不同乳蛋白强化对搅拌型酸奶品质特性的影响

以未添加乳蛋白产品的酸奶为对照,研究了不同添加量的乳蛋白产品包括脱脂乳粉(SMP),乳清蛋白浓缩物(WPC),乳蛋白浓缩物(MPC)和凝乳酶干酪素(CS)的对搅拌型酸奶性质的影响,并研究了4℃下贮藏1d,7d和14 d后黏度和持水力的变化.结果表明:比较几种蛋白强化酸奶,加入1％WPC后能够明显提高酸奶黏度,较对照样品提高了376.4％,4℃条件下贮藏14d后各个蛋白强化酸奶的黏度相应的降低；除了CS外,其他几种蛋白强化均可以增加酸奶持水性,其中添加2％WPC后持水性较对照样品增加了12.10％,且随着贮藏时间的延长,WPC强化酸奶的持水性下降；MPC和SMP强化可以明显提高感官品质,尤其是风味;不同蛋白强化后均改变了酸奶的凝胶结构,从而影响了其品质特性.     

搅拌型酸奶黏度及持水性测定的研究

以搅拌型酸奶为研究对象,对影响其黏度测定的搅拌方式、搅拌强度、搅拌时间及恢复时间进行了研究,提出了合适的黏度测定条件。同时,选择市场上流行的8种搅拌型酸奶,研究不同离心力与离心时间下酸奶的持水性,并测定其黏度,结果表明:测定酸奶黏度时需施加合适的应力大小与剪切时间使样品均匀,同时在测定前尽量使破坏后的结构得以恢复;黏度总体上与持水性呈现出较高的正相关性,样品的黏度越大其持水性越强;另外,离心力与离心时间明显影响酸奶的持水性,在离心力300 g、离心时间10 min时能有效区分不同样品的持水性,可以用于酸奶持水性大小的评价。     

乳清浓缩蛋白对搅拌型酸奶品质特性影响的研究

研究了以全脂奶粉和乳清浓缩蛋白（WPC-3503）为原料，按照全脂奶粉：乳清浓缩蛋白为100：0，90：10，80：20，70：30的质量配比生产乳固形物含量为12％的酸奶，对含有不同乳清蛋白比例的酸奶在贮藏过程中理化特性、乳酸菌总数的变化以及感官特性进行了比较分析。结果表明，WPC-3503代替10％-20％全脂奶粉生产酸奶时，在贮藏过程中可减缓pH值及酸度的变化速度，提高酸奶的黏度和保水率，改善感官特性，但对乳酸菌总数无明显的影响。     

凝固型酸奶的制备和质量评价

设计了9组凝固型酸乳样品,通过分析增稠剂添加量、乳清蛋白添加量(WPC30)、发酵终止pH值对其感官品质、凝胶强度和持水性的影响,表明增稠剂对凝固型酸奶整体口感、凝胶强度、持水性均有显著性影响,乳清蛋白对凝固型酸奶的持水性有显著性影响.结合颠簸实验数据,建立了增稠剂添加量0.6%,乳清蛋白0.6%,发酵终止pH值为4.4的凝固型酸奶配方工艺,这样的凝固型酸乳的凝胶强度为23 g,持水性为74.04%,可以抵御长途冷链运输中的颠簸性破坏,维待良好的组织状态.     

向日葵低酯果胶对搅拌型酸奶品质特性的影响

以未添加向日葵低酯果胶的酸奶为对照,研究了不同酯化度(DE)范围的低酯果胶对搅拌型酸奶性质的影响。结果表明,低酯果胶能够有效改善酸奶的持水性、黏度、质构和感官评分;加入0.08%(m/v)的酯化度范围为30%左右的低酯果胶较空白对照样品,持水性提高了9.38%;而添加等量酯化度范围为35%左右的低酯果胶后,能够有效提高酸奶的黏度至2824cP,且相比其他低酯果胶,其对应酸奶的感官评分最高。实际生产中可根据产品需求,选择30%～35%酯化度的向日葵低酯果胶对酸奶进行结构状态和感官风味的改善。     

