合金元素对镁及镁合金力学性能强化的研究

总结了近年来镁合金中加入合金元素来改善镁合金力学性能的研究现状。论述了镁的合金化原理。介绍了在一些常用镁合金中分别加入Sn、Sb、Bi、Pb、Y、Nd、La、Sr、Sc、B、Ca、Si、Zr、Ag、Cd等合金元素对镁合金力学性能的强化效果以及强化机理。认为固溶强化和第二相强化是加入合金元素强化镁合金的主要方式。     

β相对Mg-Al系镁合金板材耐腐蚀性能的影响

为了研究β相对Mg-Al系镁合金板材腐蚀性能的影响,通过析氢试验和电化学阻抗谱等测试方法,研究了AZ31B,AZ91D1和AZ91D2三种镁合金轧制态板材的腐蚀性能。结果表明,在w(Na Cl)=3.5%的Na Cl溶液中,三种镁合金的耐腐蚀性能为:AZ91D2镁合金耐腐蚀性能最好,AZ91D1镁合金的其次,AZ31B镁合金耐腐蚀性能较差。通过光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜等方法测量了试样表面腐蚀产物的形貌,发现AZ31B和AZ91D2镁合金出现点状腐蚀,而AZ91D1镁合金则出现丝状腐蚀。在AZ31B镁合金中,β相含量非常少,并且比较粗大,在腐蚀过程中对合金的耐腐蚀性能起降低作用,而AZ91D1和AZ91D2镁合金中第二相含量较多,降低了合金的自腐蚀性能,AZ91D2镁合金中第二相颗粒比AZ91D1镁合金的更细小,并且含量也较多,因此其耐腐蚀性能最好。     

Al-5Ti-1B对AZ31合金组织与性能的影响

研究了Al-5Ti-1B中间合金不同添加量对AZ31镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,在AZ31镁合金中添加Al-5Ti-1B中间合金有利于组织性能的改善。在试验中,添加量控制在0.5%为佳,此时,合金晶粒尺寸达到最小,约为170μm,是AZ31镁合金未添加细化剂时晶粒尺寸的30%,抗拉强度及伸长率分别达到最大。AZ31镁合金组织性能的变化主要与Al-5Ti-1B中间合金中的游离Ti和TiB2有关。     

镁合金细化剂Al-5Zr-1B合金的组织与细化性能

采用K2ZrF4和KBF4混合粉末与铝熔体直接反应制备镁合金晶粒细化剂Al-5Zr-1B合金,利用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜,研究了Al-5Zr-1B合金的显微组织及其对纯Mg和AZ31镁合金的晶粒细化作用。结果表明:Al-5Zr-1B合金中含有大量细小的ZrB2粒子,平均尺寸为0.2μm,ZrB2粒子作为异质形核核心使纯Mg和AZ31镁合金晶粒得到细化。随着Al-5Zr-1B合金添加量的增加,纯Mg和AZ31镁合金的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。添加0.3%(质量分数)的Al-5Zr-1B合金,可使纯Mg晶粒从1400μm细化到120μm。添加0.6%的Al-5Zr-1B合金,可使AZ31镁合金晶粒从170μm细化到45μm。     

Al-4.99Zr-1.1B合金的显微组织及其对AZ31镁合金的晶粒细化作用(英文)

采用K2Zr F4、KBF4混合粉末与铝熔体原位合成方法制备了Al-4.99Zr-1.1B合金,利用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜和扫描电镜,研究了Al-4.99Zr-1.1B合金的显微组织及其对AZ31镁合金的晶粒细化作用。结果表明:Al-4.99Zr-1.1B合金中含有大量细小的Zr B2粒子。随着Al-4.99Zr-1.1B合金添加量的增加,AZ31镁合金的α-Mg晶粒逐渐细化,晶间β-Mg17Al12相从网状转变成细小块状。添加0.6%的Al-4.99Zr-1.1B合金,可使AZ31镁合金的α-Mg晶粒从170μm细化到45μm。Zr B2粒子作为α-Mg晶粒的异质形核核心使α-Mg晶粒得到细化。     

