转盘萃取塔中连续相轴向混合的研究

根据塔内流体运动规律,分别研究了转盘萃取塔单相流和两相逆流时连续相轴向混合的机理.采用光导纤维测定脉冲示踪的浓度响应,从而得到单相流轴向混合Peclet数和两相逆流时分散相对连续相轴向混合的影响(f_w-△~W)的数学表达式.这些表达式对轴向混合的计算,能从高转盘转速扩展到低转速,并能适用于较广的流速范围.为了分析连续相的轴向混合,对分散相滞留量及分散相液滴直径也作了初步研究,并得出了关联式.     

脉冲筛板萃取柱中连续相的轴向混合

通过示踪剂实验方法对38mm脉冲筛板萃取柱中连续相的轴向混合进行了研究。分别采用亚甲基蓝溶液和氯化钾溶液为示踪剂。实验过程中,首先采用"扰动-响应"技术实测了示踪剂的停留时间分布(RTD)曲线,然后依照轴向扩散模型(ADM)应用最小二乘法拟合求出连续相的轴向混合系数Ec,并分析了连续相表观流速、分散相表观流速、脉冲强度对于Ec的影响。实验结果表明,示踪剂浓度、径向取样位置和轴向取样位置对轴向混合系数Ec值的影响可以忽略,轴向混合系数Ec随着脉冲强度和两相表观流速的增加而增大。最后在本实验参数范围内,拟合出了连续相的轴向混合系数随操作参数变化的经验关系式,与实验结果对比,相对偏差在±20%以内。     

转盘萃取塔内连续相轴向混合的研究(摘要)

本文从转盘塔内流体流动特性出发研究了塔内连续相轴向混合。应用光导纤维测试仪测定脉冲示踪的浓度响应。这种方法基本上不影响塔内流场,消除滞后现象,所得讯号可记录于磁带,直接送计算机处理。一个直径为D的液滴由于具有表面能     

气体搅拌的萃取塔中轴向混合性质的研究

在内径为50mm的气体搅拌萃取塔中，研究了空气－水－煤油系统的轴向混合特征。实验以水为连续相，煤油为分散相，以空气为搅拌动力源，采用脉冲应答技术，分别测定了连续相和分散相的轴向扩散系数，并讨论了连续相流速、分散相流速、气相流速及在塔内装入静态混合器时对塔内轴向混合性质的影响，得到了在操作范围内的经验关联式。     

由转盘塔内连续相溶质浓度轴向分布 估算传质系数和轴向混合系数的研究

根据转盘萃取塔内连续相溶质浓度的轴向分布进行了参数估算.在估算中应用液滴尺寸分布,将带轴向混合的柱塞流模型应用于塔内连续相,将前混模型应用于分散相.参数估算结果表明:应用d_(32)所获得的连续相轴向混合系数E_c和传质系数k_c的估算值比应用液滴尺寸分布所得的E_c、k_c的估算值偏高;如果忽略液滴生成过程传质的影响,k_c的估算值略有增加,而E_c的估算值则明显偏高.     

由转盘塔内连续相溶质浓度轴向分布 估算传质系数和轴向混合系数的研究

根据转盘萃取塔内连续相溶质浓度的轴向分布进行了参数估算.在估算中应用液滴尺寸分布,将带轴向混合的柱塞流模型应用于塔内连续相,将前混模型应用于分散相.参数估算结果表明:应用d_(32)所获得的连续相轴向混合系数E_c和传质系数k_c的估算值比应用液滴尺寸分布所得的E_c、k_c的估算值偏高;如果忽略液滴生成过程传质的影响,k_c的估算值略有增加,而E_c的估算值则明显偏高.     

脉冲萃取塔径向扩散系数的测定方法

引　言对于脉冲筛板萃取塔或脉冲填料萃取塔中的轴向混合 ,已有许多人用轴向扩散模型作了研究[1,2 ].但是 ,在脉冲萃取塔工业放大设计的过程中 ,径向混合程度是个不可忽略的重要因素 .然而 ,这方面的研究尚未见报道 .萃取塔中的混合情况会直接影响液液两相传质推动力的大小 .通常 ,希望塔内连续相出现尽可能小的轴向混合 ,使连续相的流形接近活塞流 ,以获得最大的传质推动力 .而对于连续相的径向混合 ,其混合程度越大越有利于径向浓度的均匀 ,有利于获得最大的传质推动力 .因此 ,径向扩散系数大小的确定 ,对于工业规模脉冲萃取塔的设计具有…     

气体搅拌的萃取塔中轴向混合性质的研究

在内径为50mm的气体搅拌萃取塔中，研究了空气－水－煤油系统的轴向混合特征，实验以水为连续相，煤油为分散相，以空气为搅拌动力源，采用脉冲应答技术，分别测定了连续相和分散相的轴向扩散系数，并讨论了连续相流速，分散相流速，气相流速对在塔内装入静态混合器时对塔内轴向混合性质的影响。     

