304不锈钢激光焊接接头组织性能及断裂机理研究

目的 研究工艺参数对接头微观组织及力学性能的影响规律,观察断口形貌并揭示断裂机理。方法 基于生产实际,采用激光焊接技术对304不锈钢进行平板对接试验,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和背散射电子衍射等手段观察不同焊接参数下的接头微观组织,利用拉伸试验机及显微硬度仪测试其力学性能;通过疲劳试验机测试不同应力下的疲劳寿命,并绘制相应的S-N曲线;使用扫描电镜观察并分析疲劳断口的形貌特征。结果 焊缝中心由等轴状奥氏体和针状铁素体组成,熔合区以柱状晶的形式向焊缝中心生长。激光功率及焊接速度越大,柱状晶的尺寸越小。当激光焊接功率为1 390 W、焊接速度为13mm/s、离焦量为-10 mm时,304不锈钢激光焊接接头的力学性能最好,此时的抗拉强度为785.9 MPa、伸长率为75.6%,拉伸断口呈典型的韧性断裂特征。在高应力水平（350 MPa和500 MPa）下,疲劳断口由裂纹萌生区、裂纹扩展区和瞬时断裂区组成,焊缝具有优良的抗疲劳性能。结论 焊接速度越快、焊接功率越小、离焦量为负,得到的焊接接头硬度越高,由于细晶强化及加工硬化的双重作用,接头达到了最佳力学性能。     

不锈钢激光-MAG复合焊接头微区性能研究

激光复合焊可用于不锈钢焊接,但激光复合焊接头热影响区小,组织变化梯度大.研究接头微区性能可以确定接头薄弱环节,为焊接接头的工艺评定和断裂分析提供理论依据.为此,本文对4 mm厚SUS301L-HT不锈钢进行激光-MAG复合焊接,采用维氏硬度、微型剪切和微拉伸等试验,研究了焊接接头焊缝、热影响区及母材的微区力学性能,并结合金相、断口扫描等分析了各微区力学性能的差异.结果表明：焊缝区域组织主要为柱状奥氏体树枝晶+少量的δ铁素体;母材的剪切强度和抗拉强度最高,分别为560和1 066 MPa,其次为复合焊接头热影响区,焊缝区域最差,接头硬度分布规律与各微区强度变化趋势一致;运用数学方法,得出了接头微拉伸强度与微型剪切强度、硬度之间关系的经验公式.接头各微区剪切断口和拉伸断口SEM分析呈现典型的韧性断裂特征.     

钛合金激光焊及其接头的显微组织与力学性能

采用光纤激光器对3.5 mm厚TC4合金板材进行焊接,并对焊接接头的显微组织与力学性能进行分析测试,确定了试验条件下的最佳激光焊参数。结果表明,焊缝熔合区组织主要为针状α′马氏体及少量β相,热影响区由α相及少量α′马氏体组成;接头区域的显微硬度在熔合区变化平缓,而热影响区的硬度下降明显。在激光功率为4.0 kW、焊接速度为3.0 m/min时,获得接头的力学性能最佳,焊缝强度与母材本身的强度接近。接头拉伸断口表面存在大量韧窝,呈明显的韧性断裂特征。     

轨道交通用6082-T6铝合金MIG焊接接头组织与疲劳性能

对轨道交通用6082-T6铝合金进行MIG焊接,使用光学显微镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计分别对焊接接头的显微组织、相结构与显微硬度进行观察与分析。结果表明,熔合区为柱状晶组织,焊缝主要由树枝晶和胞状晶组成,焊缝中心为等轴晶,焊缝体现出联生结晶的特点。母材相组成为基体α-Al固溶体、β-Mg2Si以及单质Si,焊缝金属相组成主要为α-Al固溶体。热影响区的宽度达31mm,且存在一个软化区。设定应力比R=0,测试了铝合金的疲劳寿命,通过拟合试验数据得到S-N曲线,得到MIG焊接6082-T6铝合金焊接接头的条件疲劳极限为99MPa,为母材的72.26%。用扫描电镜对疲劳断口进行观察和分析,结果表明,疲劳断口分布的二次裂纹促进了疲劳裂纹萌生和扩展,第二相粒子对疲劳裂纹的萌生起着重要的作用,焊缝中的气孔则容易成为疲劳源。稳态扩展区出现大量呈平行趋势且具有规则间距的疲劳条带,瞬断区存在大量韧窝和撕裂棱,体现出韧性断裂的特征。     

