电子束辐照对小麦粉加工特性及馒头食用品质影响的研究

研究了不同剂量电子束辐照对小麦粉理化性质及加工品质的影响,并将其制成馒头,运用物性测试仪和感官评定方法分析了馒头的食用品质。结果显示:随着辐照剂量增加,小麦粉的降落数值及黏度特性显著下降,当辐照剂量达到5 kGy时,降落数值下降了56.2%,峰值黏度下降至42.7%,回生值下降至35.2%,而吸水量略有提高;面团的最大拉伸阻力逐渐降低,降幅随着辐照剂量的增大而增大,延伸度却逐渐增加,拉伸曲线面积则先增后减;物性测试仪测定结果表明,剂量在1.75 kGy以下时,辐照对馒头的黏附性影响较小,但达到2.75 kGy以上时,馒头的黏附性迅速增大,达到对照样品3倍以上;感官评定结果表明,当小麦所受辐照剂量达到5 kGy时,由其所制作的馒头感官评分低于60分,表明已不宜食用。     

电子束辐照对小麦粉加工品质影响的研究

研究了不同剂量电子束辐照对小麦粉理化性质及加工特性的影响,并将其制成馒头,运用物性测试仪和感官评定方法分析了馒头的食用品质。结果显示:随着辐照剂量增加,小麦粉的降落数值及粘度特性显著下降,当辐照剂量达到5kGy时,降落数值下降了56.2%,峰值粘度下降至42.7%,回生值下降至35.2%,而吸水量略有提高;面团的最大拉伸阻力逐渐降低,降幅随着辐照剂量的增大而增大,延伸度却逐渐增加,拉伸曲线面积则先增后减;物性测试仪测定结果表明,剂量在1.75kGy以下时,辐照对馒头的粘附性影响较小,但达到2.75kGy以上时,馒头的粘附性迅速增大,达到对照样品3倍以上;感官评定结果表明,当小麦所受辐照剂量达到5kGy时,由其所制作的馒头感官评分低于60分,表明已不宜食用。     

辐照对淀粉物理性质的影响研究

采用60Coγ-射线对玉米淀粉进行辐照处理,辐照剂量分别为2kGy、10kGy、30kGy和50kGy,然后对不同辐照剂量的淀粉样品测定其黏度及热稳定性、特性黏度和透光率.由特性黏度的测定结果表明,对淀粉的辐照降解,其辐照剂量可以控制在10kGy以下,如果再提高辐照剂量则无明显的降解效果.低辐照剂量的样品透光率有明显的提高,辐照剂量达到2kGy后随着辐照剂量的增加透光率逐渐下降.高剂量辐照的淀粉黏度很低,但黏度的热稳定性比较好.     

60Co-γ辐射对马铃薯淀粉特性的影响

采用60Co-γ射线对马铃薯淀粉进行辐照处理,辐照剂量分别为4、8、10、12、16kGy和20kGy,测定淀粉的颗粒特性及淀粉糊的透明度、热稳定性及冷稳定性。结果表明：辐照后的马铃薯淀粉颗粒形貌未发生明显变化、平均粒径变小;淀粉糊的透明度升高,峰值黏度减小,热稳定性及冷稳定性均显著提高。辐照剂量高于10kGy时,淀粉糊的峰值黏度与冷、热稳定性变化趋于平缓。     

辐照对淀粉黏度特性影响的研究

采用^60Coγ-射线对玉米淀粉进行辐照处理,辐照剂量分别为2kGy、4kGy、6kGy、8kGy和10kGy．然后对不同辐照剂量的淀粉样品测定其黏度热稳定性、冷稳定性、凝沉性、凝胶性等黏度特性指标。结果表明：辐照后淀粉的最高热黏度变小,当辐照剂量在4kGy以上时,其最高热黏度基本稳定在15MPa·s左右。黏度冷稳定性有所提高,黏度热稳定性降低,但其凝胶性和凝沉性没有随着放置时间的延长出现规律性变化。     

60Co γ-射线辐照对淀粉改性的研究

采用60Coγ-射线对玉米淀粉进行辐照处理,辐照剂量分别为0、12、14、16、18和20kGy,然后对不同辐照剂量的淀粉样品测定其特性黏度和黏度的热稳定性、冷稳定性、凝沉性等特性指标.由特性黏度的测定结果表明,对淀粉辐照降解的辐照剂量可以控制在12kGy以下,如果再提高辐照刑量则无明显的降解效果.辐照后的淀粉最高热黏度下降,黏度热稳定性降低,冷稳定性提高.     

