抗性淀粉对香肠品质的影响

采用压热法制备小麦抗性淀粉,测定其持水性、乳化性和黏度特性,并与原淀粉比较;RS代替原淀粉添加到香肠中,通过测定肉糜的保水性以及运用物性仪对香肠进行质构分析,研究抗性淀粉对香肠品质的影响。结果表明,小麦抗性淀粉与原淀粉相比,持水性和乳化性较高,而黏度则较低;随着抗性淀粉替代量的增加,肉糜的保水性逐渐提高;与此同时,香肠的咀嚼性和粗糙感逐渐增大,而黏聚性则逐渐减小。通过对质构的分析发现,抗性淀粉可以提高香肠的弹性;抗性淀粉的替代量为80%时,香肠的硬度和弹性都达到最佳,综合品质最好。     

玉米淀粉及川明参添加量对川明参香肠品质的影响研究

以猪肉为主要原料,在传统四川风味香肠的加工工艺基础上,考察分别添加2%、4%、6%、8%、10%的玉米淀粉以及6%、8%、10%、12%、14%的川明参粉对川明参香肠的化学组成、质构特性和感官评价的影响。结果表明:淀粉及川明参粉添加量对香肠质构特性中的硬度、弹性、凝胶性影响显著(P<0.05),对品质特性中的持水率和蒸煮率影响显著(P<0.05),对蛋白质含量、pH影响不显著(P>0.05)。当玉米淀粉添加量为6%、川明参粉添加量为10%时,香肠的质构和感官品质较好,为香肠的标准化和工业化生产提供了理论参考。     

淀粉类对低温乳化香肠品质的影响

以鸡肉和猪肉为主要原料,采用肥瘦肉分离斩拌法制备低温乳化香肠,研究原淀粉及其变性淀粉对低温乳化香肠保水保油性、质构和感官品质的影响。结果表明:在7种淀粉中,添加原淀粉如玉米淀粉和木薯淀粉的乳化肠保水保油性最差,而添加玉米交联酯化淀粉和木薯交联淀粉(SH50)的乳化香肠的保水保油性最好;对低温乳化香肠质构改善作用最优的为木薯交联淀粉(SH50),其次为玉米交联酯化淀粉、马铃薯醋酸酯化淀粉(P0170)、木薯醋酸酯化淀粉(T0170)、木薯淀粉、玉米淀粉、复合变性淀粉(DURAT010)。添加木薯交联淀粉(SH50)的乳化香肠感官评分最高。     

超声制备抗性淀粉及其对香肠品质和血糖生成指数的影响

探究抗性淀粉对香肠品质和血糖生成指数的影响,以扩展抗性淀粉在肉制品加工中的应用。以马铃薯淀粉、玉米淀粉、豌豆淀粉为原料,综合比较糊化-回生、糊化-超声-回生、超声-糊化-回生法制备得到的抗性淀粉的含量、颗粒形态、粒径、糊化性质和热力学性质。结果表明:经糊化-回生、糊化-超声-回生、超声-糊化-回生处理后的马铃薯淀粉、玉米淀粉和豌豆淀粉的颗粒粒径增大到原来的3.5~8.7倍,糊化温度分别从原来的70.00,78.93,73.38 ℃最高增大到80.45,94.65,95 ℃以上,热焓值ΔH呈数百倍增大,热稳定性增强。其中,以豌豆淀粉为原料,经糊化-超声-回生处理后得到的抗性淀粉含量最高,为14.29%,是原淀粉的1.88倍。进一步研究此淀粉对香肠品质和血糖生成指数的影响,与添加原淀粉相比,添加抗性淀粉制备的香肠具有更低的血糖生成数(eGI=55.04),而二者在营养成分、质构等方面无明显差异。添加GUR-PS的香肠在4 ℃贮藏7 d,其气味与滋味无明显变化,在25 ℃贮藏5 d,滋味无明显变化。本试验结果可为抗性淀粉的制备以及开发低GI肉制品提供理论依据。     

