Hemispherical concentrators and spectral filters for planar sensors in diffuse radiation fields

A dielectric hemisphere of refractive index N can act as an N(2) concentrator of isotropic diffuse radiation under appropriate conditions. We give an analytic expression for the gain of a concentrator of arbitrary radius, neglecting surface reflections, and numerical methods for calculating the gain when the surface transmissivity is an arbitrary function of incidence angle. The theory is applied to the design of multilayer spectral filters for hemispherical concentrators. When an appropriate wavelength shift is incorporated into the design process, an 11-layer, coupled-cavity spectral filter on the surface of a hemisphere of index 1.5 shows excellent bandpass performance with a concentrator radius as small as 3 times the sensor radius. This concentrator-filter combination shows a peak response of 97% of the ideal N(2) response at 950 nm, together with a FWHM of 55 nm.     

Embossable grating couplers for planar waveguide optical sensors

Planar optical waveguides are an attractive tool for use in analytical chemistry and spectroscopy. Although similar to fiber optics, planar waveguides have been slow to be commercially accepted due to the difficulty of coupling light into the guide. Generally, prism coupling is the method of choice in the laboratory, as efficiencies approaching 80% can be reached. However, prisms are impractical for routine use for several reasons: expensive positioning equipment is required, coupled power is sensitive to environmental fluctuations, and prism coupling prohibits the fabrication of a truly planar device. The use of thin gratings on the surface of the waveguide allows for a two-dimensional structure to be maintained, while providing enough efficiency to be useful as a sensor. Our research efforts focus on developing a technique to make inexpensive, reproducible gratings that are easy to fabricate. By chemically modifying the surface of a commercial grating with a suitable release agent, it is possible to emboss replica gratings onto a variety of waveguide types. The fabrication of embossed gratings will be described, and their performance on glass, ion-diffused, polymer, and semiconductor waveguides will be presented.     

Identification of thermoresistive solar radiation sensors

An identification procedure to estimate the parameters of a thermoresistive solar radiation sensor is presented. The proposed technique employs only electrical excitation for the sensor. The estimation algorithm is recursive and is applied to the sensor model derived from the thermodynamic equilibrium differential equations. The simulation and the experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach     

Semiconductor film thermoelectric elements as radiation temperature sensors

The sensitivity is calculated for a thermoelectric unit used as a radiation temperature sensor in a null method.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 633–641, April. 1971.     

Submillimeter planar gyrotrons with transverse diffraction output of radiation

In order to increase the integral output power of short-wave gyrotrons, it is suggested to use a planar scheme with the transverse (relative to the direction of electron translation) diffraction output of radiation. An advantage of the planar design in comparison to the traditional cylindrical gyrotron geometry is the possibility to ensure the coherence of radiation at a greater oversized factor by using a diffraction mechanism of mode selection with respect to the transverse coordinate. The results of simulation of the nonlinear dynamics of a planar gyrotron with a polyhelical ribbon electron beam show that it is possible to reach an output power of several hundred kilowatt at frequencies up to 1 THz. An additional advantage of the proposed scheme is the possibility of frequency tuning by changing the distance between plates.     

Three-dimensional microtomography with synchrotron radiation using planar integral projection data

An investigation of the possibility of reconstructing a three-dimensional object on a microscopic scale using the planar-integral technique with a synchrotron radiation source is presented. It is shown that the proposed planar-integral technique offers a realistic approach for 3-D tomography on a microscopic scale aimed towards spatial resolution within the μm range.     

A planar excimer-halogen radiation source pumped by transverse RF discharge

We present the characteristics of a planar source of wideband shortwave radiation pumped by transverse RF (f=1.76 MHz) discharge in a Kr/Xe/Cl₂ mixture (P≤500 Pa). The spectral characteristics of the plasma emission were studied in the wavelength interval of 130–600 nm. The oscillograms of the voltage, current, and output radiation intensity and the diagrams of the output power depending on the gas pressure, partial composition of the working gas mixture, and discharge power are presented. It is established that the source produces emission predominantly in the spectral interval of 170–330 nm, representing a system of the molecular emission bands XeCl(D, B-X), KrCl(B-X), Cl₂(D′-A′), and Cl₂**. For a maximum output power in the UV-VUV range, the optimum working gas mixture is Kr/Xe/Cl₂ with the partial pressures P(Kr)/P(Xe)/P(Cl₂)=150–200/150–200/20–40 Pa. The maximum power irradiated within a solid angle of 4π via two output holes with a total area of S≤ 100 cm² reaches 30–40 W. In the region of a threshold with respect to the transverse discharge initiation, there are narrow peaks of plasma emission that are probably related to the jumps in the density of electrons and the positive and negative ions at the boundary between the plasma and the RF discharge layer.     

Characterization of supported cylinder-planar germanium waveguide sensors with synchrotron infrared radiation

Cylinder-planar Ge waveguides are being developed as evanescent-wave sensors for chemical microanalysis. The only non-planar surface is a cylinder section having a 300-mm radius of curvature. This confers a symmetric taper, allowing for direct coupling into and out of the waveguide's 1-mm(2) end faces while obtaining multiple reflections at the central <30-microm-thick sensing region. Ray-optic calculations indicate that the propagation angle at the central minimum has a strong nonlinear dependence on both angle and vertical position of the input ray. This results in rather inefficient coupling of input light into the off-axis modes that are most useful for evanescent-wave absorption spectroscopy. Mode-specific performance of the cylinder-planar waveguides has also been investigated experimentally. As compared to a blackbody source, the much greater brightness of synchrotron-generated infrared (IR) radiation allows a similar total energy throughput, but restricted to a smaller fraction of the allowed waveguide modes. However, such angle-selective excitation results in a strong oscillatory interference pattern in the transmission spectra. These spectral oscillations are the principal technical limitation on using synchrotron radiation to measure evanescent-wave absorption spectra with the thin waveguides.     

