压铸模具钢大模块真空高压气淬冷却过程的数值模拟

以尺寸为500 mm×500 mm×500 mm的SDDVA模具钢大模块为研究对象,采用DEFORM建立模块真空气淬冷却过程的数值模型,结合试验研究了大模块在真空气淬炉中不同淬火压力条件下的冷却行为、组织演变及应力演变规律,并从理论角度预测了模块可生产的最大规格。结果表明,大模块心部在0.4、0.6和0.9 MPa压力条件下气淬,均观察到先共析碳化物沿晶析出。为了避免碳化物沿晶析出,从800℃冷却到500℃的冷速应不小于0.25℃/s。0.4 MPa压力条件下气淬过程中,模块最大心表温差最小,约为120℃;大模块心部在0.9 MPa压力条件下淬火所得马氏体含量高于0.4、0.6 MPa压力下淬火,同时,贝氏体含量也更少;模块表面和心部主要表现为热应力和组织应力。SDDVA钢模块在0.4、0.6和0.9 MPa压力条件下真空高压气淬可生产的理论最大厚度分别为280、320和380 mm。     

700MPa级低碳微合金高强钢的相变规律研究

利用Gleeble-1500热/力模拟实验机,研究了新开发的屈服强度700 MPa级高强钢的相变规律,分析了不同冷却速率对钢组织及性能的影响。结果表明,贝氏体相变在较宽的冷速范围内发生,在0.5℃/s~40℃/s的冷却速度范围内均可以得到贝氏体组织。在研究的冷却速度范围内,贝氏体开始相变温度在525℃~620℃之间,转变结束温度在332℃~479℃之间。随着冷却速度的提高,贝氏体开始相变温度降低,冷却速度从0.5℃/s增大至40℃/s,贝氏体开始相变温度下降了95℃,转变结束温度降低了147℃,且随着冷却速度的增加,显微组织由以粒状贝氏体为主转变为以板条贝氏体与马氏体,且板条尺寸也越来越细小。10~20℃/s之间冷速为700 MPa级高强钢最佳冷却速度范围。冷速从0.5℃/s上升到40℃/s的过程中,样品的硬度由254 Hv上升到369 Hv,约上升了115 Hv。     

高压真空气淬

众所周知,真空气淬时通常通入99.99%以上的高纯氮,常用压力为600～700托,最高不超过750托。由实验得知,气淬时,冷却速度与气体压力的0.8次幂成正比,即气体压力增大时,冷却速度增大,当气压增至1.7公斤力/厘米~2时,冷却速度约提高一倍,亦即冷却所需时间可减少50%。对于气淬钢,增加气体压力就可以增加真空冷却能力,从而使较大截面的零件也能淬透。显然,对于一定截面大小的油淬钢也可以     

两种真空高压气淬炉淬火工艺的数值模拟及验证

对管道式和压入式真空高压气淬炉中实施的高压气淬工艺进行了数值模拟和实物验证试验。研究结果表明,在相同的冷却压力下,管道式真空高压气淬炉的冷却速度比压入式真空高压气淬炉快,小型工件更适宜在管道式真空高压气淬炉中进行淬火。     

不同冷速对700MPa级汽车大梁钢过冷奥氏体转变的影响

在DIL805L型淬火膨胀仪上测定了一种700 MPa级汽车大梁钢(700L)的连续冷却转变曲线(CCT曲线),结合金相-硬度法分析其相变规律、相变组织及影响因素.结果表明:试验钢的临界点Ac3=898℃,Ac1=772℃;当冷速小于0.5℃/s时,过冷奥氏体的转变产物为铁素体、珠光体和少量贝氏体;当冷速大于0.5℃/...     

大模块非调质预硬型塑料模具钢的淬透性

通过成分优化设计,提高实验钢空冷及风冷时的淬透性能,并以ANSYS数值模拟计算出的厚度为500～1000 mm不等的大模块非调质生产时的冷却速度范围为验证条件,验证实验钢的空冷及风冷贝氏体淬透性。结果表明:实验用贝氏体非调质预硬型塑料模具钢达到所需的淬透性能要求,在0.01～0.1℃/s冷速范围内,即大于1000 mm厚度模块模拟冷速范围,依然获得组织均匀的贝氏体,且硬度范围在393～434 HV之间,满足硬度波动在±2 HRC以内的硬度均匀性条件,可应用于厚度在800～1000 mm大模块预硬型塑料模具钢的非调质试生产中。     

利用常用钢热探头建立淬火冷却介质数据库

使用GCr15和H13等10余种常用钢制造新型热探头来评价淬火介质的硬化能力。测量了若干淬火介质淬火过程冷却曲线，研究了热探头淬后截面的微观组织和硬度分布。在此基础上开发的淬火介质冷却能力数据库，可以实现淬火过程冷却曲线和冷速曲线及热探头淬后组织和性能的查询和输出，且可存储热探头淬后开裂数据。     

热处理工艺对H13钢组织和力学性能的影响

比较了H13钢盐浴分级淬火、盐浴分级淬火＋200℃×2h回火、真空高压气淬和真空高压气淬＋200℃×2h回火后的力学性能,试验表明,H13钢真空高压气淬后的力学性能更为优良。这主要是因为H13钢盐浴分级淬火后,存在拉应力,而真空高压气淬后存在压应力;同时还与真空淬火具有脱气作用,残留奥氏体较多等因素有关。研究结果还表明分级淬火后应快速冷却,减少贝氏体量,增加马氏体转变量,抵消部分热应力,有利于减小模具的畸变和提高韧性。     

65MnCr耐磨钢的连续冷却转变和组织性能

设计了一种新型65MnCr耐磨钢,并对其CCT曲线进行测定,研究该钢不同冷速下的组织变化及热处理后的组织性能.结果表明,65MnCr钢的临界冷却速度在1～3℃/s之间,Ms点184℃,具有很高的淬透性,完全淬透后,马氏体硬度达64 HRC,淬硬性好.φ130 wn柱状试样经水淬+自回火后,冲击吸收能量在15 J以上,从表面至心部,硬度分布均匀,均在48 HRC以上,组织依次为回火马氏体、马氏体+块状(马氏体+奥氏体)组织、马氏体+粒状贝氏体+块状(马氏体+奥氏体)组织,是一种理想的可供大尺寸构件用耐磨材料.     

真空高压气淬300M钢的显微组织与力学性能

对300M钢圆棒进行真空气淬试验,并对其淬透性、显微组织及力学性能进行了测试与分析。在10 bar N2真空高压气淬条件下,能淬透60 mm的300M钢圆棒,气淬后抗拉强度达到2000 MPa,屈服强度1700 MPa,塑韧性指标能达到油淬性能,气淬后的显微组织为均匀的板条马氏体。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。