不同热处理对酸奶品质特性的影响

试验选取经过不同热处理后的鲜奶,分别制成不同的搅拌型和凝固型酸奶,以未变性乳清蛋白含量、黏度、乳清析出率、pH、色泽和感官评价等为指标,研究不同热处理条件对该条件下制得的搅拌型和凝固型酸奶相关指标的影响及其贮藏期间品质的变化。结果表明,当加热条件为95℃、10 min处理原料,即未变性乳清蛋白含量为0.631 mg/m L时,酸奶的感官评价、色泽比较好,在储藏期间的黏度较高、乳清析出率低,在储藏期间能保持较好的稳定性和品质特征。     

酸奶的感官与理化特性和乳酸菌活菌数的相关性

在前期酸奶工艺优化的基础上,对酸奶进行感官评分和理化、微生物检测,对酸奶感官评分与理化、微生物指标之间的相关性进行研究。结果表明:黏度、酸度、乳酸菌活菌数和持水性与感官特性有极显著的相关性,由此提出以黏度、酸度和乳酸菌活菌数以及持水性4个指标来客观评价酸奶品质,为酸奶的研制提供理论依据。     

改性大豆浓缩蛋白强化对酸奶的流变和感官性质的影响

研究了改性大豆浓缩蛋白(SPC)强化型酸奶的流变、感官和一些物化性质.保持原料乳蛋白质含量2.8％不变,分别用SPC替代10％、20％、30％、40％、50％、60％、70％的酸奶中牛乳蛋白制备强化型酸奶.结果表明:随着原料乳中SPC含量升高,酸奶达到发酵终点pH 4.4时酸度从71.5°T降至39°T,持水率从51.85％上升至67.53％,亮度从84.92降至81.27;储存模量和黏度升高,假塑性增强;用SPC替代40％牛乳蛋白制备出的强化型酸奶与相同蛋白质含量的市售伊利酸奶流变性质类似.通过比较不同酸奶的流变、物化、感官特性,说明用SPC替代30％牛乳蛋白时制备出的酸奶最佳.     

蛹虫草浸提液对酸奶品质的影响

在牛乳中添加蛹虫草浸提液研制酸奶,在不同贮藏时期对酸奶的黏度、色度、pH值、酸度、持水力、乳酸菌生长情况、感官评价、挥发性风味物质等指标进行评定,以此研究蛹虫草子实体浸提液对酸奶品质的影响。试验结果表明,一定范围内蛹虫草浸提液可以促进乳酸菌生长,改变酸奶的色度,提高酸奶黏度、持水力,抑制酸度上升。蛹虫草浸提液可溶性固形物含量为6.0%的酸奶具有最佳的感官品质,蛹虫草酸奶中的酸类和酮类等挥发性风味物质的相对百分含量高于普通酸奶。     

乳清蛋白-黄油乳液凝胶对低脂酸奶理化特性及品质的影响

乳液凝胶是一种新型的脂肪替代物,乳清蛋白和黄油是乳品中常用的原、辅料,利用乳清蛋白和黄油制作的乳液凝胶在乳制品加工中具有良好的应用前景。制备不同蛋白和脂肪含量的乳清蛋白-黄油乳液凝胶颗粒(whey protein-butter emulsion gel particles,WPI-EG),研究其对低脂酸奶理化特性及感官品质的影响,通过分析酸奶的持水力、质构、流变、微观结构及感官评价等指标,评价WPI-EG在低脂酸奶中的作用。结果表明,WPI-EG(5.5%蛋白质,7.9%脂肪)改善了酸奶的质构特性,硬度、稠度、黏聚性及胶着度显著增加,持水力增强。添加WPI-EG的实验组低脂酸奶的表观黏度显著高于对照组低脂酸奶。电镜结果显示,随着添加的WPI-EG中蛋白质和脂肪质量分数的增加,酸奶网络结构更加紧密。5.5%PR感官评价得分较高,具有较好的香气、润滑感和组织状态(酸奶中的WPI-EG添加量为10.9%)。研究显示,特定蛋白和脂肪含量的WPI-EG在酸奶中能够作为脂肪替代物和稳定剂,显著提升低脂酸奶的品质。     

Preliminary observations on the effects of milk fortification and heating on microstructure and physical properties of stirred yogurt

