Advances in experimental exposure methods and dosimetric techniques used in radio-frequency radiation biological effects studies

The various techniques and methodologies used for exposure and dosimetric assessment in radio-frequency (RF) biological effects studies are reviewed. Techniques are compared and the advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. Significant progress has been made during the past decade in developing the specialized techniques required; suggestions are given for further studies.     

人体暴露于射频电磁场欧盟标准及检测方法

当今人们越来越重视电磁辐射的问题,为防止电磁辐射污染、保护环境和保障公众健康,欧盟先后制定了一些相应的标准。本文介绍了欧盟在家电、灯具、手持式无线通信设备的电磁照射测量标准及方法,从适用范围,环境要求,测量方法,测量过程及结果判定等方面分别进行了详细的解读和介绍。最后指出标准已经成为欧盟法规的协调标准,不同器具分别从磁场、电流密度、比吸收率方面衡量电磁辐射导致测试的方法不同。     

Simultaneous exposure and development technique for S.A.W. device fabrication

A simultaneous exposure and development technique for S.A.W. devices fabrication is described. Various advantages over the conventional techniques are also pointed out.     

A new IEEE standard for safety levels with respect to human exposure to radio-frequency radiation

The IEEE Standards Association recently formally approved a new IEEE C95.1 "Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz." Official publication of the standard by the IEEE was expected by late 2005, or soon thereafter. The new IEEE standard contains some features of the current ICNIRP guidelines, but it also includes a number of differences. The new IEEE standard is not identical to the ICNIRP guidelines, even for frequencies used in cellular mobile communications and wireless devices and systems. Moreover, the newly approved IEEE standard departs in major ways from its 1991 edition and subsequent amendments.     

A review of selected thermal management solutions for military electronic systems

Thermal management of electronics is vital to the successful design, manufacture, and tactical operation of a variety of military electronic systems. Designs employ all modes of heat transfer including: conduction, natural and forced convection, aerodynamic heating, radiation, and two-phase heat transfer. A variety of heat sinks and heat exchange devices are employed, including the use of cold plates, electronic chassis coldwalls, compact heat exchangers, air-cycle and vapor-cycle refrigeration systems, phase change materials, thermoelectric devices, and heat pipes. This paper describes several military electronic systems on a variety of platforms and discusses the thermal management issues involved in the design of the thermal control systems. Specific examples are employed in the paper to emphasize the variety of thermal management problems encountered and the solution techniques employed.     

A semiparametric model for accurate camera response function modeling and exposure estimation from comparametric data.

A fundamentally new approach that accurately estimates the camera response function from comparametric data, i.e., pixel data from two differently exposed images over a common field of view, is presented. It does so by solving for the camera response function from its associated comparametric relation. The approach offers several advantageous features, including having a complexity that is independent of the number of pixel data considered, allowing for the modeling of saturated pixels, enabling an inherently constrained optimization problem to be solved in an unconstrained manner, and the easy incorporation into an existing framework for joint image registration. This is accomplished by approximating the camera response function with a constrained piecewise linear model so that its solution, within the comparametric camera relation, can be obtained. This results in a semiparametric comparametric model, optimally determined from pixel data, which is directly parameterized in terms of the exposure parameter. Subsequently, it is shown how this semiparametric model is used for exposure estimation from captured images. Finally, we incorporate the semiparametric model within an existing and previously published framework for simultaneous and joint spatial and tonal image registration in order to illustrate the developed model's performance.     

Uncertainty evaluation of an in vivo near-field exposure setup for testing biological effects of cellular phones

In designing an in vivo near-field exposure setup for testing biological effects of cellular phones, one generally uses a small still animal because a plastic holder is used to restrain it. One also takes no account of the exposure box with radio wave absorbers as well as the plastic holder. In this paper, for the in vivo exposure setup developed in the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), which was used for testing the promoting effect of 1.439- and 1.95-GHz digital cellular phones on rat brain carcinogenesis, we investigated the effects of the above-mentioned factors on the dosimetry design using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method in conjunction with an anatomical rat model. As a result, we found that the specific absorption rate (SAR) averaged in the brain was 18% higher at maximum than the previously designed level due to the existence of the exposure box and the plastic holder and that the variation due to the rotation of the rat's head inside the plastic holder was within 10%. The backward movement of the rat along the plastic holder was more serious, which yielded a decrease of nearly 20% for the average SAR in the brain.     

