三自由度手指机构分析及其优化设计

本文引进工作空间和可达空间来描述多关节柔性手指机构的工作范围.采用空间解析几何法,推导出空间3R手指机构工作空间的体积和奇异面的面积,提出手指机构工作姿态最佳的评价方法并推出其与工作空间体积最大的等价关系。分析手指机构各向同性点存在条件并作为优化设计的约束函数、以A3型手指机构的工作空间容积比最大、位置奇异而密度比最小和工作姿态最佳作为优化目标进行数值计算.     

基于一种新的姿态描述的并行结构机器人工作空间解析解

本文针对并行结构机器人的结构特点建立一种新的姿态描述,给出了相应的定义;并基于这 种描述及Grassmann线几何对6-3并行结构机器人工作空间的奇异问题进行分析,得到 一个简单而有效的非奇异边界,及该区域内的杆长约束条件下保守的工作空间解析解．且与 模型结构无关,具有普适性．因此只要并行结构机器人的模型描述采用了新的方法,那 么它的运动学研究就可以通过这种方法来进行．     

一种基于刚体飞行运动的姿态仿真研究

该文旨在通过计算机仿真来精确描述一种飞行刚体在给定条件下的运动姿态。在讨论描述飞行刚体姿态的基本理论之后,对比了以欧拉法和四元数法进行计算的各自优缺点,然后结合实际的姿态角量值变化情况采用四元数的方法构造出Simulink模型,并在仿真过程中进行参数调整以进一步优化模型。根据这个模型,给定一组初始值,通过仿真计算即可得出三个欧拉角的曲线图。结果证明,该模型具有比较良好的仿真效果,比原有的一些同类仿真方法具有更好的符合度。     

非接触目标相对姿态测量方法研究

针对空间中非接触目标相对位置、姿态角测量问题,采用双目摄像机、电控角位移台和电控旋转台建立物体相对姿态测量系统。提出了一种利用双目视觉结合物体刚体运动学原理,利用Harris算子提取物体特征角点进行相对姿态角解算。将卫星模型作为实验对象,运动过程中进行了非接触目标相对姿态测量方法的验证试验,实验结果表明姿态角测量误差小于±0.56°,证明了算法的有效性。     

空间多刚体系统姿态的协同控制

将一种针对多个一般非线性系统的基于输出反馈的协同控制方法应用在采用四元数法描述的空间多个刚体姿态的协同控制系统中去，给出了空间多刚体系统姿态协同控制问题有解的充分条件，并设计了多刚体系统姿态的协同控制律．算例仿真结果表明，此法设计的协同控制器能够稳定控制描述各个刚体系统的姿态四元数，使其渐近稳定．     

欠驱动刚体航天器姿态运动规划的遗传算法

研究欠驱动刚体航天器姿态的非完整运动规划问题．航天器利用3个动量飞轮可以控制其姿态和任意定位,当其中一轮失效,航天器姿态通常表现为不可控．在系统角动量为零的情况下,系统的姿态控制问题可转化为无漂移系统的运动规划问题．基于优化控制理论,提出了求解欠驱动刚体航天器的姿态运动控制遗传算法,并且数值仿真表明：该方法对欠驱动航天器姿态运动的控制是有效的．     

一种笛卡儿空间的自由漂浮空间机器人路径规划方法

针对自由漂浮空间机器人工作时需保证载体姿态稳定的问题,提出了一种笛卡儿空间内载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人非完整路径规划方法．首先,基于自由漂浮空间机器人特征方程和角动量守恒方程得到广义雅可比矩阵;其次,出于路径规划的需要,分析了载体姿态无扰的自由漂浮空间机器人可达工作空间;最后,引入相关系数,设计了笛卡儿空间内的无扰向量合成算法．仿真得到的路径规划结果表明机械臂末端达到目标点的同时确保了载体姿态无扰动,从而验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性．     

基于微创外科手术机器人操作手的夹持灵活度研究

为了反映外科手术机器人六自由度操作手的指尖在夹持点对物体的夹持能力,分析了夹持时指尖的姿态、夹持物的姿态及两者的关系．推导了指尖在夹持点对处于任意姿态的物体进行夹持时所需姿态的解析表达式,并借助姿态球给出了夹持灵活度的定义．研究了本机构工作空间中离散点的夹持灵活度,确定了指尖夹持的灵活空间,并通过SimMechanics进行了仿真验证．     

基于KLT和BFGS的人脸姿态估计

在对给定的人脸图像序列准确提取正面人脸特征点后,利用改进的KLT方法跟踪非正面人脸图像的特征点。根据人脸形状特性,使用人脸的多个特征点作为人脸模型。在近似估计人脸姿态后,以改进的BFGS算法精确估计3D人脸空间姿态。实验结果证明,该方法可以获得唯一的3D人脸空间姿态,相比同类方法有更好的姿态估计精确度。     