高速列车用铝合金型材激光-MIG复合焊工艺特性和接头性能

激光-MIG复合焊是实现高速列车铝合金车体优质、高效、低成本焊接制造的理想技术。针对高速列车铝合金车体用的3 mm厚6A01-T5铝合金型材，开展激光-MIG复合焊工艺试验，研究工艺参数对焊缝成形及气孔缺陷的影响规律，分析接头的组织特征、硬度分布、拉伸及疲劳性能。结果表明:在满足焊缝熔透条件下，较小的激光功率、较小的电弧电流或较低的焊接速度有益于减少气孔缺陷;接头组织从焊缝中心到母材依次是等轴晶区、柱状晶区、半熔化区、过时效区和母材区，相比电弧主要作用区，激光主要作用区的等轴晶尺寸更小且半熔化区宽度更窄。接头存在软化现象，焊缝区硬度最低，热影响区宽度约1.5 mm;接头的平均抗拉强度达197.5 MPa，为母材抗拉强度的80.6%，试样断裂于焊缝区，表现为明显的韧性断裂特征;接头的疲劳强度为93.5 MPa，裂纹萌生于焊缝表面的组织疏松处，裂纹扩展区断口呈现明显的韧性断裂和脆性断裂的混合断裂特征。     

Ti-V-Cr系阻燃钛合金激光焊接接头的组织和性能

为探明Ti-V-Cr系阻燃钛合金的焊接性能,采用激光焊接对模拟有非贯通裂纹的Ti-25V-10Cr阻燃钛合金薄板进行了焊接修复,较为系统地研究了激光焊接对其微观组织、显微硬度和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,Ti-25V-10Cr阻燃钛合金焊缝组织为粗大的铸态β柱状晶,在焊缝中心能清晰地看到焊缝两侧β柱状晶相对生长的交界面;热影响区仍为单一β等轴晶,仅近熔合线处晶粒变得粗大;同时,焊缝区的硬度已达约570 HV(为母材硬度的1.78倍),而热影响区的硬度相对于母材则变化不大;此外,焊接接头的拉伸强度约为405 MPa,仅为母材拉伸强度的40%左右,拉伸断裂发生在焊缝中心附近处,并呈现以脆性断裂为主的混合断裂。可见,Ti-25V-10Cr阻燃钛合金的焊接性能将会是制约其进一步广泛应用的主要因素之一。     

深潜器用Ti80厚板电子束焊接接头组织性能研究

采用电子束焊接方法焊接深潜器用56 mm厚Ti80合金,并对焊接接头的组织结构和力学性能进行研究。结果表明,焊接接头成形良好,无缺陷;焊缝组织为马氏体α相和残余β相组成的网篮组织;熔合区界线明显,过热区十分窄;热影响区组织由初生α相、马氏体α相和β相组成;焊接接头各区域显微硬度值分布不均匀,由焊缝至母材显微硬度值逐渐下降;拉伸断裂发生在远离焊缝的母材处,接头抗拉强度为935.3 MPa,大于原始母材的911.8 MPa;焊缝冲击吸收功为36.3 J,由焊缝至母材冲击吸收功值逐渐增大,接头各区域冲击断裂方式均为韧性断裂。     