辐照改性对魔芋胶的影响

采用^60COγ-射线对魔芋粉进行辐照处理,辐照剂量分别为2、4、6、8和10kGy,然后对不同辐照剂量的魔芋样品测定其特性黏度、流变性等指标。结果表明：魔芋胶经6和8kGy辐照后其特性黏度和黏度值与对照相比均有所下降,而在10kGy辐照剂量时则粘均分子量和黏度值下降明显。辐照前后魔芋胶的流体特征不变,均为宾汉塑性流体,但经过10kGy辐照后其屈服应力值由8.63Pa降低到4.51Pa。辐照后魔芋胶的黏度热可逆性提高,经8kGy辐照的样品黏度热可逆性最好。     

电子束辐照对小麦营养品质和面团流变学特性的影响

采用0、0.83、1.56、2.30、4.93kGy不同剂量的电子束辐照小麦麦仁,研究其对小麦营养品质、面筋质量和面团流变学特性影响。结果表明:不同剂量的电子束辐照对小麦的粗蛋白含量、氨基酸组成与平衡性影响不显著(P>0.05),对湿面筋含量、出粉率无显著影响(P>0.05),但沉淀值、降落数值均随着辐照剂量的增加而下降(P<0.05)。电子束辐照对面团的吸水量、拉伸度影响不显著(P>0.05),但面团弱化度随着辐照剂量的增加而增加(P<0.05)。与未辐照组相比,2.30、4.93kGy剂量辐照时面团形成时间、稳定时间明显下降(P<0.05),0.83、1.56kGy剂量辐照时面团的最大拉伸阻力、50mm处最大拉伸阻力显著增强(P<0.05),0.83kGy剂量辐照时面团的拉伸能量明显提高(P<0.05)。0.83、1.56kGy的辐照剂量可使小麦粉面团筋力增强。     

黄米淀粉的制备及流变学特性的研究

淀粉的流变学特性是影响工业化淀粉质食品品质的重要因素。通过碱法优化提取工艺制备了黄米淀粉产品,分析了黄米淀粉的基本理化指标,并利用Brabender糊化仪和Brookfield旋转黏度仪研究了黄米淀粉的糊化特性、流变特性以及机械剪切触变性能,为黄米淀粉在食品工业的应用提供理论依据。结果表明:黄米淀粉中蛋白质残留量为0.232%,淀粉纯度为88.98%,淀粉得率为58.6%,直链淀粉含量为18.28%,起糊温度为73.9℃;峰值黏度为702BU;与马铃薯淀粉、大米淀粉及玉米淀粉相比,黄米淀粉糊具有较强的黏度冷稳定性以及较弱的凝胶性和凝沉性;黄米淀粉糊属于非牛顿型、假塑性、剪切稀化的触变性流体;在同一剪切速率下,表观黏度随温度的增加而降低;在同一温度下,淀粉糊的表观黏度随剪切速率的增加而减小。     

射线辐照对粮食微观结构及其萌发特性的影响

分别采用0～10 kGy的电子束和γ射线辐照小麦、稻谷、玉米和大豆,对其微观结构进行观察。结果发现,不同种类不同剂量射线辐照粮食后,其微观结构均受到不同程度的影响。电子束辐照后,小麦胚乳淀粉和蛋白质基质结合松散,稻谷胚乳中出现裂纹,玉米和大豆种胚细胞组织遭到破坏,细胞内含物外渗;γ射线辐照粮食后,粮粒微观结构变化趋势和电子束辐照相似。随着两种射线辐照剂量的升高,射线对粮粒内部微观结构的损伤、破坏程度增大。粮食发芽率的试验结果发现,辐照处理后粮食发芽率均降低,不同粮种随射线种类和辐照剂量不同,其发芽率降低程度有所不同。辐照剂量越大,发芽率越低,当两种射线辐照剂量达到10 kGy时,4种粮食发芽率均为0。比较发现,同剂量的γ射线辐照对粮食微观结构和发芽率的影响大于电子束辐照。     