The aim of this work was to study how milk fortification and heating affect yogurt microstructure (micellar characteristics, protein network) and physical properties (viscosity, water-holding capacity (WHC), and graininess). Milk was fortified with skim milk powder (control), whey protein concentrate (WPC), caseinate, or a mixture of caseinate and whey protein. Two heat treatments were applied, giving average whey protein denaturation levels of 58% and 77%. For caseinate-enriched yogurts, the heating effect was negligible. When milk was enriched with WPC, heating led to a high level of cross-linking within the gel network. Heating increased yogurt viscosity and WHC, but also graininess. When milk was fortified with a blend of WPC and caseinate giving a whey protein-to-casein ratio of 0.20, the yogurt viscosity was greatly improved, while graininess was kept low. The results show a relationship between micelle solvation and yogurt microstructure, as well as micelle size in milk base and yogurt graininess.     

Effect of Fortification with Various Types of Milk Proteins on the Rheological Properties and Permeability of Nonfat Set Yogurt

ABSTRACT: Yogurt base was prepared from reconstituted skim milk powder (SMP) with 2.5% protein and fortified with additional 1% protein (wt/wt) from 4 different milk protein sources: SMP, milk protein isolate (MPI), micellar casein (MC), and sodium caseinate (NaCN). Heat‐treated yogurt mixes were fermented at 40 °C with a commercial yogurt culture until pH 4.6. During fermentation pH was monitored, and storage modulus (G′) and loss tangent (LT) were measured using dynamic oscillatory rheology. Yield stress (σ_yield) and permeability of gels were analyzed at pH 4.6. Addition of NaCN significantly reduced buffering capacity of yogurt mix by apparently solubilizing part of the indigenous colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) in reconstituted SMP. Use of different types of milk protein did not affect pH development except for MC, which had the slowest fermentation due to its very high buffering. NaCN‐fortified yogurt had the highest G′ and σ_yield values at pH 4.6, as well as maximum LT values. Partial removal of CCP by NaCN before fermentation may have increased rearrangements in yogurt gel. Soluble casein molecules in NaCN‐fortified milks may have helped to increase G′ and LT values of yogurt gels by increasing the number of cross‐links between strands. Use of MC increased the CCP content but resulted in low G′ and σ_yield at pH 4.6, high LT and high permeability. The G′ value at pH 4.6 of yogurts increased in the order: SMP = MC < MPI < NaCN. Type of milk protein used to standardize the protein content had a significant impact on physical properties of yogurt. Practical Application: In yogurt processing, it is common to add additional milk solids to improve viscosity and textural attributes. There are many different types of milk protein powders that could potentially be used for fortification purposes. This study suggests that the type of milk protein used for fortification impacts yogurt properties and sodium caseinate gave the best textural results.     

Influence of calcium fortification on sensory, physical and rheological characteristics of fruit yogurt

There has been great demand of calcium fortified dairy products as they can serve as an ideal vehicle for carrying extra calcium to fulfill the nutritional needs but there is need to generate information on the effect of fortification of calcium on the physical properties of these products. In the present study, the calcium enriched mango yogurt was prepared after fortification of pasteurized yogurt mix with 50 mg Ca/100 ml of calcium lactate, this level selected from a preliminary study of sensory evaluation. Fortification of yogurt with calcium lactate at this level significantly (P<0.005) increased the water holding capacity (WHC) by 2.99% on 1st day of storage. WHC of calcium fortified fruit yogurt was higher than control fruit yogurt on 7th and 14th day of storage. Measurements performed on slowly stirred samples (flow curves and final apparent viscosity) showed that calcium-enriched fruit yogurt had stronger structures. Calcium fortified fruit yogurt showed less shear thinning behavior as compared to control. Also, apparent viscosity measurements at constant shear rate showed a significantly (P<0.05) less decrease in initial apparent viscosity in calcium fortified fruit yogurt. However, no statistically significant (P>0.05) difference was observed in tan δ values of control and calcium fortified fruit yogurt indicating similar nature of bonds involved in the gel structure formation of both the yogurt samples. The more firm structure of the calcium fortified fruit yogurt is thus attributed to the higher extent of colloidal calcium phosphate cross-linking between casein micelles due to increased calcium content by fortification. Also flavor, color, and body and texture scores of control and calcium fortified fruit yogurt did not show any significant difference (P>0.05).     

