三季度美国建筑业发展缓慢

9月份美国建筑业继续裁员据美国劳工统计局公布的报告称,经季节性调整后2010年9月份建筑业职位减至560.4万个,减少了2.1万个（下降0.4%）。最近12个月内,该行业裁掉了21万个雇员（下降3.6%）。在美国劳工统计局统计的4个建筑业类别中,只有一个在2009年增加了就业职位：即重型工程和土木工程建设业,增加了8500个职位（上升1.0%）,主要得益于经济刺激计划、军事基地重组和新奥尔良防洪的资金支持,其他4个类别职位均出现减少。     

地下管线剖面图的生成与应用

地下管线敷设路径的设计,是地下管线施工建设的重要依据,直接关系着施工过程中地下管线的安全和城市地下空间的合理规划,是“城市生命线”安全、高效运营的重要保障。本文介绍了地下管线剖面图在现代城市建设中的重要应用以及剖面图生成软件的设计、实现及应用效果。     

英美对公共交通型自动扶梯的技术要求

GB16899-2011《自动扶梯和自动人行道的制造与安装安全规范》对公共交通型自动扶梯或自动人行道的定义是：“适用于下列情况之一的自动扶梯或自动人行道：a）是公共交通系统包括出口和入口处的组成部分;b）高强度的使用,即每周运行时间约140h,且在任何3h的间隔内,其载荷达100％制动载荷的持续时间不少于0．5h．”     

城市形态对美国住宅能源使用的影响

城市形态对交通能源使用影响的研究已相当广泛,但其对住宅能源使用影响的研究仍然缺乏.本文提出的概念框架通过三大因果途径将城市形态和住宅能源使用联系起来:输配电损失、不同住宅存量的能源需求、城市热岛导致的建筑供暖和制冷需求.其中两大因果途径可利用现有国家层面的数据进行分析.在排除其他因素影响的情况下,相对于紧凑型地区的同类居民,蔓延型地区的居民有更大可能性选择独户独立式住宅,且更倾向于大户型住宅,这都会导致住宅能源消耗量偏高.由于城市存在热岛效应,全国范围内蔓延型地区居民的住宅额外能耗平均值比紧凑型地区更低.本文还探讨了上述问题对城市规划的启示.     

Modeling the Potential Impacts of Different Radon Policies for the U.S. Housing Stock

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other public health agencies in the United States, radon may be the leading cause (along with passive smoking) of lung cancer deaths among nonsmokers. Radon is estimated to be the second leading cause of lung cancer death in smokers behind smoking-related lung cancer. EPA estimates that 7,000 to 30,000 lung cancer deaths each year are due to radon exposure. (It is implied that radon-related lung cancer deaths can be prevented by reducing radon levels below EPA's guideline levels.) Current EPA radon policy is based on a strategy of education, the transfer of testing and remediation technologies to the public and private sectors, and recently proposed radon-resistant construction standards for new homes. This paper models the effectiveness of current, proposed, and alternative policies for reducing radon risks in U.S. residential construction. The results of our analysis suggest that EPA's projections of 2,200 “lives saved annually” as a result of its current action level of 4 pCi/l will not be achieved with its current policy in the near future. Overall, the response of radon-related mortality to most policy options is delayed and flat due in pan to the large number of houses with low radon levels and the long latency period between radon exposure and the development of cancer. The modeling results suggest that more aggressive smoking reduction programs may yield greater benefits in overall lung cancer mortality (but not reduced radon exposure) than most radon-related policies.     

Comparisons among VOCs Measured in Three Types of U.S. Commercial Buildings with Different Occupant Densities

Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been simultaneously measured indoors and outdoors at 50 sparsely occupied telecommunications (Telco) offices, 9 variably occupied data centers and 11 densely occupied administrative (Admin) offices. Comparisons among the three building types, as well as within each of the building types, showed the influence of ventilation and sources. On average, the Telco and Admin facilities were better ventilated than the Data Centers, and the geometric mean of the I/O's for ∑VOC (sum of the concentrations of identified VOCs) at Telco (3.2) and Admin (5.3) facilities were lower than at Data Centers (8.6). Admin Offices had more and stronger sources than Telco Offices; when comparably ventilated facilities were compared, many VOCs had I/O ratios that were significantly larger at the Admin Offices. Furthermore, certain VOCs were detected in Admin but not Telco Offices. The influence of human occupancy on indoor VOCs was gauged by comparing sparsely and densely occupied buildings. Octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), n-dodecane (n-C12) through n-hexadecane (n-C16), limonene, and, to a lesser extent, tetrachloroethylene were all present in higher concentrations when there were more occupants (per unit area). Within this set of compounds, D5 was the best marker of occupant density.     

