食盐对调理重组牛肉制品品质及水分分布特性的影响

为探讨不同食盐添加量(0%、0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%和2.5%)对调理重组牛肉制品品质特性的影响,以碎牛肉为实验原料,经过调理和重组工艺,研究不同食盐添加量对产品的质构特性、黏结强度、色差、水分活度、弛豫时间以及肌肉微观结构的变化。结果表明,随着食盐添加量的增加,调理重组牛肉制品的水分活度显著降低,黏结强度显著增强,产品的质构特性得到显著改善(P0.05),但是色泽变暗。另外,低场核磁共振分析发现,增加食盐的添加量,不易流动水含量逐渐增多,自由水含量逐渐减少,产品的保水性逐渐增强。扫描电子显微镜结果显示,增加食盐的添加量可以使肉块黏结处的三维网络结构越来越致密,提高了产品的保水性和黏结强度。对产品进行感官评价表明,当食盐添加量为1.5%时,产品品质最好,咸味适中。综合考虑产品品质和感官品质,确定在调理重组牛肉制品中食盐的最佳添加量为1.5%。     

苦荞粉添加量对苦荞复合火腿肠品质的影响

为探索苦荞粉添加量对苦荞复合火腿肠品质特性的影响,对复合火腿肠的凝胶保水性、色度和质构进行测定,同时对复合火腿肠进行感官评定。结果表明:随着苦荞粉添加量的增加,复合火腿肠保水性逐渐上升,当添加量达到15%时增加趋势平缓,苦荞粉的添加有利于复合火腿肠凝胶保水性提高;苦荞粉添加量10%时,复合火腿肠具有较理想的色度和质构,感官总体接受性好。因此,将适量的苦荞粉与肉制品复合可以制出能被消费者接受、保水性和质构好的苦荞复合火腿肠。     

燕麦复合火腿肠的感官、质构及保水特性研究

为了探索燕麦粉添加量对燕麦复合火腿肠品质特性的影响,分别对复合火腿肠进行感官评定及质构测定(质构剖面分析),并对这两种评价测定方法的结果进行相关性分析,同时也对复合火腿肠的保水特性进行测定。感官和质构测定结果表明:燕麦粉添加量为14%时,复合火腿肠具有较理想的质构,感官总体接受性好;质构测定硬度与感官评定硬度呈显著相关性(r=0.898),质构测定黏聚性与感官评定硬度、弹性呈显著相关性(r分别为-0.863和-0.825)。保水性测定结果表明:随着燕麦粉添加量的增加,复合火腿肠保水能力逐渐上升(94.33%～94.83%),当添加量达到17%以后,保水能力变化不大,增加趋势平缓,可以看出,燕麦粉的添加可能有利于提高复合火腿肠的保水性。因此,将适量的燕麦粉与肉品复合可以制作出能被消费者接受、质构和保水性很好的燕麦复合火腿肠。     

低钠盐对干腌肉制品加工过程中理化特性的影响

研究新型低钠盐和食盐制备干腌肉制品,对比加工过程中低钠盐和食盐对肉块水分含量、水分活度、pH值、色泽、钠、钾含量及脂肪氧化、质构特性和感官品质的影响。结果表明：在加工过程中,低钠盐组产品的理化指标、质构特性和脂肪氧化的变化趋势与食盐组相似,终产品间无显著差异;与食盐组一样,低钠盐干腌肉制品的感官品质有较高的接受度,而终产品中钠含量降低了48.04%。     

大豆分离蛋白的酶改性与水解处理对猪肉火腿肠品质的影响

研究了大豆分离蛋白的谷氨酰胺转移酶(MTG)改性与水解处理及其添加量对猪肉火腿肠品质的影响。分别对火腿肠保水性、质构指标、色泽及感官品质进行测定。结果表明:添加不同处理蛋白,产品的保水性均有显著的提高(P0.05),且随着蛋白添加量的增大而增大。在相同添加量下,添加大豆水解蛋白的火腿肠的保水性最高;添加MTG改性蛋白的产品的质构特性最好,大豆水解蛋白可以改善火腿肠的硬度,蛋白的添加使产品的L值增大,a值、b值降低;感官评定结果显示,3种蛋白均能改善火腿肠品质,其中MTG改性蛋白最明显。因此,MTG改性蛋白及大豆水解蛋白在改善火腿肠品质方面均有各自的优势,考虑成本问题,可以与大豆分离蛋白复配应用到实际生产中,利用大豆水解蛋白良好的生理生化特性开发营养型的火腿肠是可行的。     