船用TA5钛合金激光焊接接头组织和性能研究

采用IPG光纤激光器对8 mm厚的TA5钛合金进行激光自熔焊接,并对焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能进行分析。结果表明,激光焊接接头表面成形连续、均匀、无飞溅,内部无气孔和裂纹等缺陷。母材组织为细小均匀的等轴α相;焊缝区组织主要由粗大的β柱状晶粒、大量的针状马氏体α'以及少量的板条马氏体组成;热影响区组织主要由等轴α相、少量的针状马氏体α'和少量的残余β组成;在熔合线的边界,柱状晶粒与等轴晶粒联生结晶、外延生长,保证了焊接接头的稳定连接。焊接接头各区域的显微硬度差异较大,最高硬度出现在熔合线附近,焊缝区和热影响区的显微硬度明显高于母材的。对拉伸断裂部位进行观察,拉伸断裂发生在远离焊缝的母材处,这说明激光焊接接头的抗拉强度与母材等强或者略高于母材的,这与大量针状马氏体形成的网篮组织有直接的关系。      

6005 A-T5铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织与疲劳性能

本工作借助金相(OM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、硬度和高周疲劳试验,研究不同焊接参数对6005A-T5铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)接头的显微组织与疲劳性能的影响.结果表明,焊接过程中焊核区(NZ)发生了动态再结晶,形成了尺寸细小的等轴晶粒,合金中的沉淀相发生回溶,NZ只存在尺寸细小、分布离散的GP区.热影响区(HAZ)晶粒形态和尺寸与母材基本相似,存在两种形态的沉淀相(β'相和Q'相).搅拌头转速越大或焊接速度越小,均会提高相应的焊接热输入,过高的焊接热输入会降低FSW接头在107循环周次下的疲劳强度.疲劳裂纹均在试样表面萌生,疲劳裂纹扩展初期为沿晶扩展,然后逐渐转变为穿晶扩展,断口形貌呈现解理断裂,最终失稳断裂转变为韧性断裂.     

Al-Mg合金电子束填丝焊接头的显微组织与力学性能

采用ER5183焊丝作为填充材料,对厚度为2 mm的Al-Mg合金进行真空电子束填丝焊接,并对焊接接头的微观组织及力学性能进行分析测试。结果表明,在合适的焊接工艺条件下,获得的Al-Mg合金接头焊缝成形良好。微观分析显示,接头熔合区为柱状晶和等轴状枝晶组织,主要由α(Al)基体相和β(Al₃Mg₂)强化相组成,焊缝中存在大量的缠结位错和第二相粒子。力学性能测试表明,与母材区的硬度相比,接头熔合区的硬度有所降低。在最佳工艺条件下获得接头的抗拉强度为311.2 MPa,达母材抗拉强度的96.9%。接头拉伸断口表面分布的韧窝数量较多,呈明显的韧性断裂特征。      

Fatigue crack propagation rates and threshold stress intensity factors for welded joints of HT80 steel at several stress ratios

Fatigue crack propagation rates and threshold stress intensity factors were measured for welded joints and base metal by using 200 mm wide centre-cracked specimens. The fatigue crack propagation properties of welded joints were similar in spite of the different zones in which the cracks propagated (ie, in the heat-affected zone and in the weld metal) and the different welding process used (submerged arc welding and gas metal arc welding). They were, however, inferior to those of the base metal. It was revealed by observation of the crack closure that the fatigue cracks were fully open during the whole range of loading, due to the tensile residual stress distribution in the middle part of the welded joints. This observation also explains the lack of a stress ratio effect on the fatigue crack propagation properties of welded joints, and their inferiority to those of the base metal.     

Effect of microstructural features on the failure behavior of hybrid laser welded AA7020

Detailed investigations of microstructural feature, mechanical property, fatigue strength, and damage mechanism were conducted on hybrid laser welded 7020‐T651 aluminum alloys used into high‐speed railway vehicles. The results show that the hybrid laser welding process can induce significant changes of microstructures and alloying elements, together with numerous gas pores. Such local modifications degrade the fatigue performance. The tensile strength of welded joints was approximately 74% with respect to the base metal, thus satisfying the design standard. The fatigue property was determined in the low and high cycle regimes. It was found that the fatigue strength of welded joints was fairly inferior to that of the base metal, but far higher than the IIW recommended value. Furthermore, welding defects were well believed to contribute to the shorter fatigue life. The small fatigue crack growth presented highly discontinuous and inhomogeneous due to microstructure and porosity. By contrast, the crack stable growth stage was less sensitive to microstructural features of hybrid welded joints.     