单幅图像刚体目标姿态估计方法综述

刚体目标姿态作为计算机视觉技术的重点研究方向之一,旨在确定场景中3维目标的位置平移和方位旋转等多个自由度,越来越多地应用在工业机械臂操控、空间在轨服务、自动驾驶和现实增强等领域。本文对基于单幅图像的刚体目标姿态过程、方法分类及其现存问题进行了整体综述。通过利用单幅刚体目标图像实现多自由度姿态估计的各类方法进行总结、分类及比较,重点论述了姿态估计的一般过程、估计方法的演进和划分、常用数据集及评估准则、研究现状与展望。目前,多自由度刚体目标姿态估计方法主要针对单一特定应用场景具有较好的效果,还没有通用于复合场景的方法,且现有方法在面对多种光照条件、杂乱遮挡场景、旋转对称和类间相似性目标时,估计精度和效率下降显著。结合现存问题及当前深度学习技术的助推影响,从场景级多目标推理、自监督学习方法、前端检测网络、轻量高效的网络设计、多信息融合姿态估计框架和图像数据表征空间等6个方面对该领域的发展趋势进行预测和展望。     

Orientation-Singularity and Nonsingular Orientation-Workspace Analysis of the Semi-Regular Stewart–Gough Platform Manipulator

This paper addresses the orientation-singularity analysis and the nonsingular orientation-workspace computation of the semi-regular Stewart–Gough platform manipulator (SRSGPM). Based on the half-angle transformation, a polynomial expression that represents the orientation-singularity locus of the SRSGPM when the mobile platform of the platform manipulator is fixed to a constant position is derived. It is shown that the orientation-singularity locus of the SRSGPM at a fixed position is a polynomial expression of degree 13 in the mobile platform orientation parameters and graphical representations of the orientation-singularity locus of the SRSGPM are illustrated with examples to demonstrate the theoretical result. Using this half-angle transformation, a new discretization method is proposed for computing the nonsingular orientation-workspace of the SRSGPM in consideration of singularities, limitations of active and passive joints, and link interference. Examples of a SRSGPM are given to demonstrate the results.     

Orientationability analyses of a special class of the Stewart–Gough parallel manipulators using the unit quaternion representation

This paper addresses the orientation-singularity and orientationability analyses of a special class of the Stewart–Gough parallel manipulators whose moving and base platforms are two similar semi-symmetrical hexagons. Employing a unit quaternion to represent the orientation of the moving platform, an analytical expression representing the singularity locus of this class of parallel manipulators in a six-dimensional Cartesian space is obtained. It shows that for a given orientation, the position-singularity locus is a cubic polynomial expression in the moving platform position parameters, and for a given position, the orientation-singularity locus is an analytical expression but not a polynomial directly with respect to the mobile platform orientation parameters. Further inspection shows that for the special class of parallel manipulators, there must exist a nonsingular orientation void in the orientation space around the orientation origin for each position in the position-workspace. Therefore, a new performance index referred to as orientationability is introduced to describe the orientation capability of the special class of manipulators at a given position. A discretization algorithm is proposed for the computation of the orientationability of the special class of manipulators. Moreover, effects of the design parameters and position parameters on the orientationability are investigated in details. Based on the orientationability performance index, another novel performance index referred to as practical orientationability is presented which represents the practical orientation capability of the manipulator at a given position. The practical orientationability not only can satisfy all the kinematic demands and constraints of such class of manipulators, but also can guarantee that the manipulator is nonsingular.     

基于扩张状态观测器的四旋翼无人机快速非奇异终端滑模轨迹跟踪控制

针对受多源干扰影响的四旋翼无人机系统的轨迹跟踪控制问题进行研究,充分考虑位置回路和姿态回路动态特性,提出一种全回路复合快速非奇异终端滑模轨迹跟踪控制方案.首先,通过变换将轨迹跟踪问题转化为位置回路和姿态回路的指令跟踪控制问题;然后,将各通道之间的耦合以及多源干扰影响视作集总干扰,并基于扩张状态观测器对其进行估计;接着,基于干扰估计信息和快速非奇异终端滑模控制算法,分别在位置回路和姿态回路构造复合快速非奇异终端滑模控制器;最后,基于位置回路和姿态回路虚拟控制量解得无人机真实控制量旋翼转速.仿真结果表明,所提出控制方案显著提升了四旋翼无人机轨迹跟踪的响应速度和抗干扰性能.     

一类3阶非线性系统的非奇异终端滑模控制

针对传统非奇异终端滑模控制方法不适用于3阶系统的问题,提出一类具有不确定和外干扰的3阶非线性系统的新型非奇异终端滑模控制方法.该方案首先结合backstepping控制中的动态面方法和传统2阶非奇异终端滑模控制构造非奇异3阶终端滑模面,首次提出采用高阶滑模微分器估计值代替控制器中的负指数项.采用非线性干扰观测器任意精度地估计不确定和干扰,设计控制器中的补偿项.采用终端吸引子函数做趋近律避免抖振的同时能保证有限时间趋近滑模面.基于有限时间稳定李雅普诺夫定理证明了被控状态将在有限时间内收敛到任意小的闭球内.所提出方案快于传统的递阶线性滑模控制和其他非奇异终端滑模控制.仿真中与其他滑模控制方案对比,总误差减小18%以上,超调及收敛时间也显著下降.     

