化聚氨酯泡沫复合材料,陶瓷层的主要成分为AlPO_4、KAl_3Si_3O_(11)和KAl5O8,当mica含量为泡沫总质量的20%,APP含量为8%,EG含量为2%时,PU/mica/APP/EG800℃时的残留率较聚氨酯(PU)提高了299%,表明复合材料不仅耐高温而且高温残留率高,PU/mica/APP/EG的LOI值高达34.5%,阻燃性能优异。     

中空玻璃微珠改性全水聚氨酯泡沫塑料保温性能影响

本文研究了中空玻璃微珠对全水聚氨酯泡沫性能的影响.研究得出,中空玻璃微珠可使全水聚氨酯泡沫的导热系数由0.031 W/(M·K)降低到0.028 9 W/(M·K).通过扫描电镜研究了KH-550对泡孔结构的影响,研究得出1.0%KH-550改性的玻璃微珠与硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料基体界面结合得最好.     

软质聚氨酯泡沫热释放抑制策略综述

软质聚氨酯泡沫被广泛用作飞机、汽车座椅的坐垫,以及家具的垫材等,然而其较低的分解温度、较高的碳氢含量和开孔率,使其易燃性强、火灾威胁大,一旦燃烧,热释放速率极高,难以同时实现对其火焰蔓延和热释放的抑制。本文详细综述了软质聚氨酯泡沫的燃烧分解规律、气相阻燃、凝聚相阻燃和涂层阻燃策略,并深入分析了3种阻燃策略的作用机理及其抑制火焰蔓延和热释放的贡献,最后从聚氨酯结构改性和表面处理的角度对阻燃软质聚氨酯泡沫的可持续发展方向提出了展望。     

蓄热阻燃型保温材料的制备

为了改善聚氨酯硬泡沫的调温能力和阻燃效果,通过在发泡体系中添加相变材料和协效阻燃剂,制得具有相变储能和阻燃功能的聚氨酯硬泡沫.结果表明,聚氨酯硬泡沫的蓄热能力随相变材料含量的增加而增大.在无漏液的条件下,当相变材料与聚氨酯硬泡沫的质量配比为1∶15时,改性聚氨酯硬泡沫的潜热值可以达到29.7 J/g.加入协效阻燃剂后,聚氨酯硬泡沫的氧指数由18提高到30.相变材料的加入可以弥补阻燃剂造成的内部结构缺陷,而阻燃剂的加入可以减缓相变材料造成的力学性能下降,因而改性聚氨酯硬泡沫具有较好的物理化学性能.     

废黏土砖粉混凝土的性能研究

研究了废黏土砖粉部分取代水泥对混凝土性能的影响,包括抗压强度、抗折强度和收缩等性能。掺加砖粉的再生混凝土强度与普通混凝土相差不大,甚至高于纯水泥混凝土。废黏土砖粉对混凝土的收缩性能也有一定的改善。试验结果表明,废黏土砖粉可以作为混凝土掺量部分替代水泥而不降低混凝土的性能。     

发泡聚氨酯的制备及吸声性能

为降低噪声污染对环境的影响,本实验通过热压发泡法制备了吸声性能良好的发泡聚氨酯材料。研究了发泡剂用量对发泡聚氨酯的泡孔结构、吸声性能和阻尼性能的影响。结果表明:发泡聚氨酯材料内部随发泡剂添加量的增加逐渐产生闭孔、开孔等孔隙结构,丰富的孔隙结构具有较好的吸声效果。其中发泡剂质量分数为18%的发泡聚氨酯材料吸声效果较好,平均吸声系数为0.447。但发泡聚氨酯材料中泡孔结构使其内部结构变得疏松,导致其阻尼性能下降。     

慢回弹聚氨酯发泡材料的隔声性能研究

研究慢回弹聚氨酯发泡材料的形态结构、透气性能及对材料隔声性能的影响.结果表明:透气性差,泡孔越大且分布越均匀的材料其隔声性能较好;钢渣粉的加入,降低了材料的透气性,但能有效提高材料的隔声性能.材料的隔声性能在厚度较小时随着厚度增加而增加,但是当厚度超过5 cm后,材料的隔声量增加趋缓.     

油酸钠泡沫循环利用研究

利用油酸钠表面活性对酸碱度的敏感性,探讨油酸钠泡沫的可循环性,研究稳泡剂种类、含量、pH值和油酸钠质量分数对油酸钠泡沫性能的影响.结果表明:随稳泡剂含量的增加,油酸钠泡沫的发泡能力逐渐降低,泡沫的半衰期逐渐延长,确定的最佳稳泡剂配方为0.2%XC+0.2% FA367;在油酸钠含量相同情况下,随pH值的升高,油酸钠的发泡能力逐渐增强,在pH为10左右达到最大,再增加pH值,发泡能力稍有降低;在8＜pH＜10时,随油酸钠加量的增加,其发泡能力逐渐增大,当油酸钠加量超过0.7%后,发泡能力增幅很小.通过调节pH值,可实现油酸钠泡沫发泡-消泡-再发泡的循环目的,循环10次仍保持良好的发泡能力.     