竹叶提取物对鲜食玉米保藏效果的影响

为研究竹叶提取物对鲜食玉米保藏过程中营养品质及质构品质的影响,以清水处理样品为对照组,使用质量分数为0.05%的竹叶提取物对鲜食玉米进行室温保藏处理,测定保藏期间各组样品的水分含量、质量损失率、可溶性总糖含量、菌落总数、淀粉组成及含量与质构特性的变化。结果表明,与对照组相比,竹叶提取物组可减少鲜食玉米的水分流失、质量损失率、可溶性总糖消耗和直链淀粉降解,抑制菌落总数和支链淀粉含量的上升;此外,通过质构分析可知,与对照组相比,保藏30 d后竹叶提取物组中鲜食玉米的硬度和咀嚼性分别降低17.96%和17.21%,而弹性和回复性分别提高9.76%和23.68%。研究结果证明竹叶提取物有利于延长鲜食玉米的货架期,为植物源天然抗氧化剂的应用提供理论依据。     

小米香肠的研制

实验主要研究小米在猪肉香肠中的应用及其对香肠品质的影响。实验以猪肉为主要原料,添加小米、玉米淀粉等辅料,通过单因素实验和正交实验确定小米香肠的最佳工艺配方:小米添加量为原料肉的6%,淀粉添加量为原料肉的8%,猪肉肥瘦比例为1:4,所得产品感官评价、质构测定结果均较好。     

马铃薯淀粉和果胶干热改性制品在香肠中的应用研究

将马铃薯淀粉和果胶干热改性产物应用于香肠中,分析香肠保水性、剪切力、质构特性、热力学性质及感官品质变化。研究结果表明,共混干热改性果胶和马铃薯淀粉混合物有利于提高香肠的保水性、剪切力、质构特性和感官品质,改性淀粉添加量为6%～8%时香肠品质较好。添加马铃薯淀粉和果胶干热改性产物可在一定程度上改善香肠的品质,为干热改性马铃薯淀粉在食品中的应用提供一定理论依据。     

重量法与AOAC法测定不同食品中抗性淀粉的含量

为考察重量法与国际公认的美国分析化学家协会（Association of Official Analytical Chemists,AOAC）方法在测定抗性淀粉含量时能否互换,选择日常生活中常见的8种含淀粉零食和课题组研发生产的玉米回生淀粉Ⅰ、玉米回生淀粉Ⅱ、含醇溶蛋白玉米回生淀粉、分别添加了40%和80%含醇溶蛋白玉米回生淀粉的馒头共13种样品,分别采用重量法和AOAC法检测其中抗性淀粉含量。结果表明,含油脂的样品测定抗性淀粉含量前需要先去除油脂,所有样品测定前需要脱除水分。当样品油脂或水分含量超过30%时,采用重量法测定抗性淀粉含量与AOAC法测定结果误差会大于5%,其它样品采用重量法测定的结果相对标准偏差均在5%以下。因此,在无脂肪添加的淀粉乳体系、油脂或水分含量低于30%的食品样品中可以用重量法替代AOAC法测定样品中抗性淀粉的含量。     

菊粉取代玉米磷酸酯双淀粉对香肠质构和感官特性的影响

本文以鸡肉和猪肉为原料,在香肠的生产过程中用短链菊粉按照0%(对照组)、10%、30%、50%、70%、100%的比例取代玉米磷酸酯双淀粉,探索对香肠品质的影响。试验采用质构仪和色差计分别测定香肠的质构特性和色泽,同时进行感官评价,并计算蒸煮损失。结果表明:菊粉取代玉米磷酸酯双淀粉后,各组香肠的弹性与对照组差异不显著(p0.05),而硬度和咀嚼性显著降低(p0.05),香肠口感评分值提高;含菊粉香肠的红色值(a*)、黄色值(b*)降低,除取代比为70%的香肠亮度增加外,其它各组香肠的亮度差异不显著(p0.05);菊粉的添加降低了香肠的蒸煮损失,说明香肠的出品率得到提高。综合各项分析,当菊粉取代玉米磷酸酯双淀粉的比例为70%时,香肠的评分值最高且品质有显著提高。     