基于单目显微视觉的微球姿态测量方法

微零件的姿态测量对微装配具有重要的作用.但对于微球零件,其姿态的精确测量存在困难,影响了装配精度.针对带有微孔的微球,本文提出了一种基于单目显微视觉的微球姿态高精度测量方法.设计了一种由粗到精的微孔检测算法,实现了高精度的微孔定位.通过对相机光轴方向的标定,在相机运动后对微球图像坐标进行补偿,提高了在相机坐标系下的微球定位精度.通过对微球和微孔的精确定位,计算出微球球心与微孔圆心的空间相对位置,实现了相机坐标系下高精度的微球姿态测量.同时,根据标定出的相机坐标系与调整平台坐标系之间的旋转关系,将微球姿态转换到调整平台坐标系.实验结果表明,最大姿态测量误差0.3度,验证了本文方法的有效性.     

基于积分因子方法研究Chaplygin非完整系统的守恒律

提出并研究了构建Chaplygin非完整系统守恒律的积分因子方法.基于正则形式的Chaplygin方程,定义了积分因子,给出了系统存在守恒量的必要条件,建立了Chaplygin非完整系统的守恒定理及其逆定理.研究表明:对应于必要条件的每一组非奇异函数解,系统存在一个守恒量;反之,对于一个已知守恒量,可找到相应的积分因子,且解是不唯一的.文末以匀质圆球在粗糙水平面上纯滚动为例,讨论了该方法的应用.     

一种连续非奇异快速终端滑模控制方法

为解决现有终端滑模控制算法在收敛速度和抖振方面的问题, 提出一种连续非奇异快速终端滑模控制方法. 采用变系数双幂次趋近率和非奇异快速终端滑模面相结合的设计方式, 提高系统状态在趋近和滑动阶段的收敛速度. 通过Lyapunov 稳定性方法证明所提出的控制率可使得状态轨迹在扰动存在的情况下, 在有限时间内快速收敛到一个区域. 与传统方法相比, 所提出的控制率是连续的, 因此抑制了抖振, 拥有更高的控制精度. 将所提出的方法应用于光电稳定平台, 仿真结果验证了算法的有效性.

     

Flagged Parallel Manipulators

The conditions for a parallel manipulator to be flagged can be simply expressed in terms of linear dependencies between the coordinates of its leg attachments, both on the base and on the platform. These dependencies permit to describe the manipulator singularities in terms of incidences between two flags (hence, the name ldquoflaggedrdquo). Although these linear dependencies might look, at first glance, too restrictive, in this paper, the family of flagged manipulators is shown to contain large subfamilies of six-legged and three-legged manipulators. The main interest of flagged parallel manipulators is that their singularity loci admit a well-behaved decomposition with a unique topology irrespective of the metrics of each particular design. In this paper, this topology is formally derived and all the cells, in the configuration space of the platform, of dimension 6 (nonsingular) and dimension 5 (singular), together with their adjacencies, are worked out in detail.     

Estimation and Compensation of Gravity and Friction Forces for Robot Arms: Theory and Experiments

This paper considers the estimation and compensation of the unknown gravity force and static friction for robot motion control. Utilizing the stability feature of PD set-point control, the estimates of gravity-related parameters and static friction can be solved from two steady state equations obtained by stopping robots at two nonsingular positions. The estimates obtained can then be used to eliminate the position error. Under a mild assumption that the mass center of each robot link is distributed on a straight line connecting two adjacent joints, the gravity force regression matrix becomes upper-triangle which can significantly simplify the algorithm. The positive experimental result obtained for practical verification is also presented.     

Robust adaptive fixed‐time tracking control of 6‐DOF spacecraft fly‐around mission for noncooperative target

The fixed‐time relative position tracking and attitude synchronization control problem of a spacecraft fly‐around mission for a noncooperative target in the presence of parameter uncertainties and external disturbances is investigated. Firstly, a novel and coupled relative position and attitude motion model for a noncooperative fly‐around mission is established. Subsequently, a novel nonsingular fast terminal sliding mode (NFTSM) surface is developed, and the explicit estimation of the convergence time independent of initial states is provided. Fair and systematic comparisons among several typical terminal sliding modes show that the designed NFTSM has faster convergence performance than the fast terminal sliding mode. Then, a robust integrated adaptive fixed‐time NFTSM control law with no precise knowledge of the mass and inertia matrix and disturbances by combining the nonsingular terminal sliding mode technique with an adaptive methodology is proposed, which can eliminate the chattering phenomenon and guarantee that the relative position and attitude tracking errors can converge into the small regions containing the origin in fixed time. Finally, numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes.