X-ray Radioscopic Visualization of Bubbly Flows Injected Through a Top Submerged Lance into a Liquid Metal

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - We present an experimental study on the formation and behavior of a liquid metal bubbly flow arising from a downward gas injection through a top...     

Mathematical Modeling of Impinging Gas Jets on Liquid Surfaces

In top-blowing operations, the gas jet is a major source of momentum, so to model the momentum exchange properly with the liquid, the full-stress boundary conditions must be applied. A new mathematical method for better representation of the surface boundary condition was developed by combining the Cartesian cut cell method and volume of fluid method. The computational code was validated with the broken dam problem and reported critical phenomena in wave generation. The model was applied to impinging jets on liquid surfaces in two dimensions. The cavity depth was in good agreement with experimental measurements. The process of ligament and droplet formation was reproduced. The extent of momentum transfer to the liquid was investigated, and the trends with lance height and gas flow rate were similar to experimental evidence. The following important aspects of momentum transfer were identified: surface roughness as well as the development of local pressure gradients around wave crests. Kelvin–Helmholtz instability theory was used to interpret the results with respect to critical velocity for the onset of droplet formation. These principles were extended to conditions relevant to basic oxygen furnace (BOF) steelmaking. The critical velocities for droplets were calculated as functions of the physical properties for the gas–steel, gas–slag, slag–steel interfaces. The implications for BOF steelmaking were discussed. The mathematical model was applied to a simplified configuration of full-scale BOF steelmaking, and the local force balance was well described.     

Using CFD Modeling to Improve the Inlet Hydraulics and Performance of a Storm-Water Clarifier

The feasibility of high-rate treatment of storm water achieving total suspended solids (TSS) removals in the range from 60 to 80% was studied using an available clarifier. The clarifier (3?m long, 1.4?m wide, and 2?m deep) was fitted with a removable lamella pack and had a limited flow capacity (surface load rate of 35?m/h). To achieve the desired removals of TSS, the clarifier required polymer feed (4?mg/L), which caused maintenance problems during intermittent storm-water treatment—laborious and costly cleaning of lamella plates after individual storm events. This problem posed the following challenge: was it feasible to avoid costly maintenance by removing the lamella pack and at the same time to retain the high TSS removals by improving the clarifier hydraulics by internal structural changes? The purpose of the paper is to evaluate such changes by focusing on different inlet configurations designed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. This analysis resulted in adopting a U-tube duct inlet (inserted into the outer box of the original clarifier) with two special features: (1) three horizontal slot openings (width = 0.1?m) releasing flow into the clarifier and (2) a narrow slot opening in the bottom U bend allowing removal of grit. The flow release slots in the rising leg of the U tube were fitted, along the upper edge, with horizontal trailing plates protruding 0.15?m into the clarifier and forcing the flow to move horizontally. This clarifier design performed well, but storm-water grit accumulated at the bottom of the U tube, which had to be cleaned out after individual storms to avoid plugging. This issue was resolved by allowing grit to move into the sludge storage compartment of the clarifier through a narrow tilted slot opening in the U-tube bottom. The final clarifier design with polymer feed, without lamellas, produced TSS removals comparable to those in the original lamella clarifier (almost 80%), but at a higher surface loading rate (43?m/h, which was limited by the feed pump capacity). CFD modeling, in comparison to conventional methods of hydraulic design, served as a flexible and powerful tool providing distinct advantages with respect to the speed, efficiency and reduced cost of analysis, and a better understanding of the clarifier operation.     

气相色谱法测定液氧中碳氢化合物的浓度

较为详细地介绍了用氢火焰离子化气相色谱法测定液氧中碳氢化合 及该方法中所涉及的主要操作参数的选择依据和原则。     

Detailed Modeling of Gas Flow in Liquid Steel: Bubble Size Distribution and Voidage Calculation

Although the role of gas purging in liquid steel systems is well recognized, it has yet to be adequately analyzed. One key aspect of this process is the prediction of gas voidage in the bath, which has been studied in great detail beginning with water modeling in the early days and using advanced multiphase models more recently. Still, there are significant unresolved issues with gas purging systems. When gas is introduced through a nozzle at high flow rate, a jet may form which is undesirable. The break‐up of this jet into bubbles is a separate topic of research. The more common practice in the steel industry is to use porous plugs for gas injection. Gas entry through a porous plug can be characterized by the stretched bubble regime, and the laws of coalescence and fragmentation used to analyze bubble column reactors are generally applicable. Calculation of the bubble size distribution is important for two reasons. First, the voidage distribution in the bath is significantly modified by the injection system and flow rates used, primarily due to changes in flow regime and bubble dynamics (collision, break‐up, coalescence). Second, the voidage distribution directly determines the buoyancy, that influences the physical mixing process, and the specific‐area‐density, that influences surface reactions (for example, decarburization, desulfurization and nitrogen pick‐up). In this paper, a numerical study is presented that combines a bubble dynamics model with an Eulerian multiphase model. The results of the simulation are compared with the experimental data from Anagbo and Brimacombe (1990). Relevant discussion and reviews will be presented to distinguish the differences of this detailed bubble dynamics model with the uniform bubble diameter approximations reported in various recent studies.     

