低温碱性脂肪酶型时间-温度指示剂的研究

利用碱性脂肪酶催化三乙酸甘油酯分解导致p H降低,以酸碱指示剂显示颜色变化,研究并确定低温环境的TTI（时间温度指示剂）的反应体系及基本特性。该时间温度指示剂（25 m L）的反应体系为:5 m L三乙酸甘油酯∶20 g/L聚乙烯醇乳化液（v∶v=1∶19,均质10000 r/min,每次3 min,间隔5 min,共两次）、19.50 m L 0.05 mol/L p H10.60Gly-Na OH缓冲液、0.05 m L 1 g/L碱性脂肪酶液、0.25 m L 0.10 mol/L CaCl₂溶液、0.20 m L百里香酚蓝-酚酞-百里酚酞混合指示剂。通过测定反应体系在不同温度下的p H下降速率,最终确定该反应体系的Ea为60.14 k J/mol。该反应体系可应用于监测低温环境下食品中酶反应或脂肪分解的程度,间接判断对应食品的品质状况。      

天祝牧区牦牛乳酥油中产脂肪酶菌株筛选及产酶条件的研究

从甘肃省天祝牧区牦牛乳酥油中分离筛选产脂肪酶微生物。经初筛、复筛后得菌株S122产脂肪酶活力较高;形态学观察和26SrDNA序列比对分析表明该菌为Geotrichum sp·S122。对菌株Geotrichum sp·S122发酵产酶条件进行研究表明,其最适的发酵培养基组成成分(%):蔗糖1·0、蛋白胨2·0、硫酸镁0·1、磷酸氢二钾1·0、橄榄油乳化液1·0;最适发酵产酶条件:培养基初始pH8·0,培养温度28℃,接种量4%,装液量60mL/250mL,摇床转速200r/min,发酵周期96h,优化后脂肪酶活力最高达59U/mL。      

产脂肪酶菌株的筛选鉴定及产酶条件优化

以橄榄油为唯一碳源,采用油脂同化平板从食堂废弃物中筛选出一株产脂肪酶菌株HFE722。通过测定与分析该菌株16S rRNA基因序列,鉴定该菌株为芽孢杆菌（Bacillus sp.）。菌株HFE722在初始条件（发酵温度30 ℃,接种量为1%,自然pH,装液量为100 mL/250 mL,摇床转速为200 r/min）下培养36 h,测得发酵液上清液脂肪酶酶活为2.17 U/mL。优化后所得菌株HFE722产酶的最适发酵条件为：发酵温度30 ℃,发酵周期为36 h,接种量为1%（V/V）,初始pH 7.0,装液量为50 mL/250 mL,摇床转速为160 r/min。在最佳发酵条件下,发酵液上清液酶活可达到5.8 U/mL,酶活较优化前提高了167.28%。     

聚丙烯-TiO2/CA复合膜固定化脂肪酶最佳条件的研究

以聚丙烯-TiO2/CA复合膜对脂肪酶进行吸附固定,研究了最佳固定化条件:温度20℃,pH8.0,振荡速度100 r/min,吸附时间2h,膜酶活力最高为4.5U/cm2。膜固定化酶转化反应最佳条件:温度35℃,比游离酶降低了5℃;最适pH 8.5,与游离酶相比pH向碱性偏移,间歇水解橄榄油132h酶活为原酶活的56.7%。     

聚丙烯-TiO2/CA复合膜固定化脂肪酶最佳条件的研究

以聚丙烯-TiO2/CA复合膜对脂肪酶进行吸附固定,研究了最佳固定化条件:温度20℃,pH8.0,振荡速度100 r/min,吸附时间2h,膜酶活力最高为4.5U/cm2。膜固定化酶转化反应最佳条件:温度35℃,比游离酶降低了5℃;最适pH 8.5,与游离酶相比pH向碱性偏移,间歇水解橄榄油132h酶活为原酶活的56.7%。      