嗅味层次分析法对饮用水中嗅味的识别

介绍了嗅味层次分析法（FPA）培训程序及其在饮用水嗅味识别中的应用案例。结果表明，按照FPA方法选择并培训的测试小组，对于实际水样中的异嗅味能够进行明确的定性和定量分析；FPA小组经嗅阈值及强度训练后，对典型土霉味物质（2-甲基异莰醇，MIB）和氯味物质NaClO的嗅阈值可分别达到4．82ng／L和0．03mg／L，同时检测出的嗅味强度与嗅味物质浓度间的关系符合Weber—Fechner Law关系式（R^2分别为0．97、0．99），且具有较好的重现性。采用该方法测定了北方某水厂各工艺段水样的嗅味变化情况。结果表明，FPA法可较好地用于评价水厂工艺对常见嗅味物质的处理效果，能够为水厂的运行提供可靠的感官分析手段。     

Methodology of hygienic standard-setting in the U.S.S.R

This article describes basic principles, criteria and methods of hygienic standard-setting for different environmental factors. It deals with hygienic standards for chemical pollutants in atmospheric air, water and soil, for bacterial and viral contamination, as well as for physical environmental factors with regard to their respective specificity. The article demonstrates the necessity of further development of methodology.     

美国水务行业所有制结构及其成因分析

法国早于19世纪中叶就开始了水务私有化(Privatization)。英国于1988年完成了最彻底的水务私有化，将全国水务市场划分为10个区域，由10家拥有特许经营权的公司来经营。冷战结束后水务私有化在中欧、东欧也全面铺开。随着水务市场的开放，全球的水务行业正在或即将经历一场深刻的     

浅谈建筑项目人力资源管理体系的问题与优化

本文对建筑项目人力资源管理的特点及影响因素进行了介绍,分析了目前建筑项目人力资源管理中较为普遍存在的问题,提出了只为任务设立岗位、确定清晰的责权关系、建立适宜的管理幅度等一系列优化措施。     

The agglomeration of U.S.-owned and foreign-owned plants across the U.S. States

Agglomeration in U.S. manufacturing is more common than initially thought. This clustering arises from location natural advantages and spillovers. Extant studies on agglomeration do not distinguish the activities of U.S.-owned plants from those that are foreign owned. This distinction is crucial since policies seem to have differential impacts on both types of plants. I find that industry scale, resource intensity and urbanization economies have larger impacts on foreign plant agglomeration whereas knowledge intensity has a larger effect on domestic plant agglomeration. Received: September 2001/Accepted: April 2002 I would like to thank the UNO University Committee on Research for support of this project and Ke Yang for invaluable research assistance. The paper has benefited from the comments made by an anonymous referee. The usual caveats apply.     

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in archived U.S. biosolids from the 2001 EPA national sewage sludge survey

In response to the U.S. National Academies' call for a better assessment of chemical pollutants contained in the approximately 7 million dry tons of digested municipal sludge produced annually in the United States, the mean concentration of 72 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCP) were determined in 110 biosolids samples collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in its 2001 National Sewage Sludge Survey. Composite samples of archived biosolids, collected at 94 U.S. wastewater treatment plants from 32 states and the District of Columbia, were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry using EPA Method 1694. Thirty-eight (54%) of the 72 analytes were detected in at least one composite sample at concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 48 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight. Triclocarban and triclosan were the most abundant analytes with mean concentrations of 36 ± 8 and 12.6 ± 3.8 mg kg⁻¹ (n = 5), respectively, accounting for 65% of the total PPCP mass found. The loading to U.S. soils from nationwide biosolids recycling was estimated at 210-250 metric tons per year for the sum of the 72 PPCPs investigated. The results of this nationwide reconnaissance of PPCPs in archived U.S. biosolids mirror in contaminant occurrences, frequencies and concentrations, those reported by the U.S. EPA for samples collected in 2006/2007. This demonstrates that PPCP releases in U.S. biosolids have been ongoing for many years and the most abundant PPCPs appear to show limited fluctuations in mass over time when assessed on a nationwide basis. The here demonstrated use of five mega composite samples holds promise for conducting cost-effective, routine monitoring on a regional and national basis.     

