The Complex of Crosslinked Chitosan with 4＇-formal Benzo-15-crown-5 and Palladium Used as Catalyst for Asymmetrie Hydrogenation of α-phenylethanone

The crosslinked chitosan was grafted by 4＇-formal benzo-15-crown-5 to obtaine crosslinked chitosan with 4＇-formal benzo- 15-crown-5（CCTS-N=CH-B- 15-C-5）. Then it was loaded with palldium chloride to gain the heterogeneous catalyst, which was easily isolated from the reaction system. The influences of the Pd content of the catalyst, solvent, and temperature on asymmetric hydrogenation of a-phenylethanone have been studied. The catalyst has been found to catalyze the hydrogenation ofa-phenylethanone into the chiral alcohol, α-phenyl ethanol under the mild condition. The optical yield of （R）- 1-phenylethanol could be obtained as 97.1% under the following conditions： temperature, 30℃; solvent, ethanol; Pd content, 1.43 mmol/g; substrate concentration, 0.02 g/mL due to the cooperative effect of crown ether and chitosan polymer. The stability of this catalyst was also studied at the same time. This chiral natural crosslinked chitosan-palladium complex catalyst could be reused without appreciable change in optical catalytic activity, which will be useful for designing crosslinked-chitosan-based adsorption for metal ions for asymmetric hydrogenation.     

Systematic Studies on the Aromatization of Light Hydrocarbon(

After studying the deactivation type of ZnNi/HZSM-5 catalyst of aromatization of light hydrocarbon, the conclusion was drawn that carbon deposition was the main one of modified ZSM-5 and the catalytic activity could be recovered by charking. The reactivation mode was presumed on the basis of the investigation of the influence of temperature on reactivation process by static charking in muffle furnace and dynamic charking in reactor. Reactivation process simulating industrial charking process at macroscopic calorific effect was studied in 100 mL miniature continuous fixed-bed reactor. The result shows that charking was a diffusion process forming hot spot in catalyst from outer to inner and maximum reactivation temperature was the most important factor among the influential ones including oxygen content, space velocity, time and maximum temperature. Catalytic activity could be recovered only when temperature was higher than 575℃. Meanwhile, reactivation time was determined by space velocity and oxygen content. The best scheme (low initial burning temperature and single charking) was confirmed from the comparison of the three reactivation ones. According to the third scheme, reactivation time was cut down by one half and catalyst stability was maintained after repeated reactivation with the recovery of ZnNi/HZSM-5 catalytic activity.     

Equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption of Ca（ II ） ions onto KCTS and HKCTS

The adsorption of Ca(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution by chitosan α-ketoglutaric acid(KCTS) and hydroxamated chitosan α-ketoglutaric acid(HKCTS) was studied in a batch adsorption system.The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describing the equilibrium isotherms,and isotherm constants were determined.The kinetics of the adsorption with respect to the initial Ca(Ⅱ) ions concentration,temperature and pH was investigated.The pseudo-first-order and second-order kinetic models were used to des...     

Catalytic Decomposition of Methylene Chloride by Sulfated Titania Catalysts

Catalytic decomposition of methylene chloride in air below 300℃ was studied. Sulfated tiaznia was very effective in converting 959ppm methylene chloride selectively to CO, CO2 and HCl. Complete decomposi-tion of methylene chloride was achieved at low temperature( 275℃ ). It was found that the acidic property of cata-lyst was a determinaat factor for the catalytic activity. The presence of water vapor in the feed stream remarkably reduced the catalytic activity, which could be due to the blockage of acidic sites on the surface of catalyst by water molecules. A bifunctional catalyst comprising copper oxide was developed to improve the selectivity of catalytic oxi-thrtion , which indicated that copper oxide can promote the deep oxidation of methylene chloride. The crystal form of TiO2 imposes an important influence upon the catalytic oxidation.     

Equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption of Ca(Ⅱ) ions onto KCTS and HKCTS

The adsorption of Ca(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solution by chitosan α-ketoglutaric acid(KCTS) and hydroxamated chitosan α-ketoglutaric acid(HKCTS) was studied in a batch adsorption system.The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describing the equilibrium isotherms,and isotherm constants were determined.The kinetics of the adsorption with respect to the initial Ca(Ⅱ) ions concentration,temperature and pH was investigated.The pseudo-first-order and second-order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data and the rate constants were evaluated.The results show that the experimental data fit well to the Langmuir isotherms with a high correlation coefficient(R2).The pseudo-second-order rate expression provides the best fitting kinetic model.The pseudo second-order kinetic model is indicated with the activation energy of 26.22 kJ/mol and 6.16 kJ/mol for KCTS and HKCTS,respectively.It is suggested that the overall rate of adsorption of Ca(Ⅱ) ions is likely to be controlled by the chemical process.     

