自调逆滞流迷宫密封动力特性研究

为抑制密封腔内流体的周向流动和提高系统稳定性,提出一种自调逆滞流迷宫密封结构。通过在密封齿上设计微型逆滞喷管,连通相邻密封腔,利用相邻密封腔室压差产生逆向射流,对密封腔周向流动进行自调。采用基于微元理论的迷宫密封动力特性系数识别方法,研究了逆滞喷管布置位置、进口压力和转速对迷宫密封动力特性的影响,并与原迷宫密封进行对比。结果表明:在高涡动频率下自调逆滞流迷宫密封有效阻尼系数为原迷宫密封的170%;自调逆滞流迷宫密封的稳定性随转速和进口压力的提高而提高;在迷宫密封进口段布置逆滞喷管可有效提高系统稳定性;逆滞喷管的布置对泄漏量影响较小。     

预旋对迷宫密封动静特性影响研究

建立迷宫密封实验装置与数值分析模型,研究进口预旋对密封系统静力与动力稳定性的影响,并以密封腔为单元对密封段转子受力进行分解,分析各密封腔在不同预旋情况下切向气流力变化影响。研究表明:各密封腔压力高点沿泄漏方向发生偏移是引起各密封腔切向气流力幅值及方向变化的原因;进口预旋可导致原压力高点发生偏移,其偏移方向与进口预旋方向一致,且越靠近进口偏移量越大;首个密封腔与其余腔室压力高点位置存在差异,导致其切向气流力随进口预旋比的变化趋势与其他密封腔相反;转子涡动将引起切向气流力整体偏移,但不改变进口预旋对各密封腔切向气流力作用效果;对于具有较多齿数的迷宫密封,正预旋将降低系统稳定性,而对于具有较少齿数的迷宫密封,正预旋有可能增加系统稳定性。     

高参数高转速工业汽轮机转子稳定性评估

<正>确评判汽流激振引起的转子失稳是设计出转子动力学特性优良的高参数高转速汽轮机的关键。针对以上问题开展研究,首先采用不同方法分析获得调节级密封的交叉刚度,通过对不同方法获得结果的对比,得到杭汽专用程序计算获得的密封汽流激振力对转子稳定性评估偏安全的结论。然后,考虑汽轮机各密封部件处的交叉刚度,对一特定高参数高转速汽轮机转子稳定性进行评估,分析结果表明,该高参数、高转速合成气汽轮机转子稳定性安全系数为2.58,具有优良的转子稳定性。     

进口预旋对迷宫齿磨损形态下密封非定常气流激振转子动力特性系数的影响

为研究进口预旋对迷宫齿磨损形态下密封非定常气流激振转子动力特性系数的影响,采用基于转子多频椭圆涡动模型的URANS方程求解方法,计算分析了2种进口预旋比下未磨损结构、未弯曲磨损结构和部分弯曲磨损结构下密封泄漏质量流量、气流平均周向速度和转子动力特性系数的变化。结果表明：在2种进口预旋比下,增加磨损间隙和迷宫齿弯曲均会使密封泄漏质量流量增大;当进口预旋比为0时,密封泄漏质量流量增大使得转子周向拖动作用降低,腔室内气流平均周向速度减小,进而导致与转子涡动方向相反的负切向气流激振力减小,密封转子稳定性降低;当进口预旋比为0.45时,气流平均周向速度不受迷宫齿磨损结构的影响,因此迷宫齿磨损后腔室内周向动量增大,进而与转子涡动方向相同的正切向气流激振力增大,密封转子稳定性降低。     

贯通与间隔式逆滞流迷宫密封动力特性研究

提出贯通式与间隔式两种新型逆滞流迷宫密封结构,通过在密封齿上设计微型逆滞喷管,贯通相邻密封腔,利用自然压差产生逆向射流,产生滞止效应,抑制密封腔内周向流动。应用基于微元理论的密封动力特性系数识别方法研究两种逆滞喷管密封动力特性,并与传统迷宫密封进行对比。研究表明:逆滞流迷宫密封产生的反旋流对抑制密封腔内周向流动具有较好的效果;间隔式较贯通式逆滞流迷宫密封具有更高的稳定性,高涡动频率下有效阻尼可达原结构的200%;逆滞喷管的布置增加了原结构密封的泄漏量,但可通过调节周向逆滞喷管数量,满足机组对稳定性需求的同时具有相对较低的泄漏量。     