淀粉、亚麻籽胶与贮藏温度对火腿肠品质影响的析因试验分析

采用析因试验设计,探究淀粉、亚麻籽胶、贮藏温度和它们之间的交互作用对火腿肠保水性、质构特征以及感官品质的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,经过45 d贮藏后,火腿肠的保水性随着淀粉添加量的增大而显著下降(P0.05),随着亚麻籽胶添加量的增大和贮藏温度的升高保水性显著上升(P0.05),淀粉和贮藏温度间的交互作用对保水性影响显著(P0.05)。质构测定结果显示,淀粉和亚麻籽胶的比例不同对硬度和咀嚼性的影响不同,但都能使弹性增大;随着贮藏温度的升高,硬度和咀嚼性增大,弹性降低。淀粉和亚麻籽胶的交互作用能使硬度和咀嚼性显著降低,而淀粉和温度的交互作用则能使弹性显著降低。从感官评定结果可以看出,降低淀粉添加量、增加亚麻籽胶添加量、降低贮藏温度有利于改善火腿肠的感官品质,且火腿肠的感官品质与淀粉和亚麻籽胶之间的交互作用有着密切联系。     

添加聚葡萄糖对低钠盐香肠品质特性的影响

将聚葡萄糖膳食纤维以0%、1%、2%、3%添加到香肠中,并结合不同配比的低钠盐,研究聚葡萄糖对低钠盐香肠的色泽、感官评定、电子舌味觉、保水性、质构等品质特性的影响。结果表明:随着聚葡萄糖添加量的增加,低钠盐香肠的亮度减小、红色增大而黄色减少;用"KCl+Ca Cl2"部分替代Na Cl的低钠盐香肠的感官评分较低;电子舌的味觉雷达图表明仅酸味和鲜味有区别;KCl部分替代Na Cl的低钠盐香肠保水性有上升趋势。质构测定结果表明,不同替代比例的复合盐对香肠质构指标的影响相对较大,而添加聚葡萄糖对KCl部分替代Na Cl的低钠盐香肠的硬度、胶粘性和咀嚼性有增强的作用。     

含KCl、氨基酸的低钠盐替代食盐对风干草鱼加工过程中理化特性的影响

本试验以新鲜草鱼为原料,食盐组为对照组,研究不同比例低钠盐替代食盐对风干草鱼加工过程中背侧肌和腹侧肌理化特性以及感官品质的影响。结果显示:干燥结束后,75%和100%低钠盐替代组的水分含量显著高于其他组(p<0.05),且背侧肌的水分含量和水分活度均显著高于腹侧肌(p<0.05)。低钠盐替代组的pH、色泽和质构与食盐组的变化趋势相似。75%低钠盐替代制备的产品咸味纯正,无异味,具有较高的接受度,且背侧肌和腹侧肌钠含量分别降低了31.88%和47.64%。低钠盐部分替代食盐制备的风干草鱼在保证理化和感官特性不受影响的基础上,极大地降低了钠含量,具有较好的应用前景。     