Effects of partially replacing skimmed milk powder with dairy ingredients on rheology, sensory profiling, and microstructure of probiotic stirred-type yogurt during cold storage

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of stirred-type skim milk probiotic yogurt fortified by partially replacing skim milk powder (SMP) with whey protein concentrate (WPC) and sodium caseinate (Na-CN) during cold storage for 28 d compared with nonfortified yogurt. The rheological properties (as measured using dynamic oscillation) and sensory profiles of probiotic yogurts were greatly enhanced when SMP (i.e., 45%) was replaced with WPC and Na-CN. Higher values of mechanical parameters related to storage and loss modulus and consistent microstructure were found in the fortified yogurts. The acidification profile was not affected by supplementation of the solids in the milk base, and the viable counts of probiotic microbiota were high and satisfactory. These positive characteristics of probiotic yogurts were maintained until the end of the storage period. The microstructure of the fortified yogurt showed some differences compared with the nonfortified product, which were due to changes in chemical composition of the milk base in addition to the colloidal characteristics of the product.     

Fortification of milk protein content with different dairy protein powders alters its compositional,rennet gelation,heat stability and ethanol stability characteristics

Skim milk (SM) was fortified from 3.3 to 4.1% protein using different milk protein powders: skim milk powder (SMP), native phosphocasein (NPC), calcium-reduced phosphocasein (CaRPC), sodium caseinate (NaCas) or calcium caseinate (CaCas). Compared with SMP or NPC, fortification with NaCas and CaRPC, and to a lesser extent CaCas, resulted in milk samples having higher proportions of non-sedimentable casein and calcium, and lower- and higher-levels of κ- and α_S1-casein, respectively, as a proportion of non-sedimentable casein. These changes coincided in milk samples fortified with NaCas, CaRPC or CaCas failing to undergo rennet-induced gelation, and having higher heat stability in the region 6.7–7.2 and ethanol stability at pH 6.4. The study demonstrates that the aggregation behaviour of protein-fortified milk samples is strongly influenced by the degree of mineralisation of the protein powder used in fortification, which affects the partitioning of casein and calcium in the sedimentable and non-sedimentable phases.     

Microstructural, textural, and sensory characteristics of probiotic yogurts fortified with sodium calcium caseinate or whey protein concentrate

The influence of milk protein-based ingredients on the textural characteristics, sensory properties, and microstructure of probiotic yogurt during a refrigerated storage period of 28 d was studied. Milk was fortified with 2% (wt/vol) skim milk powder as control, 2% (wt/vol) sodium calcium caseinate (SCaCN), 2% (wt/vol) whey protein concentrate (WPC) or a blend of 1% (wt/vol) SCaCN and 1% (wt/vol) WPC. A commercial yogurt starter culture and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 as probiotic bacteria were used for the production. The fortification with SCaCN improved the firmness and adhesiveness. Higher values of viscosity were also obtained in probiotic yogurts with SCaCN during storage. However, WPC enhanced water-holding capacity more than the caseinate. Addition of SCaCN resulted in a coarse, smooth, and more compact protein network; however, WPC gave finer and bunched structures in the scanning electron microscopy micrographs. The use of SCaCN decreased texture scores in probiotic yogurt; probably due to the lower water-holding capacity and higher syneresis values in the caseinate-added yogurt sample. Therefore, the textural characteristics of probiotic yogurts improved depending on the ingredient variety.     