粗状假丝酵母产脂肪酶发酵条件的优化

利用粗状假丝酵母发酵生产脂肪酶,通过对粗状假丝酵母胞外脂肪酶发酵过程的培养基和发酵培养条件的优化,得出产脂肪酶的最佳条件:碳源为聚乙烯醇乳化的橄榄油和葡萄糖,氮源为蛋白胨和尿素,酵母浸出液4.5g/L,MgSO4.7H2O0.4g/L,K2HPO43.5g/L;反应温度30℃,培养基初始pH7.0,接种量为10%,摇床转速180r/min,培养24h。在此发酵条件下,发酵液的最高酶活达到12U/mL。      

粗状假丝酵母产脂肪酶发酵条件的优化

利用粗状假丝酵母发酵生产脂肪酶,通过对粗状假丝酵母胞外脂肪酶发酵过程的培养基和发酵培养条件的优化,得出产脂肪酶的最佳条件:碳源为聚乙烯醇乳化的橄榄油和葡萄糖,氮源为蛋白胨和尿素,酵母浸出液4.5g/L,MgSO4.7H2O0.4g/L,K2HPO43.5g/L;反应温度30℃,培养基初始pH7.0,接种量为10%,摇床转速180r/min,培养24h。在此发酵条件下,发酵液的最高酶活达到12U/mL。     

天山冰川假单胞菌产低温脂肪酶发酵条件优化及酶学性质研究

针对一株从天山一号冰川沉积层中得到的假单胞菌T1-39,优化其产低温脂肪酶发酵条件,研究低温脂肪酶部分酶学性质,采用p-NPP法测定酶活力,设计产酶培养基成分及培养条件。确定产酶培养基成分为:葡萄糖5 g/L、胰蛋白胨5 g/L、(NH4)2SO4 5 g/L、K2HPO4 2 g/L、橄榄油乳化液50 mL/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L。优化后培养条件为250 mL摇瓶装液量为20 mL,培养温度15℃,初始pH为9。在优化发酵条件下,菌株发酵液低温脂肪酶酶活力可达到9.77 U/mL,较优化前(3.14 U/mL)提高了3.11倍。粗酶液最适反应温度为30℃,在60℃处理30 min后仍有40%的酶活,最适pH值为9,Mg2+、Zn2+、Ni2+、Ba2+对粗酶液有激活作用,而Sn2+、Cu2+对酶活均有不同的抑制作用。     

褶皱假丝酵母产脂肪酶条件及酶学性质研究

对一株来源于海洋有产脂肪酶能力的褶皱假丝酵母产酶条件进行研究,探讨了碳源、氮源、pH、培养温度对该菌产脂肪酶的影响。结果显示:在摇瓶培养条件下,其最适产酶条件为:蔗糖5 g/L,橄榄油5 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O1 g/L,K2HPO41 g/L,(NH4)2SO410 g/L,起始pH为7.0,接种量10%,在30℃、200 r/min下培养36 h,产酶能力达到4 351.6 U/mL。该菌所产脂肪酶的最适反应pH为7.0,最适反应温度为37℃,Ca2+、Mg2+对酶活有一定的促进作用。     

不同反应温度下T1脂肪酶催化油酸与甘油酯化反应动力学研究

T1脂肪酶是一种新型耐热脂肪酶,能催化油酸与甘油的酯化反应。当甘油与油酸物质的量比2∶1、酶的添加量9.7 U/g(占总反应物质量)、缓冲液的添加量5%(占总反应物质量)和转速542r/min时,考察不同反应温度(40、50、60℃)下T1脂肪酶催化油酸与甘油酯化反应的动力学。结果表明,T1脂肪酶催化该酯化反应活化能为20.272 9 k J/mol;当反应温度较低(40℃)时遵循准一级反应;随着反应温度升高到较高范围(50、60℃),则变为准二级反应。     