食盐添加量对低盐虾酱品质特征的影响

以感官、化学和微生物为指标,研究不同食盐添加量对低盐虾酱品质特征的影响。设置四组不同的食盐添加量梯度(以原料虾质量为基准计):21%(对照)、18%、15%、12%,分别对产品的水分含量、水分活度、FAN、TVB-N、pH和细菌学指标进行测定,同时进行感官评价。结果表明:食盐添加量为15%和18%的样品的水分含量分别为(55.05±0.38)、(56.39±0.32)g/100g,水分活度分别为0.749±0.043、0.753±0.046,FAN值分别为(0.528±0.056)、(0.533±0.051)g/100g,TVB-N值分别为(17.8±0.42)、(19.3±0.46)mg/100g,细菌总数分别为(3.41±0.38)、(3.43±0.35)lg(CFU/g),产品间无明显差异,感官评价好。食盐添加量低至12%时,产品的水分含量、水分活度、TVB-N和细菌总数显著提高,感官评价明显降低;食盐添加量高达21%时,产品偏咸,FAN值降低,鲜味降低。食盐添加量对产品的pH影响不大;样品的大肠菌群数均<3.0MPN/g,均未检出致病菌。由此可见,食盐添加量为15%～18%的低盐虾酱利于风味物质的形成和较好的防腐作用,且保持高品质特征。     

发酵麸皮对火腿肠品质的影响

小麦麸皮富含膳食纤维,将其应用到火腿肠类肉糜制品中,可降低脂肪含量,提高营养价值,但麸皮的添加会造成产品口感粗糙,风味、组织结构变差。为改善这一现状并提高麸皮添加量,该实验对麸皮进行发酵制备发酵麸皮,并用大豆油对发酵麸皮进行预乳化处理,分别将预乳化发酵麸皮和发酵麸皮添加到火腿肠中,对比不同麸皮对火腿肠感官、色差、质构特性以及脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明,火腿肠添加发酵麸皮后,产品的色泽和口感变差,感官评分下降,麸皮最大添加量(质量分数)为6%;发酵麸皮经预乳化处理后,火腿肠的色泽、感官和质构特性相比发酵麸皮火腿肠都有显著改善,其麸皮最大添加量(质量分数)提高到8%;且产品不饱和脂肪酸显著增加,饱和脂肪酸显著下降。由此可见,使用大豆油对发酵麸皮进行预乳化处理后,能够显著改善产品感官和质构特性,提高产品营养价值,提高麸皮的综合利用价值。     

腐生葡萄球菌发酵鸭肉香肠工艺研究

研究以腐生葡萄球菌作为发酵菌种发酵鸭肉香肠的工艺条件。以发酵鸭肉香肠的pH 值、水分活度、游离氨基酸含量为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验设计对发酵时间、加盐量、加糖量进行优化,采用SPME/GC/MS 技术分析发酵鸭肉香肠中挥发性风味化合物的种类及含量。结果表明：各组发酵鸭肉香肠的水分活度以及pH值没有明显差异,发酵时间9d,糖添加量为2% 以及盐添加量为2.5% 时,发酵鸭肉香肠的游离氨基酸含量较高,风味较好,适宜保藏,以此作为最佳发酵工艺条件。     

食盐添加量对哈尔滨风干肠理化特性的影响

以哈尔滨风干肠为研究对象,通过对其发酵过程中水分含量及分布、食盐含量、pH值、色差、剪切力、硫代巴比妥酸（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值及菌落总数等指标的测定,研究降低食盐添加量（2.5%、2.0%、1.5%、1.0%）对风干肠理化特性的影响,以期减少风干肠中食盐含量。结果表明,发酵前期（0～6?d）,降低食盐添加量会导致风干肠水分含量、水分活度（water activity,Aw）、L*值、TBARS值和菌落总数较高（P＜0.05）,而a*值、pH值及剪切力较低（P＜0.05）;发酵后期（6～12?d）,降低食盐添加量会导致风干肠水分含量、Aw、pH值和L*值的降低（P＜0.05）,而TBARS值、剪切力和菌落总数升高（P＜0.05）,各组风干肠a*值没有显著差异（P＞0.05）。此外,低场核磁分析结果表明,随着发酵时间的延长,各组风干肠中的不易流动水对应的弛豫时间（T21）变快,并且食盐添加量越少,弛豫时间越快（P＜0.05）。感官评价结果表明,食盐添加量为2.0%时,风干肠总体可接受性最好,咸味适中。综上所述,确定哈尔滨风干肠中食盐的最佳添加量为2.0%。     