Fatigue crack growth characteristics of inertia friction welded Ti17 alloy

Fatigue crack growth rates (FCGR) of the inertia friction welded Ti17 alloy joint was studied at room temperature (RT) and 400 °C at a stress ratio of 0.1. Microstructural analysis and mechanical tests were also carried out. The results show that at RT, FCGR of weld metal with recrystallisation microstructure was higher compared with the base metal and the thermo‐mechanically affected zone. At 400 °C, however, the difference of the FCGR became insignificant. Fractographic observation showed that the failure of the base metal was dominated by slip band in transgranular mode at both RT and 400 °C, whereas crack in weld metal grew in intergranular mode at RT but in transgranular mode at 400 °C. The combined effects of lower yield strength and bigger yield‐ultimate tensile strength difference may be responsible for the higher fatigue crack growth (FCG) resistance of inertia friction welded Ti17 alloy at elevated temperature.     

The effect of microstructures on fatigue crack growth in Q345 steel welded joint

It is a traditional that the fatigue crack growth behavior is sensitive to microstructure in threshold regime, while it is sensitive to R‐ratio in Paris regime. Fatigue test is carried out for welded joints of a Q345 steel where the compact tension specimens with 3.8 and 12.5 mm thickness are used, and comparisons of fatigue crack growth behavior between base metal and a few different locations in the welded joint are considered in Paris regime. Welding residual stresses are removed by heat treatment to focus the study on the microstructural effect. It is shown that fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) in the base metal is not sensitive to R‐ratio, but the FCGR increases in the overheated zone, the fusion zone and the weld metal zone with R‐ratio increasing. To the low R‐ratio, FCGR in the three zones is smaller than that in the base metal, but they approximate the same with base metal under the high R‐ratio. The mechanism of fatigue crack growth is analyzed through crack path in microstructures and SEM fractograph. The coarse‐grained ferrite in the base metal is of benefit to relaxation of the average stress at the crack tip, and the fatigue crack growth predicts branching and deflection within above different locations in the welded joint. These tortuous crack paths with crack branching and deflection will promote crack closure as well as crack‐tip stress shielding and then resulted in higher crack growth resistance.     

Fatigue life prediction based on crack closure for 6156 Al-alloy laser welded joints under variable amplitude loading

A fatigue prediction approach is proposed using fracture mechanics for laser beam welded Al-alloy joints under stationary variable amplitude loading. The proposed approach was based on the constant crack open stress intensity factor in each loading block for stationary variable amplitude loading. The influence of welding residual stress on fatigue life under stationary variable amplitude was taken into account by the change of crack open stress intensity factor in each loading block. The residual stress relaxation coefficient β = 0.5 was proposed to consider the residual stress relaxation for the laser beam welded Al-alloy joints during the fatigue crack growth process. Fatigue life prediction results showed that a very good agreement between experimental and estimated results was obtained.     