聚氨酯/三聚氰胺甲醛树脂互穿网络硬质泡沫性能的研究

采用分步IPN法合成了一系列聚氨酯/三聚氰胺甲醛树脂互穿网络硬质泡沫,并通过表观密度、压缩强度、弯曲强度、阻燃性能和泡孔结构对其进行了表征。结果表明：随着聚氨酯的加入,泡沫塑料的表观密度降低,并有效提高泡沫塑料的力学性能。但在加入20%的聚氨酯之后,力学性能增加不明显,且泡沫塑料从高难燃材料、难燃材料,向易燃材料转变。     

Numerical Predictions of the Effective Thermal Conductivity of the Rigid Polyurethane Foam

A reconstruction method is proposed for the polyurethane foam and then a complete numerical method is developed to predict the effective thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foam. The finite volume method is applied to solve the 2D heterogeneous pure conduction. The lattice Boltzmann method is adopted to solve the 1D homogenous radiative transfer equation rather than Rosseland approximation equation. The lattice Boltzmann method is then adopted to solve 1D homogeneous conduction-radiation energy transport equation considering the combined effect of conduction and radiation. To validate the accuracy of the present method, the hot disk method is adopted to measure the effective thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foams at different temperature. The numerical results agree well with the experimental data. Then, the influences of temperature, porosity and cell size on the effective thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foam are investigated. The results show that the effective thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foams increases with temperature; and the effective thermal conductivity of the polyurethane foams decreases with increasing porosity while increases with the cell size.     

碱木质素基聚氨酯泡沫塑料的制备和性能表征

通过热重失重率（TG）和失重速率（DTG）曲线得,碱木质素基聚氨酯泡沫塑料起始分解温度和峰值分解温度分别为250℃和370℃,结果表明,材料热稳定性、保温性能较好。通过压缩试验,碱木质素基聚氨酯泡沫塑料的10％压缩强度蛳为203kPa。通过对加载后碱木质素基聚氨酯泡沫塑料进行扫描电镜分析,探讨增强机理。     

Determination of effective thermal conductivity for polyurethane foam by use of fractal method

1 Introduction Polyurethane foam is a good thermal insulation material widely used in daily life and many industries, such as chemical engineering, refrigeration and architecture owing to its very low thermal conductivity and lightweight. In the past two decades, the technology and chemistry of the rigid urethane foam have been developed to an industrial level, but its thermal conductivity, which is recognized as the most important parameter to design the insulation structure, cannot be calcul…     

环保型发泡剂HFC-365mfc在硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料中的应用研究

对HFC-365m fc发泡剂在硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料中的应用作了较为系统研究,研究结果表明HFC-365m fc作为环保型的发泡剂其泡体的综合力学性能与HCFC-141b比较接近,泡体的力学性能达到了国家＂喷涂聚氨酯泡体保温材料＂标准（JC/T998-2006）标准,可作为HCFC-141b发泡剂的替代品用于市场。     

陶粒泡沫混凝土承重保温砌块研究

研究了掺粉煤灰对陶粒泡沫混凝土的强度和表观密度的影响,并测定了粉煤灰陶粒泡沫混凝土的导热系数.结果表明：粉煤灰陶粒泡沫混凝土具有强度高、干表观密度低和导热系数低的优点,使制成的承重保温砌块性能优异,有很好的发展前景.     

现场喷涂聚氨酯发泡外墙保温系统施工技术要点

结合中国农业银行青岛市分行营业楼扩建改造工程外墙外保温施工实例,介绍了现场喷涂聚氨酯发泡外墙保温系统施工技术要点,并且通过在施工现场对不同温度下聚氨酯发泡厚度的测量、聚氨酯发泡外墙保温系统与其他外墙保温系统对基层墙体要求的对比,得出了现场喷涂聚氨酯发泡外墙保温系统具有耐久性好、节能效果明显、施工简便等优点,为青岛市聚氨酯发泡外墙保温系统施工积累了经验.     

Weatherability studies on external insulation thermal system of expanded polystyrene board, polystyrene granule and polyurethane foam

Atmospheric exposure tests including two experimental stages of high temperature-spraying water cycle and heating-refrigeration cycle were carried out on three currently used ETIS of expanded polystyrene (EPS) board, polystyrene granule mortar and polyurethane foam in order to study the weatherablility of external thermal insulation system (ETIS). The change rules of adhesive strength were hereby studied at different time period of atmospheric exposure tests. The experimental results show that the adhesive strength of three kinds of ETIS changes a little during high temperature-spraying water cycle, but the adhesive strength of ETIS with EPS board decreases significantly after heating-refrigeration cycle. The lowering rate of adhesive strength with painting finishes is obviously faster than that of tile finishes for ETIS of EPS board during heating-refrigeration cycle. The weatherability of ETIS with EPS board is worse than the other two, and ETIS of polystyrene granule mortar and polyurethane foam are more suitable than ETIS of EPS board in cold area.