三种乳化剂对橄榄油乳液稳定性的影响

乳化剂因亲水亲油平衡值的不同对油脂乳化效果表现出固有的差异,但这种差异会因加入辅助剂的影响而发生改变。以非离子型表面活性剂单甘酯、蔗糖酯和吐温20为乳化剂,以白果直链淀粉及阿拉伯胶(质量比1∶1)为辅助剂,对橄榄油进行乳化,考察了辅助剂加入前后在不同制备方法(先油后水和先水后油工艺)和乳化剂添加量下乳液的稳定性。结果表明:单独使用乳化剂时,经外观观察,在三种乳化剂添加量相同时,吐温20的橄榄油乳液稳定性较好,其次为蔗糖酯、单甘酯;加入辅助剂后,乳液的乳化状态较单一加入乳化剂的好,乳液黏度、粒径和浑浊度均随着乳化剂添加量的增大呈先减小后增加趋势,且在相同添加量下,由蔗糖酯制备的橄榄油乳液黏度较低,粒径和浑浊度较小,稳定性较好,吐温20及单甘酯次之;辅助剂加入前后,先油后水工艺制备的橄榄油乳液的稳定性总体优于先水后油工艺的。     

Physicochemical properties of soy protein isolate gels emulsified with various oils using a microbial transglutaminase

Soy protein isolate (SPI) gels emulsified with oils including soybean, olive, palm, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were prepared by a microbial transglutaminase (MTGase). The hardness of 10% SPI gel was greatly increased by adding higher amount of oils. The emulsion gels prepared with 10% SPI and 30% olive oil showed the highest hardness of 1,711 g. In the gelation with various oil content (5–30%), the higher concentration of oils indicated the drastic increase of elastic modulus G′ and viscous modulus G″ during initial gelation for 7 min. The G′ value of SPI emulsion gel showed the 150 (soybean oil 30%), 147 (olive oil 30%), 121 (palm oil 30%), and 61 Pa (EPA 25%), respectively. In the color value of SPI emulsion gel, addition of higher concentration of oils resulted in the increase of L value (brightness), indicating 99.14 (L value) at 30% palm oil. The micro-structure of SPI emulsion gel entrapped with various oils showed the homogeneous network with small porosity compared with that of SPI gel without oil. In particular, SPI emulsion gel with 10% palm oil showed the compact structure distributed evenly with small porosity. Conclusively, the functional and rheological properties of SPI emulsion gel produced by catalytic action of MTGase could be modulated by the type and content of oils fortified.     

Impact of antioxidants dispersions on the stability and oxidation of water-in-olive-oil emulsions

Water-in-olive-oil emulsion stability was studied as a function of the composition of the water dispersed phase. In particular, different polyphenolic extracts from natural sources were dispersed in the olive oil and their impact on emulsion kinetic stability and susceptibility to oxidation was evaluated. As natural sources, extra virgin olive oil, olive mill waste and green tea leaves were chosen. To test their impact on emulsion properties, the emulsions were prepared with fixed aqueous phase content. As emulsifiers, a fixed percentage of a mixture Span 80 (sorbitan monoleate)/Tween 80 (polysorbate 80) was used. The effect of the antioxidant dispersion on emulsion oxidation was studied by triggering the oxidation reaction in the oil phase with the lipophilic radical initiator AMVN (2,2-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile). Then, the oxidation reaction was followed by using diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine, which becomes fluorescent when it is oxidized by hydroperoxides. The impact of antioxidant dispersions on emulsion kinetic stability was studied by UV–Vis turbidity measurements. The oxidation results were correlated to antioxidant extracts oxygen radical adsorption capacity (ORAC) and to emulsion kinetic stability. On the whole, antioxidants dispersions delayed the oxidation reaction to different extents in dependence on their ORAC values and their components amphiphilicity. Remarkably, among the antioxidants tested, the aqueous polyphenol extract from virgin olive oil was the most effective because it protected emulsions both from oxidation and from phase separation. Additionally, from this set of experiments, the primary role of the interfacial properties of olive oil polyphenols was highlighted.     