高压和食盐对鸡肉肠品质特性的影响

在不同压强条件（0.1、200、400 MPa）下对不同食盐添加量（质量分数0%、1%、2%）的生鸡肉肠加热（60 ℃）处理30 min,测定处理后鸡肉肠的持水力、水分分布、质构特性和微观结构,分析高压和食盐对鸡肉肠热诱导凝胶特性的影响。结果发现：常压下,减少食盐添加量会降低鸡肉肠的保水性和质构特性,但高压处理能降低食盐对鸡肉肠的影响。相比常压组,200 MPa高压处理能显著提高产品的保水性和质构特性（P＜0.05）,而400 MPa的高压处理则显著降低产品的保水性和质构特性（P＜0.05）。高压能促进肉糜中的肌纤维分解,使不易流动水的比例升高,自由水比例下降;200 MPa下能形成致密的凝胶网络,而400 MPa则阻碍凝胶网络的形成。高压结合加热处理可用于提高低盐鸡肉肠的品质特性。     

Reduction of salt in pork sausages by the addition of carrot fibre or potato starch and high pressure treatment

The combined effect of high pressure processing (HPP) (400, 600 and 800 MPa) and carrot fibre (CF) and potato starch (PS) on low salt (1.2%) pork sausages was investigated and compared with high (1.8%) salt sausages. Sausages had a marked increase in whitening with increasing content of fibre or starch, pressure level, and process temperature. The degree of redness was mainly affected by pressure level and heat treatment. An important finding regarding salt reduction was that the use of starch or fibre had more impact on textural properties than the level of salt since Young's modulus and strain at fracture were mainly affected by formulation and HPP. Water binding capacity of low salt sausages was improved to the same level as high salt sausages with HPP and addition of CF or PS particularly by the addition of PS which produced sausages with better sensory properties than CF. The sensory analysis showed that this approach is promising for producing low salt sausages.     

Reduction of salt in pork sausages by the addition of carrot fibre or potato starch and high pressure treatment

The combined effect of high pressure processing (HPP) (400, 600 and 800MPa) and carrot fibre (CF) and potato starch (PS) on low salt (1.2%) pork sausages was investigated and compared with high (1.8%) salt sausages. Sausages had a marked increase in whitening with increasing content of fibre or starch, pressure level, and process temperature. The degree of redness was mainly affected by pressure level and heat treatment. An important finding regarding salt reduction was that the use of starch or fibre had more impact on textural properties than the level of salt since Young's modulus and strain at fracture were mainly affected by formulation and HPP. Water binding capacity of low salt sausages was improved to the same level as high salt sausages with HPP and addition of CF or PS particularly by the addition of PS which produced sausages with better sensory properties than CF. The sensory analysis showed that this approach is promising for producing low salt sausages.     

Effects of Salt Levels in Prerigor Blends and Cooked Sausages on Water Binding, Released Fat and pH

Prerigor pork was used to make preblends of 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4% salt and 125 ppm sodium nitrite. Sausages formulated with 1.5 or 2.0% salt were made from all preblends; sausages formulated with 1.0% salt were made from preblends of 0, 1, 2 and 3% salt. Sausages made with nonsalted preblends had less water binding capacity (WBC) and more released fat (RF) than sausages made with preblends of 2, 3, or 4% salt (P < 0.05). Levels of salt in preblends did not affect (P > 0.05) WBC when salt contents of sausages were reduced from 2.0 to 1.5%; however, these WBC values were lowered somewhat when preblends with 0 or 1.0% salt were used. Water binding capacity decreased (P < 0.05) when salt contents of sausages were reduced from 1.5 to 1.0%, and when these sausages were made with preblends containing 2.0 or 3.0% salt. Data suggest that salting of prerigor pork is beneficial for optimizing WBC in sausages made with low salt contents.     