Mathematical Modeling of the Energy Consumption and Carbon Emission for the Oxygen Blast Furnace with Top Gas Recycling

The ironmaking process is the most significant source of CO₂ emission in the iron and steel industry, which generates large quantities of greenhouse gases. Recently, oxygen blast and top gas recycling have been applied to the blast furnace to improve the energy efficiency and reduce the pollution from the ironmaking process. However, as a new ironmaking technology, the oxygen blast furnace with top gas recycling (TGR‐OBF) is still under development. This paper focuses on the investigation of the energy consumption and carbon emission for the TGR‐OBF process by modeling the stack, the bosh, the combustion zone, and the gas recycling system. Effects of the key parameters in the TGR‐OBF process on the carbon consumption of reactions and the energy consumption of the system are investigated by orthogonal experiments. Our results indicate that the TGR‐OBF process has the advantages of reducing energy consumption and CO₂ emission. The low temperature and high reducing environment in the new furnace is favorable to lower the coke gasification and increase the reaction rate of iron oxide. The recycling of the top gas can significantly reduce CO₂ emission, and the main advantage comes when the stripped CO₂ is stored.     

复吹转炉射流与钢水熔池相互作用的水模型试验

根据鞍钢180 t复吹转炉的实际生产情况,设计了超音速射流氧枪并进行水模型实验,避免了亚音速射流氧枪所带来的氧枪枪位修正问题.通过10:1水模型.保证最佳的底吹工艺参数不变(4孔对称,底吹流量0.70m3/h),改变顶吹氧枪的气体流量(38-42 m3/h)和吹炼枪位(130-210 mm)进行实验.结果表明:水模型最佳的工艺参数是枪位150 mm,流量39 m3/h.     

Regimes of Micro-bubble Formation Using Gas Injection into Ladle Shroud

Gas injection into a ladle shroud is a practical approach to produce micro-bubbles in tundishes, to promote inclusion removal from liquid steel. A semi-empirical model was established to characterize the bubble formation considering the effect of shearing action combined with the non-fully bubble break-up by turbulence. The model shows a good accuracy in predicting the size of bubbles formed in complex flow within the ladle shroud.     

Process Modeling and Optimization of a Submerged Arc Furnace for Phosphorus Production

This article presents a process model of a phosphorus-producing, submerged arc furnace. The model successfully incorporates accurate, multifield thermodynamic, kinetic, and industrial data with computational flow dynamic calculations and thus further unifies the sciences of kinetics and equilibrium thermodynamics. The model is structurally three-dimensional and uses boundary conditions, initial values, and material specifications provided by industrial measurements, laboratory experiments, and a combination of empirical and thermodynamic data. It accounts for fully developed gas flows of gaseous product generated from within the packed bed; the energy associated with chemical reactions, heating, and melting, as well as thermal conductivity and the particle–particle radiation within the burden. The model proves the existence of a narrow, gas–solid reduction zone where the bulk of phosphorus is produced. It shows that fast reaction rates in this narrow reaction zone in combination with long residence times diminish the influence changing reaction rates have on the process. It indicates that most heat exchanged between the new pellets entering the furnace and the gaseous product produced in the reduction zone takes place in the top 0.5 m of the furnace bed. The gaseous product and flow information shows low and recirculating gaseous flow velocity areas that cause dust accumulation.     

Simulation and Application of Submerged CO2-O2 Injection in Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking: Modeling and Arrangement of Submerged nozzles

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B - The technology of submerged CO2-O2 injection was developed to enhance the circulation in liquid baths and accelerate the smelting reaction rate in...     

旋流式煤氧枪气流流场的试验及数值模拟

按照相似理论的基本原则,设计和确定了用于工业试验煤氧枪的冷态试验模型。采用一维多普勒激光测速仪,测量了旋流流场的轴向速度分布,根据LDV测量值,建立了描述所给旋流场的数学模型。文中指出以余弦函数形式来逼近回流区域内的轴向速度,能获得较现有其它方式更满意的效果。文中还讨论了旋流流场的其它空气动力学问题。     

Modeling and Simulation of Spray Forming of Clad Deposits with Graded Interface Using Two Scanning Gas Atomizers

A three-dimensional shape model based on a surface coordinate tracking method has been developed for clad deposits with graded interface which are spray formed using two scanning gas atomizers. The calculation of element distributions in the deposits has been incorporated into the shape model. On this basis, the deposit shape and the element distributions in the deposit have been simulated. It shows that the scanning mode of the atomizers and the degree of overlapping of the two sprays play important roles in the spray forming of clad deposits. A concentration gradient of chemical elements in the deposits can be achieved under proper processing conditions. Finally, the modeling and simulation of the spray forming of clad deposits have been validated by experimental investigations.     

TRT高炉顶压自动控制系统的设计与实现

文章介绍了ABB DCS控制系统在万钢1 #高炉TRT中的应用,并在简单介绍高炉煤气余压回收透平(TRT)工艺及其优点的基础上,重点说明了TRT高炉顶压调节自动控制系统的重要性及实现方法.实际应用表明,该系统能够满足机组安全、高效运行之需求.     

Injections into the duodenum and the induction of satiety in the rat.

Examined ways in which the intestine might participate in the induction of satiety, using direct intestinal injections to alter the contents of the duodenum and then observing the effect on subsequent food intake over a 21/2-hr period. Ss were 24 male hooded rats, food-deprived for approximately 17 hr. The injection of either bulk or hypertonic solutions (NaCl or glucose) into the duodenum suppressed food intake. The injection of substantial amounts of food did not have an effect greater than that caused by equivalent amounts of nonnutritive bulk and the injection of acid material did not suppress eating more than basic material. These results suggest that bulk and osmotic pressure in the duodenum may initiate physiological changes which can ultimately participate in the regulation of meal size but that metabolites, duodenal hormones, and specific dynamic action do not. With the gastrointestinal system intact, the flow of material from the stomach to the intestine would be sufficiently slow that neither changes in duodenal bulk nor osmotic pressure would be involved in the regulation of meal size. When the stomach is partially removed or denervated, the rate of passage of food into the duodenum may increase enough so that osmotic and bulk signals originating in the duodenum would help to regulate meal size. (French summary) (33 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)