迷宫密封流场和泄漏量的数值分析与研究

应用Fluent计算软件采用标准k-ε湍流模型求解迷宫密封三维流场,研究了涡动转子在不同压比和偏心位移下密封腔室内的流场特性.进一步讨论了转子涡动速度、进出口压比和偏移位移对迷宫密封泄漏量的影响.研究发现,涡动速度越大对密封泄漏量的影响也越大,随着涡动速度的增加密封泄漏量降低;不同的进出口压比使密封中流体的轴向流速不同,当轴向流动速度达到跨音速以上时,密封泄漏量特性发生明显变化,此时密封泄漏量达到最大;密封转子的径向偏移量会增加密封的泄漏量.为了能在工程实际中更快更好地计算迷宫密封泄漏量,进一步修正和完善了Egli密封泄漏量经验计算公式,完善后的计算公式对迷宫密封工程设计及运行具有一定的意义.     

倾斜齿迷宫密封动力特性与减振机理研究

在建立倾斜齿迷宫密封三维数值模型的基础上,应用密封动力特性识别模型和数值计算方法,研究了倾斜齿迷宫密封动力特性和减振机理。结果表明：相比于直齿迷宫密封(Straightteeth labyrinth seal, STLBS),前倾齿迷宫密封(Forward inclined-tooth labyrinth seal, FILBS)泄漏量明显偏低,而后倾齿迷宫密封(Backward inclined-tooth labyrinth seal, BILBS)泄漏量明显偏高;3种迷宫密封动力特性系数关系为：FILBS>STLBS>BILBS,且BILBS动力特性系数对后倾角变化更敏感。随前倾角增大,存在最佳倾角范围(45°～60°)使得密封有效刚度几乎保持不变,有效阻尼最高;与STLBS相比,FILBS可增大转子表面负的切向力绝对值,使密封动力稳定性提升,而BILBS易导致密封稳定性下降。     

迷宫汽封与平衡孔在透平级中应用的仿真研究

为了进一步认识匹配应用迷宫汽封和平衡孔对透平级气动性能的影响,采用商用软件CFX,数值仿真了某汽轮机高压一级半透平、堵住平衡孔的一级半透平内部的三维流场.通过对计算结果的比较分析发现,转子带凸台的高低齿迷宫式汽封,与转子外径相等、同压比的等齿高直通型迷宫汽封相比,泄漏流动的方向折转以及在汽封腔内形成的旋涡显著增多,因此强化了对泄漏流的阻抗及其动能的耗散,提高了汽封的封严性.对于低反动度透平级,气流对动叶栅的直接冲击是级内轴向力产生的主要原因.叶冠的径向高度远小于叶高,但是叶冠产生的轴向力在级轴向力中占有较大比例.平衡孔需要与前后静叶隔板汽封以及动叶前后轴向间隙汽封匹配设计,设计合理,能够消除泄漏流对主流的干扰,降低透平级的流动损失.     

受迷宫汽封汽流力影响的汽轮机转子动特性系数研究

用等效刚度和阻尼系数对某汽轮机迷宫汽封蒸汽对转子的流体力进行描述,归纳汽轮机转子各位置处汽封等效刚度与阻尼系数的变化规律,进而分析参数变化对机组稳定性的影响,为机组的安全稳定运行提供技术支持。分析表明:汽轮机转子不同位置处的汽封等效刚度与阻尼系数存在一定的变化规律,单纯更改汽封间隙不是提高机组转子稳定性的有效办法。     

变工况下高低齿迷宫密封泄漏特性及结构优化

高低齿迷宫密封是透平机械中抑制流体泄漏的关键部件。以某机组隔板密封为对象建立高低齿迷宫的计算流体力学(CFD)模型,研究由变工况引起的转子轴向偏移对密封泄漏特性的影响,并通过调整转子凸台宽度和密封腔高度对密封结构进行优化。结果表明:原始结构设计下,转子轴向偏移±3 mm内,泄漏量并未发生大幅度的上升;在-2~1.5 mm范围内泄漏量有所下降,说明在工况变动不大时,密封性能有所提高,但超出±3 mm的范围,泄漏量呈突增趋势;泄漏量分别随转子凸台宽度和密封腔高度呈二次非线性变化,存在一个最佳值使泄漏量达到最小,最佳凸台宽度和密封腔高度分别为5.13和7.5 mm;结构优化后密封泄漏量在正常工况及变工况下均小于原始结构,密封性能得到提高。     