食盐添加量对哈尔滨风干肠脂质和蛋白氧化及挥发性化合物形成的影响

研究不同食盐添加量(2.5%、2.0%、1.5%、1.0%)对哈尔滨风干肠在发酵过程中脂质及蛋白氧化的影响。结果表明,降低食盐添加量可显著降低风干肠过氧化物值以及肌原纤维蛋白和肌浆蛋白的羰基含量和表面疏水性,增加总巯基含量(P<0.05),说明NaCl对风干肠的脂质和蛋白氧化有促进作用。此外,挥发性化合物分析结果表明,各组风干肠中挥发性化合物的含量随着发酵时间的延长逐渐增加,且食盐添加量对多数化合物的生成具有显著影响(P<0.05)。随着食盐添加量的降低,醛类物质总体水平下降,酮类、酸类、酯类和醇类物质的总体水平上升。与对照组(2.5%)相比,添加2.0%食盐的样品减少了因脂质和蛋白氧化生成的醛、醇、酸类等物质,增加了微生物代谢产生的酮、醇、酸、酯类等物质,改善了风干肠的整体风味。     

NIR technology for on-line determination of superficial a(w) and moisture content during the drying process of fermented sausages

Three different NIR equipment were evaluated based on their ability to predict superficial water activity (a(w)) and moisture content in two types of fermented sausages (with and without moulds on surface), using partial least squares (PLS) regression models. The instruments differed mainly in wavelength range, resolution and measurement configuration. The most accurate equipment was used in a new experiment to achieve robust models in sausages with different salt contents and submitted to different drying conditions. The models developed showed determination coefficients (R(2)(P)) values of 0.990, 0.910 and 0.984, and RMSEP values of 1.560%, 0.220% and 0.007% for moisture, salt and a(w) respectively. It was demonstrated that NIR spectroscopy could be a suitable non-destructive method for on-line monitoring and control of the drying process in fermented sausages.     

Effects of sodium tripolyphosphate on functional properties of low‐salt single‐step high‐pressure processed chicken breast sausage

Influences of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) contents (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%) on water holding capacity (WHC) and texture properties of low‐salt (1.2% NaCl) single‐step high‐pressure processed chicken breast sausages (LSSS‐HPP sausages) were evaluated. Results showed that WHC was improved (4–5%) by the addition of STPP. However, the STPP contents customarily used for cooked sausages (0.3–0.5%) were excessive for LSSS‐HPP sausages, causing a soft and tacky texture. Sausages containing 0.1% of STPP had the best taste according to the sensory evaluations. Chemical interactions plus Raman spectroscopic analysis revealed that STPP addition partly changed native structures of myofibrillar proteins. Furthermore, higher STPP contents in the meat batter prevented those proteins from high pressure denaturing and aggregating in the subsequent single‐step HPP procedure. Increased hydrogen bonds and decreased hydrophobic interactions explained the better WHC and softer texture. Therefore, 0.1% of STPP is the optimal content in the processing of new‐type LSSS‐HPP sausages.     

直接减盐法对哈尔滨红肠贮藏期间品质的影响

采用不同食盐添加量（2.00%、2.25%、2.50%、2.75%和3.00%）制备哈尔滨红肠，真空包装后于4℃下贮藏35 d，通过分析贮藏过程中红肠的理化指标、微生物指标以及感官品质等，探究直接减盐法对哈尔滨红肠品质以及贮藏特性的影响。结果表明，随食盐添加量的减少，哈尔滨红肠的pH值显著增加（P<0.05），水分质量分数和硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值呈增加趋势，a*值略有降低，b*值略有升高，但整体上没有显著性差异（P>0.05）。在贮藏末期（第35天），食盐添加量为3.00%处理组L*值显著低于2.00%处理组（P<0.05）。此外，在整个贮藏期间，高食盐添加量处理组（3.00%、2.75%和2.50%）的硬度和致密性相对较高，菌落总数较低。电子舌分析结果显示，随着贮藏时间的延长，不同食盐添加量的哈尔滨红肠酸味、咸味和回味B（苦回味）显著增强（P<0.05），鲜味显著减弱（P<0.05）。同时与2.00%处理组相比，2.50%和3.00%处理组风味特征更加相似。感官评...