Liquefaction of metal-contaminated giant reed biomass in acidified ethylene glycol system： Batch experiments

Giant reed is a suitable pioneer plant for metal-contaminated soil phytoremediation,however,it is imperative to dispose the metal-contaminated biomass after harvesting.The liquefaction of metal-contaminated giant reed biomass in ethylene glycol system with sulfuric acid as catalyst for the precursors of polyurethane compounds was studied.The results show that giant reed biomass from metal-contaminated soil is potentially liquefied and significantly affected by solvent/solid ratio,liquefaction temperature and liquefaction time （P〈0.05）.The liquefaction rate of biomass in acidified ethylene glycol system can reach 85.2% with optimized conditions of 60 min,170 ℃,3% sulfuric acid and solvent/biomass ratio of 5：1.The hydroxyl value of liquefied products is of 481 mg KOH/g while reactive hydroxyl groups of them are abundant,which is promised as potential precursors for polyurethane compounds.The solvent liquefaction is a potential method to dispose the metal-contaminated biomass,however,the containing-metal liquefied products should be studied deeply in order to get the suitable precursors in future.     

Semi—solid Processing of Steel—Al—7 Graphite BInding Plate

The bonding of steel plate to Al-7 graphite slurry was studied for the first time.The relationship model about preheat temperature of steel plate,solid fiaction of Al-7 graphite slurry,rolling speed and nterfacial shear strength of bonding plate could be established by artificial neural networks perfectly.This model could be optimized with a genetic algorthm.The optimum bonding parameters are :516℃ for preheat temperature of steel plate,32.5% for solid fraction of Al-7 graphite slurry and 12mm/s for rolling speed,and the largest interfacial shear strength of bonding plate is 70.6MPa.     

Influences of synthesis methods and modifier addition on the properties of Ni-based catalysts supported on reticulated ceramic foams

A method of synthesizing Ni-based catalysts supported on α-Al2O3-based foams was developed. The foams were impregnated with aqueous solutions of metal chlorides under an air atmosphere using an aerosol route. Separate procedures involved calcination to form oxides and drying to obtain chlorides on the foam surface. The synthesized samples were subsequently reduced with hydrogen. With respect to the Ni/Al2O3 catalysts, the chloride reduction route enabled the formation ofa Ni coating without agglomerates or cracks. Further research included catalyst modification by the addition of Pd, Cu, and Fe. The influences of the additives on the degree of reduction and on the low-temperature reduction effectiveness （533 and 633 K） were examined and compared for the catalysts obtained from oxides and chlorides. Greater degrees of reduction were achieved with chlorides, whereas Pd was the most effective modifier among those investigated. The reduction process was nearly complete at 533 K in the sample that contained 0.1wt% Pd. A lower reduction temperature was utilized, and the calcination step was avoided, which may enhance the economical and technological aspects of the developed catalyst production method.     

Optimization of RPC technique for refining the intermediate transformation microstructure

The influence of processing parameters of relaxation-precipitation-controlling phase transformation(RPC) technique,finish rolling temperature,reduction ration and relaxing time on the microstructure was studied by thermo-simulation for a low carbon Nb and Ti containing micro-alloyed steel.The microstructure was investigated by optical microscope,transmission electron microscope and electron back scatter diffraction(EBSD).The statistical results of the packet size were calculated.It shows that,after PRC procesas,the steel is a composite microstructure of bainite and matensite.The best thermo-simulation process for refinement in this experiment is deformation for 30% at 850℃,and then relaxing at this temperature for 60s to 200s,Increasing the reduction ratio from 30%to 60% or decreasing the deformation temperature to 800℃ would cause the best relaxation time to become shorter,increasing the deformation temperature to 900℃ would cause the refinement effect to be weak.     

Decoioration and mineralization of yeast wastewater by using Ce-Fe/Al2O3 as heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst

Decoloration and mineralization of yeast wastewater were investigated by using Ce-Fe/Al2O3 as a heterogeneous photo-Fenton catalyst in fluidized bed reactor in order to solve the problem of yeast wastewater discharge. The experimental results were assessed in terms of total organic carbon（TOC） reduction. The operational and reaction conditions affecting the efficiencies of TOC removal such as initial pH value, H2O2 concentration, catalyst loading and UV power were studied. The results show that TOC is reduced from 347.6 mg/L to 10.8 mg/L, color is changed from 500 units to 0 under the conditions as follows： initial pH value 6. 0, H2O2 concentration of 1. 000 g/L, catalyst loading of 5 g/L, reaction duration of 120 rain and reaction temperature of 30 ℃. The irradiated Ce-Fe/Al2O3 catalyst was complexed with 1,10-phenanthroline and then it was subjected to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to confirm the formation of Fe（Ⅱ） in the solid state. Heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction proves to be effective for the treatment of yeast wastewater.     