迷宫密封转子动力学特性的数值模拟

采用数值求解三维Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程,研究了具有16个齿的迷宫密封转子动力学特性,分析了在两种转速条件下进口预旋对迷宫密封转子动力特性系数的影响,计算了无进口预旋时,在两种压比条件下,迷宫密封系统的交叉刚度和直接阻尼系数随转速的变化关系,并将计算结果与实验值和两控制容积BF(Bulk Flow)方法计算值进行了比较.研究结果表明:所采用的数值方法能较好地预测迷宫密封的转子动力特性,且计算结果优于两控制容积BF方法.对于迷宫密封,交叉刚度与进口预旋近似成正比关系,且随着转速的增大而增大;直接阻尼对转速和进口预旋均不敏感,但随压比的增大而显著增大.过大的进口预旋和转速均会使转子的稳定性降低;工作在较大转速下的迷宫密封系统可以通过施加合理的进口预旋来增强转子的稳定性.     

多级离心泵叶轮相位交错对转子受力变化影响的研究

本文以一六级多级离心泵为模型,设计A、B、C、D四组不同的交错方案,A为叶轮相位不交错、 B为叶轮相位交错一个流道相位的1/2、C为叶轮相位交错一个流道的1/(Z-1)、D为叶轮相位交错一个导叶流道的1/(Z-1)(其中Z叶轮为叶片数)。通过四组方案对多级离心泵的三维全流场进行数值分析,得到不同叶轮交错方案在不同工况条件下流场对机械部件的荷载变化。分析结果表明：叶轮相位交错使转子的径向力矢量分布向轴心集中;叶轮相位交错结构可以有效地减小转子受到的径向力,使转子运行稳定性得到提高;叶轮相位交错会造成不同工况下的转子受力波动幅值和成分发生改变;在设计工况下数值计算轴向力绝对值要高于理论计算的结果     

Numerical analysis of erosion of the rotor labyrinth seal in a geothermal turbine

Excessive erosion of the labyrinth seal of a 110 MW geothermal turbine has been investigated. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and aims to identify one cause of erosion and a possible solution for substantially reducing it. The predictions were based upon a numerical calculation using a CFD model of the labyrinth seal with a water/steam flow containing hard solid particles and solved with a commercial CFD code: Fluent V5.0. The results confirmed the existence of flow conditions that play a major role in the rotor labyrinth seal erosion. Afterwards, the flow path was simulated with changes of rotor labyrinth seal geometry, which are indeed feasible of being implemented. The results confirmed that it is possible to reduce the erosion process by approximately 80% by incorporating a steam flow deflector in the fourth stage diaphragm, which changes the steam flow direction in the inlet zone to the rotor labyrinth seal channel, resulting in a reduction in steam volumetric mass flow and hard particle velocity by about 44%.     

汽封力作用下的转子-轴承系统稳定性研究

通过分析汽封力对轴承静态平衡点的影响,表明汽封力能够改变轴承的静、动特性。计算了滑动轴承油膜力和汽封力共同作用下的系统一阶临界转速和一阶对数衰减率,并用实验进行了验证。研究表明,汽封力对系统稳定性的影响是复杂的,其影响因素包括进出口压力、进口预选速度、密封参数等。     

Flow dynamical behaviors and characteristics of aligned and staggered viscous pumps

The flow dynamical behaviors and characteristics of the aligned and staggered viscous pumps are numerically investigated by two-dimensional laminar model. The flow fluxes and driving powers of the pumps are calculated and compared in dimensionless quantities by considering the effects of pump type, Reynolds number, rotor eccentricity, and rotor spacing. The increase of Reynolds number can reduce the dimensionless flow flux and increase the dimensionless driving power, while the rotor eccentricity can enlarge the dimensionless flow flux and driving power. The rotor spacing can also play an important role in the dynamical performance of the aligned and staggered pumps. As rotor spacing rises, the flow stream lines between the two cylinders can bend more smoothly, so the flow flux grows with the driving power dropping, and these phenomena mostly exist in the pump with small rotor spacing. On the other hand, the vortex between the two cylinders probably develops as rotor spacing rising, then the flow flux is reduced with the driving power increasing, and these phenomena mainly exist in the pump with large rotor spacing. According to the simulation results and mechanism analyses, the staggered pump with optimal rotor spacing has the best dynamical performance with the highest flow rate and low driving power.     