《分散—聚合》型脉冲萃取柱中分散相轴向混合的研究

在内径40mm的《分散-聚合》型脉冲萃取柱中,利用“扰动-响应”技术研究了30％TBP(煤油溶液)一0.5N HNO_3水溶液体系的分散相的轴向混合。30％TBP(煤油)为分散相,0.5N HNO_3水溶液为连续相。用实测的分散相停留时间分布曲线,依照扩散模型用时间域最小二乘法求取轴向混合系数。研究范围为:脉冲强度Af,0.9～3.75cm/s,连续相表观流速0.1～0.5cm/s,分散相表观流速0.28-0.84cm/s。结果表明,随着脉沖强度的增大,分散相轴向混合系数E_d通过一个最小值。分散相轴向混合系数E_d随两相流速增大而单调上升。     

带转动挡板的搅拌萃取塔连续相停留时间分布研究

为获取带转动挡板的搅拌萃取塔内部流体流动状况，采用脉冲示踪法对塔内连续相停留时间分布(RTD)进行研究，并结合轴向返混模型得到了连续相的返混系数。结果表明，随着连续相体积流量、总流量或连续相与分散相体积流量比值的增大，连续相RTD曲线收窄、峰值明显增大、连续相停留时间和返混系数均减小；改变分散相体积流量，连续相RTD以及返混系数基本不变。此外，改变搅拌转速对连续相RTD影响较小。将返混系数与操作条件和物性参数进行关联，关联式最大偏差为19.8%、平均偏差为7.7%，表明关联式可用于带转动挡板的搅拌萃取塔的连续相轴向返混程度的评估。     

Axial mixing and scaleup of reciprocating plate columns

Axial mixing measurements in single phase (water) flow have been taken in open-type reciprocating plate columns of diameters 25.4 and 508 mm. In the case of the smaller column, two-phase axial mixing was measured, both in the dispersed phase (water dispersed in n-heptane) and the continuous phase (with n-heptane dispersed in water). Pulse injection of a tracer solution of ammonium chloride and methanol in water was used. Under single phase conditions, the axial dispersion coefficients were found to go through a minimum as the agitation level was increased from zero. The coefficients were nearly an order of magnitude higher in the 508 mm column than in the 25,4 mm column. In two phase flow in the 25,4 mm column, the continuous phase axial dispersion coefficients also went through a minimum as agitation was increased. The dispersed phase axial dispersion coefficients decreased monotonically as agitation was increased from zero. The results of this work and previous data are used in modelling the scale-up of reciprocating plate columns by means of Pratt's simplified technique. The existing empirical scale-up equation is consistent with an assumption that continuous phase mixing increased with column diameter but dispersed phase mixing remains unchanged.     

Measurement of concentration profiles in a liquid-liquid extraction column

A novel experimental technique for withdrawing uncontaminated samples of each phase from a highly agitated two liquid phase system (primary dispersion) is presented. The technique has been applied in the study of the continuous and dispersed phase axial mixing characteristic of a mechanically agitated liquid Scheibel extraction column operating under different conditions treating the chemical system acetone-toluene-water. The column mixing compartments were separated by a mixed stainless steel-polypropylene knitted mesh packed bed which was completely ‘wetted’ by the organic dispersed phase. Several concentration profiles are presented and the non-ideal flow parameters as well as the mass transfer coefficients for the column and system under study are reported.     

ANALYSIS OF AXIAL MIXING IN A GAS-LIQUID RECIPROCATING PLATE COLUMN

Axial mixing in the continuous phase in a Landau reciprocating-plate column (LRPC) has been investigated for both single-phase and two-phase gas-liquid flow conditions. A hydrodynamic model is proposed in which axial mixing is described as a process consisting of a backflow through the plate plus longitudinal mixing within the stage. The region in the proximity of the plates is almost perfectly mixed, beyond which there is a low-intensity mixing zone that varies in height and degree of mixing depending on phase velocities as well as the plates design and oscillation velocity. The presence of the dispersed phase affects axial mixing in both the well- and poorly mixed regions of each stage in two opposite ways: it decreases the backflow between the stages due to the hindrance effect caused by the presence of gas bubbles, and it increases the axial dispersion coefficient in the second stage by increasing the turbulence and phase entrainment caused by circulation and bubbles rising. The model adjustable parameters were determined from an experimentally measured dispersion coefficient over a wide range of operating conditions using the transient tracer injection method. The predictions of the model compare favorably with experimental data and can be applied for describing axial mixing in the continuous phase in an LRPC with±14% accuracy.     

Use of axial dispersion and plug flow models for determination of axial mixing and mass transfer coefficient in an l‐shaped pulsed packed extraction column

In this study, the volumetric overall mass transfer and phases axial mixing coefficients have been investigated in a pilot plant of an L‐shaped pulsed packed extraction column by using two liquid systems of toluene/acetone/water and n‐butyl/acetone/water. The mass transfer performance has been evaluated using two methods of axial dispersion and a plug flow model. The effect of the operational variables and physical properties, including the dispersed and continuous phases flow rates, pulsation intensity, and interfacial tension, on mass transfer and phases axial mixing coefficients have been considered. It has been found that the pulsation intensity and the continuous phase flow rate seriously affect the mass transfer coefficient, however, the dispersed phase flow rate has a weaker effect. Also, the axial mixing of a phase is strongly affected by the pulsation intensity and the flow rate of the phase itself and it is not affected by the second phase flow rate. Finally, new correlations are proposed to accurately predict the mass transfer and axial mixing coefficients.     