Microstructure of Al-4.99Zr-1.1B Master Alloy and Its Grain Refinement Effect on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy

采用K2Zr F4、KBF4混合粉末与铝熔体原位合成方法制备了Al-4.99Zr-1.1B合金,利用X射线衍射仪、光学显微镜和扫描电镜,研究了Al-4.99Zr-1.1B合金的显微组织及其对AZ31镁合金的晶粒细化作用。结果表明:Al-4.99Zr-1.1B合金中含有大量细小的Zr B2粒子。随着Al-4.99Zr-1.1B合金添加量的增加,AZ31镁合金的α-Mg晶粒逐渐细化,晶间β-Mg17Al12相从网状转变成细小块状。添加0.6%的Al-4.99Zr-1.1B合金,可使AZ31镁合金的α-Mg晶粒从170μm细化到45μm。Zr B2粒子作为α-Mg晶粒的异质形核核心使α-Mg晶粒得到细化。     

B对ZM5镁合金凝固组织和硬度的影响

向ZM5镁合金中添加B元素,主要考察了B对合金凝固组织和硬度的影响。结果表明,B对ZM5镁合金具有良好的细化作用。随着B含量的增加,合金的晶粒尺寸逐渐减小。当B含量为0.03%时,ZM5镁合金的平均晶粒尺寸仅为76μm,相比未细化时降低了72.2%。B与Al形成AlB2化合物,其能够作为异质形核核心细化ZM5镁合金晶粒。随着B含量的增加,ZM5镁合金的硬度逐渐增加,当B含量为0.03%时,合金的硬度相比未细化时提高了23.2%。     

SIMA法制备AM60B镁合金球晶组织及触变成形(英文)

通过应变诱导熔化激活法制备半固态AM60B镁合金,并研究其组织演变。分别采用往复挤压镦粗(CEC法)和传统压缩预成形铸态AM60B镁合金,并在半固态区间部分重熔和触变成形。结果表明,CEC态镁合金的粗晶组织消失,出现细小晶粒组织,但是压缩态合金的粗晶和再结晶晶粒共存。在局部重熔过程中,CEC态合金获得理想的细晶组织,完全球化的晶粒被液相均匀包裹。在压缩态合金中,多边形晶粒在一定程度上球化,但是之前不规则的形状仍然明显存在。CEC加上二次重熔触变成形的AM60B镁合金,其力学性能优于压缩态加上二次重熔触变成形的镁合金的。     

还原剂对镁合金表面化学镀Ni-P合金性能的影响

通过镀速测量、SEM、EDS等方法研究了AZ31B镁合金的化学镀Ni-P合金工艺。结果表明:镁合金表面化学镀Ni-P合金的最佳还原剂为次磷酸钠,还原剂的最佳浓度为20 g/L。所制备的镀层耐腐蚀性能良好。     

稀土Nd对AZ31变形镁合金组织与性能的影响

研究在AZ31B变形镁合金中添加稀土Nd对AZ31B合金铸态和热轧退火态性能及组织的影响。结果表明:在AZ31B变形镁合金中添加Nd后,合金的铸态和热轧退火态的室温抗拉强度和伸长率均降低;加入的Nd与Al形成Al2Nd相,Nd还可以与Al和Mn形成Al-Nd-Mn化合物,剩余的Al还可以和Mg形成Mg17Al12相。含Al和Mn的金属间化合物削弱元素Al、Mn对镁合金的晶粒细化作用导致晶粒粗大,进而降低铸态AZ31B合金性能;热稳定性好的粗大第二相的出现也是导致合金铸态性能降低的原因,增大变形量使第二相得到充分破碎,会使板材力学性能得到改善。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.