Effects of electron‐beam irradiation on physicochemical properties of starches separated from stored wheat

Effects of electron‐beam irradiation (0, 1.0, 2.7, and 4.4 kGy) on physicochemical properties, MW distribution as well as microstructure of starches separated from electron‐beam irradiated and stored wheats were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), SEM, and static multi‐angle laser light scattering (MALLS). The profiles of starch viscosity illustrated that peak, hot paste, cold paste, and setback were considerably decreased with increasing irradiation dose. The DSC pattern indicated that the electron‐beam irradiation caused a slight decrease in gelatinization temperature. SEM results showed that on the surfaces of a few starch granules fissures appeared and that they become rough when the irradiation doses reached 4.4 kGy. Damaged starch (DS) contents analysis suggested that the DS increased from 5.33 to 7.38% as the dose increased from 0 (control) to 4.4 kGy. HPSEC measurement showed that the starch molecule were gradually degraded due to the electron‐beam irradiation treatment, and the molar mass of wheat starches decreased by one order of magnitude when the irradiation doses reached 4.4 kGy.     

凉粉草胶与不同淀粉混合体系糊化和质构性质的研究

凉粉草胶(MBG)与淀粉作用可以形成凝胶。为比较不同淀粉与MBG混合体系糊化和凝胶性质的差异,选取玉米等八种常见淀粉,利用Brabender糊化仪、质构仪、对MBG与不同淀粉混合体系的糊化和质构性质进行了研究。结果发现,MBG对谷类淀粉(大米、小麦、玉米)和豆类淀粉(绿豆、豌豆)的糊化性质的影响都比较显著,对薯类淀粉(木薯、马铃薯、甘薯)的不显著,但MBG与薯类淀粉混合体系的黏度远高于MBG与豆类和谷类淀粉的;MBG与大米淀粉形成的凝胶硬度最大,与马铃薯淀粉形成的凝胶硬度次之,与豌豆淀粉形成的凝胶硬度最小。淀粉与MBG之间相互作用的强弱可以从Brabender糊化曲线上的特征点值E-D来比较。     

Zur enzymatischen Hydrolyse verschiedener Stärkearten

On the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Various Starches. The behaviour of different commercial starches to amylolytic enzyme preparations and of their hydrolyzates during raffination was investigated. No significant differences in final degree of saccharification of starches from yellow maize, waxy maize, amylo-maize, potatoes and wheat were observed. The lower De-values of waxy maize hydrolyzates after liquefaction were completely compensated during final saccharification phase. Determinations of viscosity after liquefaction and saccharification always showed highest viscosity in raw hydrolyzates produced from wheat starch. After filtration of the raw hydrolyzates these differences in viscosity were no more observed. Addition of pentosanase during sacharification period did not affect viscosity and filtration of the hydrolyzates. Glucoamylase with increased pentosanase activity affected filtration of wheat starch hydrolyzates positively; viscosity kept unchanged. Development of enzymatic liquefaction of the individual starches was studied by means of a Brabender Viscograph. By this informative differences between potato and waxy maize starches on one side and maize and wheat starches on the other side were observed.     

不同剂量电子辐照对小麦品质影响的研究

研究结果表明,经过1－10kGy辐照后小麦基本营养成份没有变化。但是,经过5kGy和10kGy辐照的样品的布置和流变学特性、面筋指数和气味色泽明显变坏。为保持基本的营养品质,2．5kGy以上的辐照剂量不宜应用。     

Detection of Starch Transformation Under γ-Irradiation by Small-angle X-Ray Scattering

The small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to examine structural changes of starches after γ-irradiation with 10, 20, 30 kGy doses. The diminution of intensity of small-angle reflexion relating to 100 A spacing indicates destruction of long-range ordering in granules after γ-irradiation. It was observed as well in the case of irradiation of dry pure starches as a starch contained in potatoes. The method suggests possibility of quick identification of irradiated foodstuffs.     