抗性淀粉和聚葡萄糖对馒头品质的影响

本文将苹果酸淀粉酯抗性淀粉和聚葡萄糖以面粉质量的0%、1%、3%、5%、7%、9%替代面粉制作出馒头,并对比二者对于馒头品质的影响。测定了苹果酸淀粉酯中抗性淀粉的含量,并采用色差仪、质构仪和感官评价对样品馒头的比容、白度、质构及感官品质等进行分析。结果表明,苹果酸淀粉酯的抗性淀粉含量高达61.5%±2.3%;添加抗性淀粉后馒头的比容呈现逐渐下降的趋势,从2.74 mL/g下降至1.93 mL/g,而添加聚葡萄糖馒头的比容并无明显变化,只是在2.56~2.81 mL/g附近波动;添加抗性淀粉后馒头的白度逐渐降低,从76.99降低至72.34,当聚葡萄糖的含量从1%增加到9%时,馒头的白度逐渐增大,从69.83增加至72.93,但白度仍低于未添加聚葡萄糖的样品;添加抗性淀粉后馒头的硬度逐渐上升,从329.93 g增加至929.28 g,而添加聚葡萄糖馒头的硬度先上升至562.66 g,之后又下降至273.24 g,呈现先上升后下降的趋势;当抗性淀粉的添加量低于3%时,馒头的品质与纯面粉馒头以及添加3%含量的聚葡萄糖馒头相似,说明当抗性淀粉和聚葡萄糖的添加量低于3%时,更有利于改善馒头的品质。     

核磁共振技术研究普通玉米淀粉与玉米抗性淀粉对肉糜持水性的影响

将玉米抗性淀粉、普通玉米淀粉按不同比例添加于猪肉肉糜中,利用磁共振技术研究肉糜中水分状态及含量的变化。结果表明:玉米抗性淀粉与普通玉米淀粉均能提高猪肉肉糜的保水性能。当抗性淀粉的添加量为4%时,肉糜保水性最强,而玉米淀粉的最佳添加量为6%,且添加4%玉米抗性淀粉的肉糜其保水性较添加6%普通玉米淀粉的要好。     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cross‐linked Banana Resistant Starch. Effect of Pressure Cooking

A resistant starch (RS)‐rich powder was prepared from phosphate cross‐linked banana starch. Serial autoclaving and cooling treatments of this cross‐linked material were also made. The powders were evaluated for chemical composition, resistant starch content, thermal characteristics, as well as for swelling and solubility properties. The parental cross‐linked starch had similar lipid and protein contents than its autoclaved counterpart, but the ash content decreased after autoclaving, a pattern that is in agreement with the low phosphorus index and degree of substitution recorded in the autoclaved preparation. Although the RS content in the autoclaved cross‐linked product was lower than in the non‐autoclaved starch, the autoclaved product still exhibited a remarkable indigestibility. The peak temperatures of gelatinization were 86.6 and 68.5ºC for cross‐linked and autoclaved cross‐linked starch, respectively. At low temperatures the autoclaved modified starch exhibited greater swelling values than its cross‐linked counterpart. The pattern of solubility values resembled the swelling behavior of both samples. The autoclaved cross‐linked banana starch appears suitable for the formulation of foods requiring none or moderate further heat treatment.     