Effect of system properties on the performance of Liquid—Liquid extraction columns—II: Oldshue—Rushton column

Mean drop size, fractional hold-up of dispersed phase and axial mixing characteristics have been determined in a 72 mm diameter mechanically agitated extraction column of Oldshue—Rushton type, using the two liquid—liquid mass transfer systems, toluene—acetone—water and MIBK-acetic acid—water. As for normal conditions of packed column operation described in Part I, solute presence and the direction of mass transfer has a significant effect on mean drop size, fractional hold-up and to a lesser extent, axial mixing in the dispersed phase. Probably the most dramatic effect however is the manner in which solute transfer affects dispersed phase behaviour. Highly coalescing conditions with transfer from the dispersed to the continuous phase can make the column practically unoperable. As for the packed column, axial mixing in the continuous phase is unaffected except in so far as solute presence and direction of mass transfer affect the hold-up of dispersed phase.     

Characterization of hydrodynamic parameters in a multistage column contactor

Accurate knowledge of hydrodynamic parameters is of major importance for the performance study of liquid-liquid column extractors. The effects of operating parameters on dispersed phase holdup profiles, drop size distributions, and axial mixing in both phases were investigated in a 127 mm diameter multistage contactor of pilot plant scale for the toluene-water physically equilibrated system. Correlations for the mean holdup, the mean drop size, and the continuous phase backmixing were obtained. A stronger dependence of holdup and drop size on the operating conditions and especially on the agitation speed was observed as compared to previous investigations for the same type of contactor. The axial mixing for the single phase flow was found to follow adequately an existing correlation, while the continuous-phase axial mixing in two-phase flows showed some deviations from other existing correlations. Also, flooding criteria, important for the control of the extraction process, were determined based on the shape of the holdup profiles.     

Mixing in a co‐current upflow bubble column reactors with and without internals

Liquid phase mixing is a phenomenon that results mainly due to convective and turbulent flow fields, which are generated by hydrodynamic interactions between the gas and liquid phases within a continuous co‐current upflow bubble column reactor. The extent of liquid phase mixing is usually quantified through the mixing time, or the axial dispersion coefficient. In the present work, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations for mixing and RTD in a continuous bubble column (with and without internals) are performed by using OpenFOAM 2.3.1. The superficial gas velocities were 0.014, 0.088, and 0.221 m/s and the superficial liquid velocities were 0.005 and 0.014 m/s. The simulations have been performed for three different configurations of the bubble column, that is, (a) an open bubble column, (b) a column with one vertical central rod of 36 mm diameter, (c) a column with the same central rod and four vertical additional rods of 12 mm diameter. The effects of superficial gas and liquid velocities and column internals were investigated on liquid phase mixing and the axial dispersion coefficient. Comparisons have been made between the experimental measurements and the CFD simulations.

     

Holdup measurements in a Scheibel column by means of an ultrasonic technique

An ultrasonic technique developed by Bonnet and Tavlarides for dispersed phase holdup determination in liquid–liquid contactors has been applied in a 0·10 m diameter Scheibel extraction column. The column consists of three alternate mixing and packing sections of 0·03 and 0·055 m in height, respectively. The packings were built with polypropylene mesh with 96% voidage. The liquid–liquid systems were toluene (dispersed)/water (continuous) and MIBK (dispersed)/water (continuous); the Rushton-type impellers were operated at 400, 500 and 600 rpm, and with four dispersed and continuous phase flow rates. In one of the mixing chambers two different holdup measuring devices were installed: two ultrasonic transducers and one controlled dispersion sampler. The values of dispersed phase holdup obtained by both methods were compared using statistical methods. It was found that at low agitation and for high interfacial tension, conditions for which the dispersion is not completely uniform, the difference was significant, whereas at high agitation and low interfacial tension the values obtained through both methods were statistically equal. This work demonstrates the applicability of the ultrasonic technique for holdup measurements to Scheibel columns, in which the only technique used so far was sampling. This ultrasonic technique allows us to solve the axial monitoring and control problems of these columns.     

Axial mixing and mass transfer in a vibrating perforated plate extraction column

The axial mixing and countercurrent mass transfer characteristics of a 5 cm diameter extraction column agitated by vibrating perforated Teflon plates have been investigated. The dispersed phase was an organic liquid (usually kerosene) and the continuous phase was water. Axial mixing was measured in both phases using pulse tracer techniques; in the continuous phase the axial mixing was estimated to have a significant effect on mass transfer, but axial mixing in the dispersed phase had a negligible effect. Mass transfer was measured for several different solutes; n-butyric acid, benzoic acid and phenol. The overall heights of a transfer unit (cont. phase) were in the order of 10-20 cm for the organic-acids but higher for transfer of phenol from very dilute solutions. The characteristics of the vibrating plate column have been compared with those of other types of extractor and suggestions are made for further development.