TIG与FSW焊接工艺下2219铝合金疲劳裂纹扩展性能研究

目的 研究钨极惰性气体保护焊（TIG）和搅拌摩擦焊（FSW）对2219铝合金焊接接头疲劳性能的影响,并探究这2种不同焊接技术条件下焊接接头疲劳裂纹的产生与裂纹扩展原理,了解2种焊接接头的抗裂纹扩展能力,为工程实践应用提供数据参考。方法 采用疲劳裂纹扩展试验方法,测试上述2种焊接工艺条件下焊缝金属和热影响区组织的疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/d N和阈值,使用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察并分析金相组织和疲劳断口形貌特征。结果 疲劳裂纹倾向于沿裂纹处萌生,裂纹的存在成为主要的裂纹扩展源头,有利于加速裂纹向前延伸。热影响区由于组织结构不均匀,不同位置的晶粒尺寸存在明显差异,疲劳裂纹扩展路径倾向于沿靠近焊缝一侧向靠近母材区域扩展。TIG焊接工艺下焊缝金属和热影响区的裂纹扩展速率明显低于FSW焊接工艺下的焊缝金属和热影响区,与此同时,TIG焊接接头表现出优良的抗疲劳裂纹扩展性能。结论 通过此研究,建议2219铝合金焊接接头采用TIG焊接工艺,抗疲劳裂纹扩展效果更佳。     

Effects of mechanical heterogeneity on the tensile and fatigue behaviours in a laser-arc hybrid welded aluminium alloy joint

The effects of mechanical heterogeneity on the tensile and high cycle fatigue (10⁴–10⁷ cycles) properties were investigated for laser-arc hybrid welded aluminium alloy joints. Tensile–tensile cyclic loading with a stress ratio of 0.1 was applied in a direction perpendicular to the weld direction for up to 10⁷ cycles. The local mechanical properties in the tensile test and the accumulated plastic strain in the fatigue test throughout the weld’s different regions were characterized using a digital image correlation technique. The tensile results indicated heterogeneous tensile properties throughout the different regions of the aluminium welded joint, and the heat affected zone was the weakest region in which the strain localized. In the fatigue test, the accumulated plastic strain evolutions in different subzones of the weld were analyzed, and slip bands could be clearly observed in the heat affected zone. A transition of fatigue failure locations from the heat affected zone caused by accumulated plastic strain to the fusion zone induced by fatigue crack at pores could be observed under different cyclic stress levels. The welding porosity in the fusion zone significantly influences the high cycle fatigue behaviour.     

Effect of overload on fatigue crack retardation of aerospace Al-alloy laser welds using crack-tip plasticity analysis

Investigations on fatigue crack growth retardation due to single tensile and periodic multiple over load in strength undermatched laser beam welded 3.2 mm thick aerospace grade aluminium alloy 2139-T8 sheets are conducted. The effect of overload on the fatigue crack propagation behaviours of the homogenous base metal and welded panels (200 mm wide, centre cracked) was compared using experimental and FE analysis methods. The effective crack tip plasticity has been determined in homogeneous M(T) specimens using Irwin’s method and in both homogeneous and laser welded specimen by calculating crack tip plastic strain using FE analysis for single tensile overload. The crack retardation due to the overload in welded specimens is described by the Wheeler Model. The crack tip plastic zone size in the welded specimen was determined by FE analysis using maximum plastic zone extension at the mid sheet thickness. The results show that the Wheeler Model can be implemented to the highly heterogeneous undermatched weld to describe the crack retardation in fatigue following single tensile overload. Fatigue crack growth retardation due to single overload is found to be larger than the base metal. However, after periodic multiple overload, shorter crack retardation has occurred for undermatched welds than the base metal.     

Microstructure and tensile properties of laser beam welded Ti–22Al–27Nb alloys

Ti–22Al–27Nb alloys were welded using the laser beam welding process. The microstructure characterization and the tensile properties of the laser beam welded joints were investigated. The experimental results showed that a well-quality joint could be obtained using laser beam welding method. The fusion zone of the welded joint was composed of B2 phase. The tensile strength of the joints at room temperature was basically comparable to that of the base metal and the tensile ductility of the joints achieved 56% of the base metal. The average tensile strength of the welded joints at 650 °C was tested to be about 733 MPa, with the elongation of 2.93%.     

AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头断裂机制

对AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头进行力学性能实验.拉伸、疲劳实验结果显示,AZ31镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接头抗拉强度可以达到母材强度的92.9%,断裂位置在前进面的机械热影响区,认为是前进面机械热影响区不均匀的层状组织和应力集中作用的结果.扫描电镜显示:断口有明显的撕裂纹和纤维状组织.