Effects of organic acids and starch water ratios on the properties of retrograded maize starches

The effects of organic acid types and concentrations as well as starch water ratios on resistant starch (RS) levels and the properties of retrograded maize starches were studied. The pH of the starch slurry decreased with increasing water ratio and organic acid concentration, but the addition of succinic acid slightly reduced pH compared to the other organic acids. The RS level of RS3 was increased 160–169% for the high starch ratio and was increased 137–146% for the low starch ratio with organic acid addition (p<0.01). The color difference between the RS3 powder added with citric acid and native starch showed the lowest value. All samples had B type crystallinity. Their swelling power and solubility increased, but the water binding capacity decreased with organic acid addition. The added organic acids rapidly decreased the pasting viscosity of RS3, but patterns were different by organic acid type (succinic acid) and starch water ratio.     

Effects of gamma irradiation on starch digestibility of rice with different resistant starch content

Three rice cultivars (RS3M, RS4H and RS5L) differing in resistant starch contents but similar in genetic background were chosen to study the effects of gamma irradiation on starch physicochemical properties and digestibility. Irradiation increases the resistant starch content in all the three cultivars and in a dose‐dependent manner in rice with low‐resistant starch content (RS5L). Irradiation decreases apparent amylose content and gelatinisation temperature and changed the starch granule structure, while increasing V‐type crystallinity. Starch enzymatic hydrolysis rate was reduced following irradiation, and the effect of irradiation on reducing starch digestibility was negatively correlated with resistant starch content. Treatment with gamma irradiation has therefore a potential for increasing resistant starch content and producing low digestibility of starch in common rice.     

Extrusion of banana starch: characterization of the extrudates

Extrusion of banana starch was carried out for obtaining extrudates with functional and digestibility characteristics. Experimental design with temperature, screw speed and moisture content as independent variables produced 20 experiments that were studied using response surface methodology to discover the effect of these variables on resistant starch content, water absorption index and water solubility index. The amylose content was 37.4% with high resistant starch (RS) content in the ungelatinized sample, which decreased when banana starch was gelatinized (1.9%). Extrudate samples had a higher RS content than the gelatinized native starch, showing that the extrusion process increased RS content of native starch due to starch depolymerization and during cooling of extrudates those linear chains form an arrangement that cannot be hydrolyzed by α‐amylase. The response surface regression model fitted to experimental results of resistant starch showed good determination coefficient (84%). During model validation for RS, the model explains the experimental results up to 90%. Response surface showed that water absorption index values were high when the temperature, moisture content and screw speed were also high; water solubility values were not affected by screw speed, and both temperature and moisture content had a quadratic effect. Cylindrical structures were observed in powders where RS was present and as RS level increased the cylinders became coarser. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Pullulanase Debranching of Sago (Metroxylon sagu) Starch at Subgelatinization Temperature on the Yield of Resistant Starch

The effects of pullulanase debranching of sago (Metroxylon sagu) starch in the granular state and subsequent physical treatments on the formation and yield of type III resistant starch (RS 3) have been investigated. Sago starch was enzymatically debranched with pullulanase at 60°C and at pH 5.0 using different enzyme concentrations (24, 30, 40, 50 PUN/g dry starch) which was added to 20% (w/v) starch slurry and incubated for 0 to 48 h. Optimum enzyme concentration of 40 PUN/g dry starch and three debranching times (8, 16 and 24 h) have been selected for subsequent preparation of RS. Granule morphology and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the debranched and resistant starch were examined. Debranched starch samples showed blurred birefringence patterns, a decrease in amylopectin fraction, an increase in low molecular weight fraction and a broadening of MWD. Debranched starch samples with a maximum RS yield of 7% were obtained at 8 h debranching time. Temperature cycling and incubation at certain temperature and storage time enhanced the formation of RS. Under the conditions used in this study, the optimum conditions to obtain the highest RS yield (11.6%) were 8 h of debranching time, followed by incubation at 80°C for seven days. The MWD analysis showed that RS consisted of material with relatively low degree of polymerization. This study showed that pullulanase treatment of starch in the granular state resulted in limited debranching of amylopectin but the subsequent physical treatments (incubation time/temperature) can be manipulated to promote crystallization and enhance formation of RS 3.     