Preparation and Properties of Epoxy Piezoelectric Vibration Reduction Composites

The epoxy resin (E-51) was used as polymer matrix,conductive carbon black (CB) as conductive filler,and PZT was used to prepare a composite by curing.The effects of PZT and CB content on the properties of PZT/ CB/ EP piezoelectric composite were studied.When the PZT content reaches 40 wt%,the optimized vibration attenuation properties of PZT/CB/EP materials could be achieved with a loss factor of 0.9 from room temperature to 60 ℃.With the increase of PZT content,the bending strength of PZT/CB/EP piezoelectric composite vibration reduction material firstly increased from 45 MPa to 65 MPa and then decreased to 38 MPa.At room temperature,the dielectric constant increased from 7 to 50,and the dielectric loss increased from 0.1 to 0.5.     

Crystallization process of 2-chloro-4,6-diaminoresorcinol

In order to get 2-chloro-4,6-dinitroresocinol(CDNR) with high purity,which influences the synthesis of 4,6-diaminoresorcinol dihydrochloride,the solubility of CDNR in various solvents was measured by laser method and ethanol was chosen as the solvent.The recrystallization process of CDNR was investigated and crystallizing parameters such as cooling rate,temperature and time were discussed.Experimental results show that the time and temperature of crystallization greatly affect the yield and a higher yield can be received at-8 ℃ for 5 h.Slow cooling rate is helpful to the crystallization of CDNR,and the mechanical stirring or ultrasonic treatment can increase the yield and the purity of CDNR.     

Microwave-assisted hydroxylation of benzene to phenol with H_2O_2 over FeSO_4/SiO_2

Hydroxyl radicals HO are generated under Fenton-like (Fe2++H2O2→HO?+OH?+Fe3+) catalytic conditions upon microwave irradiation. Liquid-phase direct catalytic oxidation of benzene to phenol was obtained using FeSO4 supported on silica gel as a solid catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant. The effects of various parameters, such as the different solvents, the amount of solvent used, the amount of catalyst used, the reaction time, the reaction temperature and the amount of hydrogen peroxide used on the yield of phenol were studied to identify optimum reaction conditions. Conventionally heated reaction gives a phenol yield of 0.6%. A higher phenol yield of 13.9% with a selectivity of 100% is obtained when the reaction mixture was irradiated with micro-wave energy. It is concluded that microwave irradiation offers more effective control of energy input for hydroxyl radical generation that is appropriate for various synthetic reactions.     

A design method and numerical study for a new type parabolic trough solar collector with uniform solar flux distribution

The non-uniform concentrated solar flux distribution on the outer surface of the absorber tube can lead to large circumferential temperature difference and high local temperature of the absorber tube wall,which is one of the primary causes of parabolic trough solar receiver(PTR)failures.In this paper,a secondary reflector used as a homogenizing reflector(HR)in a conventional parabolic trough solar collector(PTSC)was recommended to homogenize the solar flux distribution and thus increase the reliability of the PTR.The design method of this new type PTSC with a HR was also proposed.Meanwhile,the concentrated solar flux distribution was calculated by adopting the Monte Carlo ray-trace(MCRT)method.Then,the coupled heat transfer process within the PTR was simulated by treating the solar flux calculated by the MCRT method as the heat flux boundary condition for the finite volume method model.The solar flux distribution on the outer surface of the absorber tube,the temperature field of the absorber tube wall,and the collector efficiency were analyzed in detail.It was revealed that the absorber tube could almost be heated uniformly in the PTSC with a HR.As a result,the circumferential temperature difference and the maximum temperature could be reduced significantly,while the efficiency tended to decrease slightly due to the inevitably increased optical loss.Under the conditions studied in this paper,although the collector efficiency decreased by about 4%,the circumferential temperature difference was reduced from about 25 to 3 K and the maximum temperature was reduced from667 to 661 K.     

Four-function Principle for Optimization Design of Green High Performance Massive Concrete

A four-function principle was proposed for the optimization design of green high performance massive concrete（GHPMC）based on the theory of value engineering and the adiabatic temperature change control.A set of concrete formulas were designed according to the orthogonal experiment.The experimental results were analyzed by applying the variance analysis method to find out the effects of influential factors and determine the optimum mixture formula.In addition,the four-function principle was successfully applied to optimize the mixture formula in field massive concrete engineering.The practical results show the adiabatic temperature change of massive concrete could be efficiently controlled,and the excellent durability,good workability and high compressive strength could be achieved.     