60Co辐照对米粉及其淀粉自由基的影响

用60Co射线对米粉(糯米粉、籼米粉)和淀粉(糯米淀粉、籼米淀粉)进行不同剂量的辐照处理,利用电子自旋共振(ESR)分析辐照前后米粉和淀粉中自由基的变化。结果表明:随着辐照剂量的增加,自由基的含量也随之线性增加;在中心磁场处,糯米粉产生的自由基比籼米粉高,糯米淀粉产生的自由基比籼米淀粉高。对比米粉和淀粉的辐射结果分析发现,自由基的产生主要来自淀粉分子。同时,辐照样经蒸煮后发现,米粉和淀粉的颜色由白色变为黄色,且随辐照剂量的增加,色泽加深。     

Physicochemical Properties of Waxy and Normal Maize Starches Irradiated at Various pH and Salt Concentrations

Waxy and normal maize starches of various pH values and salt contents were prepared, irradiated with gamma rays (5–20 kGy) and their molecular structure, pasting viscosity and rheological properties determined. Average molar mass and size of both waxy and normal maize starches decreased considerably by irradiation from >338.0×10⁶ to <39.4×10⁶ g/mol and from >237.5 to <125.2 nm, respectively. Adjustments of pH had little influence on the average molar mass and size of irradiated starch, whereas incorporation of salt greatly reduced the molar mass and size of irradiated waxy and normal maize starches. As the pH increased from 4 to 8, the pasting viscosity of the irradiated starches decreased from 1032 to 279 mPa s in waxy and from 699 to 381 mPa s in normal starches. Pasting viscosity of both irradiated waxy and normal starch decreased from 689 to 358 mPa s and from 327 to 184 mPa s as the salt concentration increased from 1 to 5%. The G′ of gels, determined during cooling from 90 to 10°C or storage for 8 h, decreased in irradiated waxy and normal starches by pre‐conditioning at pH 8 and in irradiated waxy starches by pre‐conditioning at 5% NaCl. With 5% NaCl, G′ of irradiated normal maize starch during cooling increased up to the irradiation level of 10 kGy, and increased during storage for 8 h at all levels of irradiation. Incorporated salt prior to irradiation appears to induce incremental modifications in the molecular structure, rheological and retrogradation properties of starch by boosting the degradation of molecules.     

Changes in wheat and potato starches induced by gamma irradiation: A comparative macro and microscopic study

Wheat and potato starches were treated by gamma irradiation (0, 3, 5, 10, 20, 35, and 50 kGy). Apparent amylose content, gelatinization maximum consistency, swelling power, viscosity, and textural parameters decreased in potato and wheat starch pastes as irradiation dose increased. Nevertheless, the decrease of apparent amylose content and swelling power was greater in potato starch than in wheat one. High gamma irradiation doses made potato starch granules more sensitive to shear. On the other hand, no modification in the granule shape was observed by scanning electron microscopy. However, through heat-treatment, starch granules destroyed as irradiation dose increased. Consequently, the effect of irradiation on granular structure appeared to be greater in potato starch than in wheat starch.     

Change in Digestibility of Raw Starch by Gamma-Irradiation

Irradiation effect on digestion of raw starch by glucoamylase has been investigated as a basic research for application of radiosterilization on uncooked starch fermentation. The digestibility of raw tapioca starch decreased with an increase in dose while that of other starches such as wheat, corn, sweet potato and potato were little changed by irradiation. Tapioca starch granules coagulated by irradiation and were sedimented rapidly in suspension. The coagulation of irradiated tapioca starch granules can be dispersed completely by ultrasonic treatment. These results show that the decrease in digestion of raw tapioca starch depends on the coagulation of starch granules but other factors also contribute because the recovery of digestibility by ultrasonic treatment was not complete.     

Isolation and Physicochemical Characterization of Fonio (Digitaria exilis Stapf) Starch

Fonio (Digitaria exilis Stapf) starch was isolated from the seeds of two varieties denominated Hothia and Koulli and its physicochemical properties were compared with those of commercial wheat starch. Fonio starch granules seen under a SEM had polygonal shapes and small size (about 8μm). Amylose content of Hothia (22.6%) was significantly lower than that of Koulli and wheat (26.1% and 25.0%, respectively). there was not any significant difference in lipid content of fonio starches (2.8% and 2.9%), whereas significant differences were observed in their water binding capacity (88% and 80%). Protein and ash were also determined. The swelling power and solubility of wheat and fonio starches within the 50°C-90°C temperature range were also studied. Brabender amylograms of 5% fonio starch slurries showed similarly shaped, single-step curves. However, the two fonio varieties reached quite different viscosity values during the heating and cooling cycle.