Effect of calcium on the physical properties of stirred probiotic yogurt

The effect of calcium on the viscosity, firmness, and smoothness, as determined by extent of nodulation, of stirred probiotic yogurt produced by bacterial fermentation was investigated. Standardized milk for yogurt manufacture was prepared, and calcium was added or removed from the system. Calcium was added as Ca²⁺ in the form of CaCl₂ (up to 13.6 mM) or nonionic calcium as Gadocal-K (calcium potassium citrate; up to 49.8 mM). Calcium was removed by chelating with sodium citrate (up to 16 mM) or by cation exchange with Amberlite IR-120 plus (sodium form) resin (up to 10 g/L). Calcium chloride and sodium citrate were added either before or after heat treatment of milk, and nonionic calcium was added before heat treatment. Calcium removal by ion exchange was performed before heat treatment. Neither Ca²⁺ addition nor removal by chelation with citrate resulted in stirred yogurt with viscosity, firmness, and smoothness superior to those of the control yogurt, whereas addition of 49.8 mM nonionic calcium and removal of calcium (5.6 mM or ∼10% of total calcium) by cation exchange improved the firmness and viscosity without affecting yogurt smoothness. The study identified Gadocal-K as a possible source of calcium fortification of stirred yogurt without loss of texture.     

Effects of Polymerized Whey Proteins on Consistency and Water-holding Properties of Goat's Milk Yogurt

ABSTRACT The effects of polymerized whey proteins (PWP) on functional properties of goat's milk yogurt were investigated. PWP were prepared by heating whey protein isolate (WPI) dispersion (8.0% protein, pH 7.0) at 90 °C for 30 min. Three reconstituted goat milk (RGM) (12% total solids [TS] as control; RGM with 2.4% unheated WPI; and RGM with 2.4% PWP) and 1 RGM with 16.7% TS were prepared and inoculated with 0.04% yogurt starter culture. Inoculated milk was incubated at 43 °C for 5 h, cooled to 4 °C in an ice‐water bath, and then placed at refrigerator (4 °C) overnight before testing. Incorporation of PWP significantly (P < 0.001) increased the viscosity (by 80%) and decreased the syneresis (by 25%) of the yogurt samples, whereas addition of unheated WPI did not significantly affect the viscosity and syneresis compared with the control. There were no changes in pH, TS, ash, fat, protein, and lactose contents among yogurt samples except the solids fortified control. Yogurt with 16.7% TS had the lowest syneresis but did not improve in viscosity. Transmission electron microscopy micrographs demonstrated that the microstructure of the goat's milk yogurt gel with PWP was denser than the control. Results of this study indicate that polymerized whey proteins may be a novel protein‐based thickening agent for improving the functional properties of goat's milk yogurt and other similar products.     

Application of whey protein emulsion gel microparticles as fat replacers in low-fat yogurt: Applicability of vegetable oil as the oil phase

Low-fat, healthy yogurt is becoming increasingly favored by consumers. In the present study, whey protein emulsion gel microparticles were used to improve the quality of low-fat yogurt, and the effects of vegetable oil emulsion gel as a fat substitute on the qualities of low-fat yogurt were investigated, expecting to obtain healthier and even more excellent quality low-fat yogurt by applying a new method. First, emulsion gel microparticles were prepared, and then particle size distribution of emulsion gel and water holding capacity (WHC), textural properties, rheological properties, microstructure, storage stability, and sensory evaluation of yogurt were carried out. The results showed that yogurt with emulsion gel had significantly superior qualities than yogurt made with skim milk powder, with better WHC, textural properties, rheological properties, and storage stability. The average particle size of whey protein-vegetable oil emulsion gel microparticles was significantly larger than that of whey protein-milk fat emulsion gel microparticles, and the larger particle size affected the structural stability of yogurt. The WHC of yogurt made with whey protein-vegetable oil emulsion gel microparticles (V-EY) was lower (40.41%) than that of yogurt made with whey protein-milk fat emulsion gel microparticles (M-EY; 42.81%), and the texture results also showed that the hardness, consistency, and viscosity index of V-EY were inferior to these of M-EY, whereas no significant differences were found in the cohesiveness. Interestingly, the microstructure of V-EY was relatively flatter, with more and finer network branching. The whey separation between V-EY and M-EY also did not show significant differences during the 14 d of storage. Compared with yogurt made with whey protein, vegetable oil, and skim milk powder, the structure of V-EY remained relatively stable and had no cracks after 14 d of storage. The sensory evaluation results found that the total score of V-EY (62) was only lower than M-EY (65) and significantly higher than that of yogurt made with skim milk powder. The emulsion gel addition improved the sensory qualities of yogurt. Whey protein emulsion gel microparticles prepared from vegetable oil can be applied to low-fat yogurt to replace fat and improve texture and sensory defects associated with fat reduction.