Preparation and properties of RS III from waxy maize starch with pullulanase

Waxy maize starch was treated by pullulanase debranching and retrogradation at room temperature to produce resistant starch (RS). Physicochemical properties, crystalline structure and in-vitro digestibility of starch samples with different RS content were investigated. Compared with native starch, apparent amylose content of RS products increased. Based on Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) the Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD) of resistant starches significantly changed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that upon pullulanase debranching and retrogradation treatment the granular structure of native starch was destroyed and all RS samples exhibited irregular shaped fragments. Crystal structure of samples changed from A–type to a mixture of B and V–type. The crystallinity of resistant starch also improved as compared with native starch. Moreover, samples with higher resistant starch showed higher relative crystallinity. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) determination showed that To、Tp、Tc and ΔH all increased which was in agreement with RS content. The resistance of waxy maize starch with Pullulanase treatment to α-amylase digestibility also increased, while the in-vitro digestibility of products decreased.     

Production and physicochemical properties of resistant starch from hydrolysed wrinkled pea starch

The content and physicochemical properties of resistant starches (RS) from wrinkled pea starch obtained by different molecular mass reduction processes were evaluated. Native and gelatinised starches were submitted to acid hydrolysis (2 m HCl for 2.5 h) or enzymic hydrolysis (pullulanase, 40 U g^?1 for 10 h), followed by hydrothermal treatment (autoclaving at 121 °C for 30 min), refrigeration (4 °C for 24 h) and lyophilisation. Native starch showed RS and total dietary fibre contents of 39.8% and 14.3%, respectively, while processed ones showed values from 38.5% to 54.6% and from 22.9% to 37.1%, respectively. From these, the highest contents were among acid‐modified starches. Processed starches showed endotherms between 144 and 166 °C, owing to the amylose retrogradation. Native and processed starches showed low viscosity, which is inversely proportional to the RS concentration in samples. The heat treatment promoted an increase in the water absorption index. The pea starch is a good source for obtaining resistant starch by acid hydrolysis.     

Physicochemical properties,resistant starch content and enzymatic digestibility of unripe banana,edible canna,taro flours and their rice noodle products

Unripe banana, edible canna and taro flours, which have been reported to contain significant amounts of fibre, were investigated for their physicochemical properties, resistant starch (RS) content and in vitro starch digestibility, and compared with commercial high‐fibre‐modified starches from corn and tapioca. Differential scanning calorimetry showed a single endothermic peak located around 70–83 °C for the samples except the modified starches, which exhibited no transition enthalpy. The samples showed different pasting behaviours in the Rapid Visco‐Analyser (RVA) ranging from full to restricted swelling. The RS content varied from 1–26 g per 100 g dry sample, and the estimated glycaemic indices (GIs) of the samples were from 67% to 99%. Generally, samples with high RS were low in GI values. The starches produced acceptable rice noodles but with reduced rate of starch digestion and GI. The effects of the unripe banana, edible canna and taro flours on starch digestibility were either comparable or better than the commercial modified starches. These flours can substitute commercial modified starches to lower GIs of noodles and identical foods.     

压力烹调对五种食材中淀粉消化性的影响

目的:探讨不同烹调方法对红小豆、莲子、山药片、芡实、薏米5种富含淀粉的保健食材的碳水化合物消化特性的影响,为科学食用传统食材提供依据。方法:体外模拟消化方法测定各时间点的水解率、快消化淀粉、慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉等指标。结果:压力烹调显著影响样品的水解速率和淀粉类型,水解指数增大,快消化淀粉含量增加,抗性淀粉含量减少。但所有样品的预期血糖负荷均显著低于粳米样品。红小豆和莲子经过压力烹调仍保持低消化速度和低EGL特性。结论:压力烹调对提高难烹煮碳水化合物消化率有利,需要控制血糖的人可以通过选择慢消化食材和烹调参数来控制淀粉类型和EGL的变化。