A simple and useful model for Jones matrix to evaluate higher orderpolarization-mode dispersion effects

Starting from the differential equation that relates the Jones matrix of a polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) fiber to its output dispersion vector, the analytical expressions of the matrix coefficients are determined in the case of a dispersion vector rotating on a circumference in the Stokes space. This model, that needs only few parameters with known statistics, is applied to evaluate the performance of an optical system. The results obtained with it and with other models proposed in literature are compared to those evaluated by numerical simulations with all-order PMD effects, showing that our model gives an accurate representation of real system performances     

人类SNP数据查询平台的开发与优化

单核苷酸多态性（SNP,Single Nucleotide Polymorphism）作为重要遗传标记,在遗传学研究中得到了广泛关注。针对从海量人类基因数据中获取SNP信息并实现数据共享的问题,本文构建了基于Web的SNP数据查询平台并进行性能调优。该数据库系统用户界面友好,数据查询操作简单且能够快速查询SNP数据,实现了SNP数据实时查询和共享,一定程度上解决了许多小型实验室以及非生物专业研究人员所面临的问题,为后续算法研究和软件开发提供了有力帮助。     

Catalysts for the diffusion of photovoltaics — A review of selected programmes

The diffusion of photovoltaics still rests strongly on the availability of suitable support programmes. This suggests a closer look at their function as a catalyst for the spread of the technology. The paper defines this function, gives hints for the programme design, and identifies six different variables of a catalyst. These are then related to concrete programmes in Germany and Switzerland, the two countries showing the highest diffusion of photovoltaics in Europe. The analysis embraces the ‘1000 Roofs Programme’, ‘rate‐based incentives’, ‘utility programmes’ and ‘large scale photovoltaic programmes’. In spanning the last decade the study provides a historic perspective unfolding from the past to the present. A variety of programmes are compared so as to determine their effect on the actual installation of photovoltaics. The paper elucidates some of the inner structure of programmes and portrays their changing landscape and approaches in space and time. Thus, it may serve as a decision aid for the design of future programmes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

XML-based data model and architecture for a knowledge-based grid-enabled problem-solving environment for high-throughput biological imaging.

High-throughput biological imaging uses automated imaging devices to collect a large number of microscopic images for analysis of biological systems and validation of scientific hypotheses. Efficient manipulation of these datasets for knowledge discovery requires high-performance computational resources, efficient storage, and automated tools for extracting and sharing such knowledge among different research sites. Newly emerging grid technologies provide powerful means for exploiting the full potential of these imaging techniques. Efficient utilization of grid resources requires the development of knowledge-based tools and services that combine domain knowledge with analysis algorithms. In this paper, we first investigate how grid infrastructure can facilitate high-throughput biological imaging research, and present an architecture for providing knowledge-based grid services for this field. We identify two levels of knowledge-based services. The first level provides tools for extracting spatiotemporal knowledge from image sets and the second level provides high-level knowledge management and reasoning services. We then present cellular imaging markup language, an extensible markup language-based language for modeling of biological images and representation of spatiotemporal knowledge. This scheme can be used for spatiotemporal event composition, matching, and automated knowledge extraction and representation for large biological imaging datasets. We demonstrate the expressive power of this formalism by means of different examples and extensive experimental results.     

民用飞机适航安全性数据追溯性分析与建模

民用飞机适航安全性数据间的追溯性是审定过程中判定系统安全性工作完整性和准确性的重要方法,但随着民用机载产品安全关键特性及机载设备的综合化程度不断提高,相关数据间追溯关系的复杂性也大大增加,给适航安全性审定工作带来较大挑战.为建立安全性数据及其关联性的评价标准及验证方法,从安全性需求确认及验证、分析方法,以及相关运行维护分析等方面总结审定要素和评审要求,提出了一种整合设计数据、安全性数据与运行维护数据的安全性数据追溯模型.通过该模型在型号工作中的具体应用及情况分析,表明其可为我国民机型号安全性评估及审定工作提供理论支撑.     

基于.NET的教务与财务集成系统的研究

使用B/S三层结构和C/S二层结构相结合的混合模式,结合Web服务跨平台的技术优势,提出了基于.NET服务的"集成数据中心"学分制收费模型,实现了教务系统与财务系统的数据共享、协同工作。该系统安全性强、工作效率高,已在某大学投入使用。     

A wearable point-of-care system for home use that incorporates plug-and-play and wireless standards.