Greatly reduced radiation loss in planar waveguides with two-dimensional conducting interfaces

A new strategy for radiation loss reduction in curved slab waveguides is presented. The proposed strategy is based on the proper modification of the boundary conditions at the core-to-cladding interface, whereupon extremely thin conductive nanolayers with non-zero surface conductance are imposed. The obtained numerical results show a noticeable decrease in the overall loss level.     

Optimization of parameters for silicon planar source of modulated infrared radiation

We report on the performance of planar silicon diodes operating in the double injection mode and emitting modulated infrared radiation at temperature range above 300 K. Results present theoretical analysis and experimental verification of an optimization aimed at maximal difference between emissivity of this structure for cases with and without forward bias applied to p-n junction. Several advantages of the structures were shown: wide emission spectrum (3÷12 μm), short rise-fall time (300 μs), high operating temperature (≈400 K). These planar photonic sources can be used as easily controlled sources of modulated infrared radiation in wide spectral range, image simulators, e.g. dynamic scene simulation devices with frame frequencies well above 200 Hz and for measurements of thermovision camera dynamic parameters.     

侧向辐射的平面小天线的数值分析

在短距离移动通信中，由于系统对天线的效率和增益要求不高，人们大量使用FR4（玻璃纤维双面铜板）构造的天线，但未见损耗的分析报道。分析了一种构造于廉价的玻璃纤维电路板上的侧向辐射的小型平面天线，首次给出了天线在不同的介质损耗正切（tgδ）下的天线阻抗带宽，天线辐射效率以及方向图和天线增益的数值分析结果。     

Film-type thermoelectric and the rmomagnetic thermal radiation sensors and their output parameters

Voltage-power sensitivity and time constant of a star-type film thermoelectric sensor and time constant of a film thermomagnetic sensor are calculated.Translated from Inzhenerno-Fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 44, No. 4, pp. 573–580, April, 1983.     

Fabrication of a planar polymeric deformation Bragg sensor component by excimer laser radiation

Polymethylmethacrylate is irradiated by a UV-laser in order to modify its optical properties photochemically. Thus, by a lithographic method, the refractive index can be locally increased in a controllable way permitting the manufacturing of integrated-optical waveguiding and dispersive structures at the surface of a planar polymer chip. By this method, a polymeric Bragg sensor in integrated-optical form was fabricated by the UV-light of an excimer laser. The surface topography and the functional properties of the planar polymeric deformation Bragg sensor have been examined. Experiments concerning the evanescent field of the sensor have also been carried out in order to clarify the Bragg reflection mechanism.     

Using two-dimensional Bragg structures for the synchronization of radiation in planar backward wave oscillators

We propose to use two-dimensional Bragg resonance structures for the spatial synchronization of emission in planar backward wave oscillators (BWOs) pumped by wide sheet electron beams. It is demonstrated that the synchronization regime is stable with respect to changes in the detuning between the free-running BWO generation frequency and the Bragg frequency.     

Far-field radiation of planar Gaussian sources and comparison with solutions based on the parabolic approximation

Previous research on the Gaussian beam was restricted in scope because of the paraxial assumption. Based on a rigorous solution of the Helmholtz equation, the radiation properties of a Gaussian source are reexamined. The results are different from what previous paraxial theory predicted. It is shown that the commonly used concept of the Gaussian beam and the separability of the field distribution along the two transverse axes may be misleading in certain conditions. Furthermore the theoretical upper limit on the beam divergence angle is shown to be 65.5 degrees .     

Drift of a rarefied gas in a planar channel under the action of monochromatic radiation

A theoretical study is performed of light-induced drift of a rarefied gas in a planar channel. The problem is solved using linearized kinetic equations for a two-level particle model in the weak field approximation. Analytical expressions are obtained for the drift, averaged over channel section in almost free-molecular (Kn 1) and viscous with slippage (Kn 1) flow regimes. Various mechanisms for this drift are analyzed. Numerical estimates of drift velocity are presented.Translated from Inzhenerno-fizicheskii Zhurnal, Vol. 60, No. 6, pp. 1015–1021, June, 1991.     

Configurable electrodes for capacitive-type sensors and chemical sensors

This paper describes a novel design for capacitive sensors or chemical sensors, which features configurable interdigitated electrodes: The electrode spacing can be varied by means of switches on the CMOS chip. This new design allows for performing two capacitive measurements with one single-sensor capacitor so that the number of sensors required to acquire a certain amount of information can be significantly reduced. The use of the same sensor and the same polymer layer for two measurements at a different electrode periodicity provides a better signal quality for the difference signal since detrimental influences, such as humidity and sensor drift, are similar for both electrode configurations and are strongly correlated. Such high signal quality is required for, e.g., the successful recognition of n-octane in the presence of tenfold larger background signals of humidity or, in general, for the determination of low analyte concentrations in humid air. The baseline drift in the concentration predictions based on the differential signal from the two electrode configurations was an order of magnitude lower than that for uncorrelated signals produced by two separate interdigitated capacitors on the same chip. Since the number of required sensors is reduced and, owing to the differential readout of two electrode configurations, reference capacitors are no longer necessary, the overall chip size and/or the number of sensor chips and, consequently, costs can be considerably reduced.