地下埋藏式钢岔管承载机理研究

水电站地下埋藏式钢岔管承载能力是工程设计中非常重要的一个内容，但目前对于钢岔管与围岩联合承载的机理还缺乏系统深入的研究。本文结合某抽水蓄能电站的工程实际，按照钢衬与围岩联合承载的原理，用三维非线性有限元对埋藏式钢岔管进行了计算分析。计算结果表明：在钢衬与围岩共同承受内水压力时，围岩发挥了重要作用，围岩的性能越好，所分担的内水压力就越大，因此在埋深足够的情况下，应充分利用围岩进行分载，以减小钢衬厚度，从而节约工程投资。     

埋藏式月牙肋钢岔管应力控制标准的比较研究

通过三维有限元结构分析,对目前常用的几种钢岔管应力控制标准进行了比较研究。在相同围岩参数及缝隙条件下,按不同应力控制标准设计的钢岔管管壁厚度和肋板尺寸差别较大,说明不同应力控制标准之间差别是较大的。此外,在满足明管校核准则和适当围岩承载比的条件下,按DL/T 5141—2001《水电站压力钢管设计规范》坝内埋管的结构系数增加10%的应力控制标准对地下埋藏式钢岔管进行设计是比较合理的。     

内加强月牙肋钢岔管新型结构

内加强月牙肋钢岔管具有水头损失小、受力比较均匀、外部无明显突出构造物、洞室开挖断面较小等优点 ,因此广泛应用于地下埋藏式压力管道。但布置在地面上的明式月牙肋钢岔管尚不多见 ,特别是当钢岔管承受的水头和直径较大时。以某水电工程钢岔管为例 ,以满足结构受力和水力条件为前提 ,优化岔管体形 ,然后按照钢衬钢筋混凝土岔管结构进行了有限元计算 ,得到了一些有益的结论。     

内加强月牙肋钢岔管新型结构

 内加强月牙肋钢岔管具有水头损失小、受力比较均匀、外部无明显突出构造物、洞室开 挖断面较小等优点,因此广泛应用于地下埋藏式压力管道。但布置在地面上的明式月牙肋钢 岔管尚不多见,特别是当钢岔管承受的水头和直径较大时。以某水电工程钢岔管为例,以 满足结构受力和水力条件为前提,优化岔管体形,然后按照钢衬钢筋混凝土岔管结构进行了有 限元计算,得到了一些有益的结论。     

地下埋藏式钢岔管三维有限元分析

结合某抽水蓄能电站的地下埋藏式钢衬钢筋混凝土岔管工程实例，采用Marc有限元软件，对钢岔管与围岩联合承载进行数值模拟。通过三维有限元线性和非线性计算，考虑了初始地应力、开挖支护引起的二次应力，以及钢衬与混凝土垫层间的初始缝隙对钢岔管受力和变形的影响，分析了岔洞开挖、支护及充水运行等工况下，钢衬、混凝土衬砌、围岩的应力和变形，得出了一些对工程有意义的结论。     

地下埋藏式钢岔管抗外压稳定性分析

考虑了钢岔管与混凝土垫层的初始缝隙和初始几何缺陷,给出了一套地下埋藏式钢岔管抗外压稳定性的三维有限元分析和求解方法。采用该方法分析某工程实例,将其成果与阿氏公式计算的结果进行了比较,证明了该方法的可行性,并得到一些对工程设计有参考价值的成果。     

蟠龙抽水蓄能电站月牙肋钢岔管结构与水力特性研究

对蟠龙抽水蓄能电站的埋藏式月牙肋钢岔管结构特性和水力特性进行了系统研究。通过对不同主、支管直径方案下的管壁应力、用钢量、水头损失等分析计算,得到岔管结构的受力状态和水力流态规律。研究结果表明,在正常运行情况下,管径越小岔管结构受力越有利,可有效地降低钢岔管制作安装的难度,但管内流速增大导致水头损失增加,从而降低电站发电效率。因此,管径选择时应综合考虑结构要求和水力要求,做到安全、经济、合理。     

地下埋藏式内加强月牙肋钢岔管设计方法研究

在总结对比水电站压力钢管设计规范85版和2001版有关埋藏式内加强月牙肋钢岔管设计方法的基础上,提出了一种埋藏式钢岔管的新的设计方法和原则.其设计步骤为:首先根据钢岔管与围岩联合承载原则,采用三维有限元计算方法确定钢岔管的体形、管壁厚度和肋板尺寸,然后对钢岔管按明管进行应力校核,同时对围岩承载比进行分析和复核.以某水电站为例进行的计算结果表明,该设计方法思路明确,计算精度高,在明显减小管壁厚度和肋板尺寸的前提下仍能确保岔管的安全.     

缅甸DAPEIN(Ⅰ)水电站岔管优化设计

根据缅甸DAPEIN(I)水电站压力管道段工程布置及地质条件,选择埋藏式钢岔管和钢筋混凝土岔管两种岔管类型,分别建立三维有限元数值模型,从岔管位置的确定、岔管的体型设计、应力应变等方面进行分析。结果表明:钢岔管围岩属Ⅳ类,相对较差、管壳及管壁应力较大,焊接工艺复杂、施工制作困难、造价较高;钢筋混凝土岔管围岩属Ⅱ-Ⅲ类,采用对称"Y"型结构,岔口附近应力集中,双层配筋,并对围岩进行固结灌浆及回填灌浆等措施。     

两种特殊单元在地下埋藏式钢岔管仿真分析中的应用

将弹簧和缝隙两种特殊单元结合引入地下埋藏式钢岔管的三维仿真分析中,具体说明了两种单元的原理和应用方法。对某工程实例按不同方案进行了仿真分析,将结果进行对比,说明了应用这两种单元的可行性和优越性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。