A point-of-care system for continuous health monitoring should be wearable, easy to use, and affordable to promote patient independence and facilitate acceptance of new home healthcare technology. Reconfigurability, interoperability, and scalability are important. Standardization supports these requirements, and encourages an open market where lower product prices result from vendor competition. This paper first discusses candidate standards for wireless communication, plug-and-play device interoperability, and medical information exchange in point-of-care systems. It then addresses the design and implementation of a wearable, plug-and-play system for home care which adopts the IEEE 1073 Medical Information Bus (MIB) standards, and uses Bluetooth as the wireless communication protocol. This standards-based system maximizes user mobility by incorporating a three-level architecture populated by base stations, wearable data loggers, and wearable sensors. Design issues include the implementation of the MIB standards on microcontroller-driven embedded devices, low power consumption, wireless data exchange, and data storage and transmission in a reconfigurable body-area network.     

调幅射频电磁场人体辐照实验系统的设计与实现

设计可用于调幅射频电磁场生物效应研究的人体辐照平台,分别从硬件系统部分和软件系统部分两方面进行介绍。硬件系统由射频信号发生模块、功率放大模块、阻抗匹配模块以及发射天线构成,其接收到由软件系统发出的载波、调制频率、调制深度以及功率参数指令后,进而实时产生相应的调幅射频电磁场。实际测量结果表明,设计的调幅射频电磁场人体辐照实验系统具有良好的性能参数,该系统为人体调幅射频电磁场生物效应研究提供一个使用方便、参数可控的电磁辐照平台。     

Physiological and behavioral effects of chronic exposure to 2450-MHz microwaves.

Long-Evans male adult rats were exposed for sixteen weeks to 2450-MHz CW microwaves at an average power density of mW/cm2. The resulting dose rate was 1.23 (+/- 0.25SEM) mW/g. The animals were exposed eight hours a day, five days a week, for a total of 640 h in a monopole-above-ground radiation chamber while housed in Plexiglas holding cages. Daily measures of body mass and of food and water intakes indicated no statistically significant effects of microwave irradiation. Biweekly stabilimetric tests immediately after exposure revealed a significant depression of behavioral activity by 15 microwave-exposed rats as compared with 15 sham-exposed animals. Measures of locomotor activity based on revolutions of a running wheel, which were obtained during 12-h periods between each 8-h exposure, showed no significant effect of irradiation. Blood sampled after 2, 6, 10, and 14 weeks of exposure indicated slight alterations of sulfhydryl groups, and of red and white blood-cell counts. Measures of levels of 17-ketosteroids in urine at weeks 1, 5, 9, and 12 of exposure, and mass of adrenals, heart, and liver at the end of the sixteen-week period of exposure, revealed no indications of stress.     

Mining statistically significant associations for exploratory analysis of human sleep data.

We introduce a specialized association rule mining technique that can extract patterns from complex sleep data comprising polysomnographic recordings, clinical summaries, and sleep questionnaire responses. The rules mined can describe associations among temporally annotated events and questionnaire or summary data; e.g., the likelihood that an occurrence of a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep stage during the second 100 sleep epochs of the night is associated with moderate caffeine intake. We use chi2 analysis to ensure statistical significance of the mined rules at the level P < 0.05. Our results, obtained by mining sleep-related data from 242 human subjects, reveal clinically interesting associations among the polysomnographic and summary variables. Our experience suggests that association mining may also be useful for selection of variables prior to using logistic regression.     

Detection and visualization method of dynamic state transition for biological spatio-temporal imaging data

In the statistical analysis of functional brain imaging data, regression analysis and cross correlation analysis between time series data on each grid point have been widely used. The results can be graphically represented as an activation map on an anatomical image, but only activation signal, whose temporal pattern resembles the predefined reference function, can be detected. In the present study, we propose a fusion method comprising innovation approach in time series analysis and statistical test. Autoregressive (AR) models were fitted to time series data of each pixel for the range sufficiently before or after the state transition. Then, the remaining time series data were filtered using these AR parameters to obtain its innovation (filter output). The proposed method could extract brain neural activation as a phase transition of dynamics in the system without employing external information such as the reference function. The activation could be detected as temporal transitions of statistical test values. We evaluated this method by applying to optical imaging data obtained from the mammalian brain and the cardiac sino-atrial node (SAN), and demonstrated that our method can precisely detect spatio-temporal activation profiles in the brain or SAN.     

A brief review of a new development for constitutive relations oflinear bi-anisotropic media

While physical restrictions on the constitutive parameters of linear bi-anisotropic media are well known, attention has been meager on the issue of mathematical consistency, when specializing the Maxwell equations for material media. The authors show that such a consistency requirement results in a mathematical constraint: an algebraic relation between the constitutive parameters. Repercussions for specific types of linear media are discussed, most importantly, the consequence that bi-isotropic media must be reciprocal