Release of Five Indicator Volatiles from a Model Meat Emulsion to Study Phase Contribution to Meat Aroma

The objective of this work was to develop a model meat emulsion in order to study the release of aroma-related compounds from the lipid and aqueous phases. Hexanal, octanal and nonanal were taken as indicators of lipid oxidation whereas 2-ethyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazine and 2-methyl pyrazine were Maillard reaction indicators. Four systems were studied: I) a model meat emulsion; II) phosphate buffer; III) phosphate buffer + myofibrillar proteins; and IV) canola oil. Release of indicator compounds from each of the studied systems was analyzed in the headspace. It was concluded that pyrazines mainly contributed to aroma in lipid systems and in protein solutions but not in emulsions and non protein aqueous systems. Hexanal, octanal, and nonanal were minor aroma contributors in lipid media, whereas hexanal and nonanal were released in small amount from protein emulsions. Conversely, octanal can be considered of an important aroma contributor in emulsions; the three aldehydes showed a high release from aqueous systems, with and without protein.     

The effects of different plant oils on some emulsion properties of beef, chicken and turkey meats

The effects of different plant oils (soybean, hazelnut, canola, sunflower, corn, cotton and olive) on emulsion capacity (EC), emulsion stability (ES), emulsion density (ED) and apparent yield stress values of emulsion (raw emulsion; AYSe) and emulsion gel (cooked emulsion; AYSg) of beef, chicken and turkey meats were studied by using a model system. Olive oil increased EC, AYSe and AYSg values and corn oil increased ES values significantly (P < 0.01). Moreover, olive oil decreased ED values significantly (P < 0.01). The effects of chicken meat on EC, turkey meat on ES and beef on AYSe were found to be significant (P < 0.01). The plant oils increased EC values of chicken meat significantly (P < 0.01). Olive oil had higher effect on EC values of chicken, beef and turkey meat. It was found to be 140.7, 132.5 and 128.9 mL (450 mg)⁻¹ protein, respectively. However, olive oil had higher effect on AYSg values of turkey, chicken and beef. It was found to be 492.9, 492.3 and 487.7 Nm⁻², respectively. In addition, olive oil decreased ED values of beef significantly (P < 0.01). The effect of corn oil on ES values of beef was found to be higher (P < 0.05) as 75.77%.     

FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE-TREATED WHEY PROTEIN

Surface hydrophobicity, solubility, gelation and emulsifying properties of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP)‐treated whey protein were evaluated. HHP treatment of whey protein buffer or salt solutions were performed at 690 MPa and initial ambient temperature for 5, 10, 20 or 30 min. Untreated whey protein was used as a control. The surface hydrophobicity of whey protein in 0.1 M phosphate buffers treated at pH 7.0 increased with an increase in HHP treatment time from 10 to 30 min. HHP treatments of whey protein in salt solutions at pH 7.0 for 5, 10, 20 or 30 min decreased the solubility of whey proteins. A significant correlation was observed between the surface hydrophobicity and solubility of untreated and HHP‐treated whey protein with r = ?0.946. Hardness of HHP‐induced 20, 25 or 30% whey protein gels increased with an increase in HHP treatment time from 5 to 30 min. An increase in the hardness of whey protein gels was observed as whey protein concentration increased. Whey proteins treated in phosphate buffer at pH 5.8 and 690 MPa for 5 min exhibited increased emulsifying activity. Whey proteins treated in phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 and 690 MPa for 10, 20 or 30 min exhibited decreased emulsifying activity. HHP‐treated whey proteins in phosphate buffer at pH 5.8 or 7.0 contributed to an increase in emulsion stability of model oil‐in‐water emulsions. This study demonstrates that HHP treatment of whey protein in phosphate buffer or salt solutions leads to whey protein unfolding observed as increased surface hydrophobicity. Whey proteins treated in phosphate buffers at pH 5.8 and 690 MPa for 5 min may potentially be used to enhance emulsion stability in foods such as salad dressings, sausage and processed cheese.     