建设行政主管部门对商品混凝土生产的管理

依托达拉特旗建筑工程质量监督抗震站对全旗商品混凝土市场以及商品混凝土生产企业生产质量的管理工作,详细介绍作为建设行政主管部门质量监督站对商品混凝土生产市场的管理经验,从商品混凝土市场管理和质量管理两个方面对管理经验进行了详细的总结,为建设行政主管部门管理商品混凝土市场提供经验。     

Thirty-three Years of Regulating Fire Protection at Commercial U.S. Nuclear Power Plants: Dousing the Flames of Controversy**

This article focuses on what have been, and may continue to be, the more controversial aspects of fires at commercial nuclear power plants regulated by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Examining what has transpired in fire protection regulation since the 1975 fire at Browns Ferry Unit 1, which first focused attention on the potential hazard of fire at commercial nuclear power plants, we offer a personal perspective as to whether or not the “the flames of controversy” have been “doused.” We show that significant progress has been made while speculating whether these “flames” may ever truly be extinguished, or only kept under control. No core damage accident has ever occurred at a commercial nuclear power plant due to fire.

国际建协会议中的人居轨迹

国际建协会议是世界范围的建筑师大会，自从它诞生以来就为人类社会的建筑界做出了不可磨灭的贡献，主要针对它发展过程中的人居轨迹进行探讨，并进一步分析人居环境建设的意义和建筑师在建设过程中遇到的问题。     

从美国高校学生事务管理看我国辅导员队伍专业化建设

借鉴美国高校学生事务管理经验,针对我国辅导员队伍建设和发展中存在的问题,建议确立以学生事务为依据,促进辅导员分类发展的思路,以专业化的岗位设置,专门的学科专业,制度化的培训体系,作为辅导员专业化建设的保障。     

Background levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in the U.S. population

Background

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposures are encountered by the general public by eating contaminated food or living near a previously operating PCB factory or hazardous waste site. PCBs affect the immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems and are carcinogens. PCBs were banned in the United States in 1977. For public health, it is important to be able to estimate individual risk, especially for vulnerable populations, to monitor the decline in risk over time and to alert the public health community if spikes occur in PCB exposures, by measuring serum PCB levels. The historical decline in PCB exposures cannot be documented within a repeatedly tested general population, since there is no such population. Therefore, our aim was to model serum PCB levels in the US general population over time using published data.

Methods

Models were developed based on 45 publications providing 16,914 background PCB levels in sera collected 1963-2003. Multiple linear regression and exponential decay were used to model the summary PCB levels.

Results

Background levels of higher-chlorinated PCBs (five or more chlorines) in sera increased before 1979 and decreased after 1979; a quadratic model was the best fit. However, the exponential decay model explained better the low PCB serum levels still seen in the general population. For lower-chlorinated serum PCBs, no increase or decrease was shown (1.7 ppb for all years).

Conclusions

Limitations for both models were lack of repeated measures, non-randomly selected study participants, selected years, concentration on geographic areas centered on PCB waste sites, lack of adjustment for BMI or for laboratory methods. Despite the limitations, this analysis shows that background PCB levels in the general population are still of concern. Future work should focus on uncertainties governing how to interpret the levels with respect to possible long term health effects.     

美国热塑性防水片材新进展

介绍了美国热塑性防水片材的发展要,并对市场上的典型产品如CPA、CPE、CSPE、EIP、NBP、PVC和TPO采用“五星等级系统”进行了产品评价。     

美国世贸中心回望

本刊2001年4期曾发表“美国世贸中心轰然倒下的思考”一文,转眼之间,美国世贸中心大楼的“9·11”事件已一周年,作为建筑经典的回望,本刊陆续收到一些来稿,本刊采编部也一直在关注着美国世贸中心重建的动态。这里刊出的文章及图片的主要来源:(1) 由美国2001年末“Courage Books”公司出版的《世界贸易中心》纪念集,作者Bill Harris是一位多产作家,在《纽约时报》社工作20多年,对纽约历史和建筑史知识颇丰;(2) 中国教育新闻代表团陈宝泉主任记者曼哈顿高层建筑的小记,本刊对此加以综合补充,希望读者从中能感受到美国世贸中心建筑曾经产生过的作用。