Thickness of compound layer in steel-aluminum solid to liquid bonding

The bonding of solid steel plate to liquid aluminum was studied using rapid solidification. The surface of solid steel plate was defatted, descaled, immersed (in K2ZrF6 flux aqueous solution) and stoved. In order to determine the thickness of Fe-AI compound layer at the interface of steel-aluminum solid to liquid bonding under rapid solidification, the interface of bonding plate was investigated by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) experiment. The relationship between bonding parameters (such as preheat temperature of steel plate, temperature of aluminum liquid and bonding time) and thickness of Fe-AI compound layer at the interface was established by artificial neural networks (ANN) perfectly. The maximum of relative error between the output and the desired output of the ANN is only 5.4%. From the bonding parameters for the largest interfacial shear strength of bonding plate (226℃for preheat temperature of steel plate, 723℃ for temperature of aluminum liquid and 15.8 s for bonding time), the reasona     

Fabrication and Properties of Multilayer Chitosan Membrane Loaded with Tinidazole

With the aim of providing effective periodontal disease therapeutic method, multilayer membranes which were loaded with drug for guided tissue regeneration were prepared using an immerseprecipitation phase inversion technique. Single layer, bi-layer and tri-layer membranes were fabricated with chitosan used as cartier and tinidazole as medicine model which was loaded on the membrane. The influence of layer on structure and properties of membrane were studied by SEM, UV spectrophotometer and mechanical test. Drug release properties of three types of layer membranes were also investigated. The results showed that release rate could be slown down in both bi-layer and tri-layer membranes （to 11 days and 14 days respectively） and tri-layer membrane lasted the longest. After a process of rapid release, the concentration of tinidazole which was released by the membrane was maintained at an efficient dosage level. Compared with single layer and bi- layer membranes, we found tri-layer membrane could play a role in controlling low-rate drug release especially at the early stage of release, and keep an efficient dosage at affected part for a long period of time. The loss of drug which loaded on membrane decreased from 84.6% for single layer to 13.04% for tri-layer. The mechanical strength of three types of membrane were detected and showed that it could meet the requiremens of clinical practice. The membranes especially with tri-layer could be more valuable in application.     

Microstructral Evolution of the Dendritic AlSi7Mg Alloy during Semi-solid Remelting

The microstructural evolution during partial remelting of dendritic AlSi7Mg alloys was studied with the help of an electrical fumace. The results show that it is difficult to change all the primary a dendrites into the spheroidal a phases, when the dendritic samples of AlSi7Mg alloy are remelted under 589 or (597±1)℃ and held on mis condition for 5 to 120 min. The results also show that the samples remelted can be deformed under the heavy force, if the holding time is longer under higher temperature.     

Controllable ion exchange synthesis of Ir/Carbon catalyst

In this paper,a carbon based iridium (Ir) catalyst was prepared by an ion exchange procedure using H2IrCl6 as precursor and a strong basic anion exchange resin as substrate. The Ir/Carbon sample was obtained by carbonizing the precursor. Effects of carbonization parameters such as temperature and time on size and dispersion of iridium crystallite were studied. Samples were prepared at 400 oC and 500 oC to investigate the effect of carbonization temperature. The SEM image of the Ir/Carbon composite shows a hard particle of 0. 2 - 0. 4 mm in diameter,which maintains a spherical shape. The TEM images of the catalyst show that no obvious effects of carbonization temperature or time are observed on the iridium particle size. Calcinated Ir nanoparticles prepared in ion exchange still keep their small particle-sized and narrow-sized distribution. The content of Ir supported on carbon can be well controlled simply by adjusting the relative ratio of Ir to carbon. Such a promising synthesis procedure is a versatile approach that can be extended to the fabrication of some carbon-supported metal catalysts or as a simple,rapid,and highly sensitive method.     

Effects of Stretching Ratio and Temperature on Phase Transition of Melt-spun Poly （Vinylidene Fluoride） Fibers

The effects of stretching ratio and stretching temperature on pbase transition of melt-spun poly （ vinylidene fluoride ） fibers were investigated and analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy, wide angle X- ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy. The β phase exists in the as-spun fiber. The β phase content increases as the stretching ratio increases. When the stretching temperature is lower than 100 ℃ , enhancing temperature is good for the transition of phase a to ft. By contrast, when the stretching temperature is higher than 100 ℃ , enhancing temperature is unfavourable for the transition of phase a to β. Increasing the draw temperature increases the α-phase content.