土豆中酪氨酸酶的提取及植物精油对其激活作用与动力学研究

本实验采取单因素分析法对土豆中酪氨酸粗酶的提取及反应条件进行优化,采用多巴速率氧化法筛选具有酪氨酸酶激活作用的植物精油,并通过酶动力学实验研究其激活机理。结果表明土豆中酪氨酸酶最佳提取条件为:料液比1:10(g/mL)、磷酸盐缓冲液pH6.8;最佳酪氨酸酶反应条件为:温度35℃、时间13 min、底物L-多巴/粗酶加入量比例5:5。在最佳提取条件与反应条件下筛选15种植物精油中发现百里香、茶树、依兰精油对酪氨酸酶激活作用显著(P>0.05),IC₅₀值分别为0.488、0.429、0.480 mg/mL,接近阳性对照补骨脂素IC₅₀值0.328 mg/mL,动力学实验发现百里香、茶树、依兰精油激活类型分别为非竞争型、混合型、混合型。     

西式发酵火腿粗肽的制备及抗氧化活性和氨基酸组成分析

采用磷酸盐缓冲液和盐酸溶液提取西式发酵火腿的粗肽,测定并比较2种溶液提取的粗肽1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH)自由基、羟自由基清除能力、Fe2+螯合能力及总抗氧化能力,同时对氨基酸组成进行分析.结果表明:磷酸盐法提取得到的粗肽粉A的质量和肽含量显著高...     

Modeling Lycopene Degradation and Isomerization in the Presence of Lipids

The kinetics of thermally induced degradation and isomerization of lycopene in olive oil, fish oil, and an olive oil/tomato emulsion were studied in detail. Special attention was paid to the isomerization reactions using a multi-response modeling approach. The type of oil had a significant impact on lycopene degradation kinetics, being faster in fish oil compared with olive oil. The estimated kinetic parameters to describe lycopene degradation in olive oil were not significantly different from those in an olive oil/tomato emulsion. The overall Z-isomer formation and elimination in olive oil, fish oil, and olive oil/tomato emulsion was similar. Only the kinetic parameters for 13-Z-lycopene formation differed significantly in the two oils. Although the isomerization rate constants for the emulsion were lower than for olive oil, the isomerization reactions showed similar temperature dependency. This study shows that the kinetics of thermally induced degradation and isomerization of lycopene in oil and in an olive oil/tomato emulsion can be described using the same model. The food system, however, has an influence on the model parameters, especially on the rate constants.     

辛癸酸甘油酯和橄榄油的极性调控研究

本文以添加了不同浓度表面活性剂司盘80(Sp80)的辛癸酸甘油酯(Octanoic acid glyceride,ODO)和橄榄油作为模型油脂,测定在不同剪切速率下ODO和橄榄油的表观黏度,分析不同司盘80添加量对ODO和橄榄油界面张力的影响,并对其抗聚并稳定性进行了评价,从而探讨不同浓度表面活性剂下油脂极性的变化规律。结果表明,ODO和橄榄油体系的表观黏度随司盘80添加量的增加而增大;当司盘80浓度小于5%时,ODO-水界面张力降低,ODO极性增大;而在橄榄油体系中,橄榄油-水的界面张力达到平衡所需司盘80用量较ODO少,当司盘80浓度大于1%时,橄榄油极性与界面张力无明显变化,且司盘80可增强ODO和橄榄油油滴的抗聚并稳定性;当司盘80浓度大于5%时,由于油相极性较大,油水间作用力增强且过量胶束生成,反而促进了橄榄油油滴的聚并。