防旋板高度对迷宫密封泄漏流动和转子动力特性的影响

采用基于转子多频椭圆涡动模型的Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS)方程求解方法,研究了防旋板高度与第1个迷宫齿前缘高度相同时,防旋板高度对迷宫密封泄漏流动和转子动力特性系数的影响.计算分析了典型中等进口预旋条件下,无防旋板结构以及防旋板高度为1.85,3.7和...     

3-D electro-magnetic analyses of a cage induction motor with rotorskew

The paper studied the performance characteristics of a three-phase cage induction motor using a 3D finite element technique. Especially, the effects of rotor skew and the rotor end-rings and the distribution of the electromagnetic field toward the axial direction, which have not been able to be analyzed accurately by 2D analysis, were investigated. Since the 3D analysis enabled the analysis of the continuity of the air gap flux density at the core ends and to take into consideration the rotor end-ring impedance, the motor parameters were calculated with high accuracy, compared with 2D analysis. Firstly, the authors made the relation of the rotor end-ring current with the rotor bar current clear, by analyzing the harmonics of the rotor bar current and the rotor end-ring current in the cases of motors without rotor skew and with rotor skew. Secondly, the torque and the rotor axial force were calculated from the distribution of the electromagnetic field obtained by the 3D analysis in the case of rotor skew. They also calculated the axial forces on the both end-rings in the case of rotor skew. The results obtained in the paper show the importance of 3D analysis for the design of induction motors     

Investigations of the conjugate heat transfer and windage effect in stepped labyrinth seals

In the current paper, conjugate heat transfer and windage heating in the stepped labyrinth seals with smooth and honeycomb lands are numerically investigated by using the commercial software ANSYS CFX11.0. Firstly, the utilized numerical approaches, such as the turbulence model and grid independence analysis, are determined to ensure a suitable numerical method for the present study. Based on the obtained measurement data, the computed heat transfer coefficients on the rotor and stator surfaces are carefully validated. To reveal the influence of the solid domain on the heat transfer computations, the comparisons between the results with and without solid domain are performed. It shows that the predicted heat transfer coefficient distributions with the presented conjugate heat transfer methods (with solid domain) agree well with the experimental data. Difference between the numerical results with and without solid domain only exists in the high temperature gradient region. Compared to the smooth labyrinth seal, the presence of honeycomb cells increases the temperature gradient in the labyrinth fin (solid domain) and significantly decreases the temperature gradient in the stator (solid domain). Secondly, in order to assess the influence of the rotating effect on the windage heating for the stepped labyrinth seal, total temperature difference between the seal inlet and outlet are computed under different effective pressure ratios for both the smooth and honeycomb configurations. Based on the energy conservation law, the windage loss for the high speed rotating seal is also obtained by taking the heat transfer between the fluid and solid into consideration. Finally, the influences of the effective pressure ratio and inlet preswirl ratio on the heat transfer coefficient distributions of rotor and stator for both the smooth and honeycomb configurations are discussed in detail.     

Numerical modeling of gland seal erosion in a geothermal turbine

Excessive erosion of the low-pressure rotor end gland seal of a 25 MWe geothermal turbine produced a partial loss of turbine vacuum that degraded cycle efficiency. This study used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to identify the causes of erosion and the optimal steam seal system flow conditions for reducing the erosion problem. The predictions were based upon a numerical calculation using a commercial CFD code (Adapco Star-CD) to model the rotor end gland seal with a steam flow containing hard solid particles. The results confirmed that flow conditions play a major role in rotor gland seal erosion. By changing steam seal flow pressures to vary flow, it was confirmed that there is a threshold seal flow condition below which erosion does not occur, or is minimized. Optimizing the rotor end gland seal supply pressure and intercondenser pressure reduced the turbulent flow kinetic energy by 49%, with a corresponding decrease in the erosion rate of the rotor gland seal surface. The erosion rate is related directly to the particle velocity and turbulent flow kinetic energy. Recommendations are provided for adjusting the rotor end gland seal system to avoid erosion.