PVC/ABS塑料合金性能研究

分别从加工工艺、不同的添加剂及共混组分含量对PVC/ABS塑料合金的性能影响进行了分析。其中,不同因素主要是对PVC/ABS塑料合金的冲击强度、拉伸性能及热稳定性影响较大。     

甲基肼和偏二甲肼水含量标准物质的研制及不确定度评定

建立了甲基肼(MMH)和偏二甲肼(UDMH)水含量标准物质制备方法及不确定度评定模型。采用预先测定的低水含量MMH和UDMH为原料,并通过向其中加入纯水的方式,制备出符合拟研制标准物质技术指标要求的标物样品。改进了现有气相色谱法,采用液体水分标准物质校正法作为定值方法,解决了配制标准物质的溯源性问题。均匀性和稳定性考察结果表明,所制备的标准物质均匀性良好,有效期12个月。联合8家实验室开展标物赋值,结合定值、均匀性和稳定性考察结果进行不确定度评估,扩展不确定度均不超过0.04%。该标准物质可用于MMH和UDMH水含量的准确快速定值及专用测试设备的性能检验。     

偶联剂对地砖用PVC填充材料相态结构和力学性能的影响

研究了钛酸酯类偶联剂和硅烷类偶联剂对钙矿、硅酸盐填充的PVC填允材料力学性能、相态结构、密度、热失重率及吸水伸长率和耐热阻燃性能的影响。结果表明,偶联剂可改善填充PVC的抗冲性能,降低其拉伸强度,扫描电镜分析表明,填料越细,分散越均匀,越易被PVC树脂所包覆,力学性能越好,研究得到了比重大、热失重率低、吸水伸长率小、阻燃耐烧灼性好的高填充PVC硬质塑料地板砖。     

纳米蛭石片/聚氯乙烯复合塑料的制备及其性能

随着人们环保意识的增强，环保型聚氯乙烯(PVC)塑料添加剂正在不断推进，利用天然矿物蛭石代替非环保PVC塑料添加剂成为行业新趋势。采用液相高速剪切/分级离心法制备了纳米蛭石片悬浮液，通过溶剂置换法制备了纳米蛭石片/PVC复合塑料，研究了纳米蛭石片含量对其紫外、导热性能，阻燃性能、热稳定性和拉伸性能的影响。结果表明：纳米蛭石片尺寸在150 nm～1.1μm，保持了蛭石原有结构特征。纳米蛭石片添加量为15%(质量分数)时，纳米蛭石片/PVC复合塑料的拉伸强度提高了50.8%，极限氧指数提高了7.3%，导热系数降低了17.8%，老化热稳定时间提高了140 min，脱氢热解时间提高了24 min，具有优异的热稳定性能和抗紫外性能。在PVC制品中加入蛭石将会提高复合塑料的各项性能，对于高性能PVC制品制备具有重要的实际意义。     

一种新型蓖麻油酸季戊四醇酯的制备及应用

用季戊四醇和蓖麻油酸通过酯化反应反应制备了蓖麻油季戊四醇酯。采用红外光谱仪和核磁共振仪对制备的产品的化学结构进行表征。并将其作为增塑剂与聚氯乙烯（PVC）共混,研究了塑化PVC的平衡扭矩、热性能和力学性能,对该增塑剂在不同溶媒中的耐迁移性进行了研究,并与邻苯二甲酸二辛酯和环氧大豆油的塑化性能进行了对比。结果表明,蓖麻油季戊四醇酯塑化PVC的加工平衡扭矩为14.9 N·m,改善了PVC的加工稳定性;塑化PVC的拉伸强度为23.28 MPa,断裂伸长率为263.13 %,耐迁移性能较邻苯二甲酸酯和环氧豆油较好,可以作为PVC增塑剂使用。     

开放式超声微波协同萃取测定PVC塑料中邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂研究

概述了邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)作为聚氯乙烯(PVC)增塑剂的应用、危害,说明了PAEs的理化性质,详细归纳了超声波、微波、超声.微波协同萃取技术的应用及PAEs分析测定方法.通过优化超声波、开放式微波和超声.微波等方式萃取PVC塑料样品中的PAEs的萃取条件,比较了3种不同萃取方式的萃取效率.结果表明,超声.微波协同萃取是比较理想的萃取方式.利用该方法对2种实际塑料样品中PAEs的萃取和分析,成功地定量测定了PVC塑料样品中DEHP、DINP和DBP等邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的含量.该法可用于塑料制品中各类邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的快速萃取和分析.     

双轴定向对PVC塑料结构与性能的影响

双轴定向技术广泛应用于提高PVC塑料的机械性能。本文阐述双轴定向对PVC塑料结构与性能的影响,指出拉伸作用可使uPVC与PPVC形成有序结构以及使分子链定向,从而提高PVC塑料的拉伸强度。对PPVC塑料,为保持分子链定向,应作退火处理。     

溶解-沉淀-GC/MS法测定聚氯乙烯塑料中的邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂

建立了用溶解-沉淀-GC/MS法同时测定聚氯乙烯(PVC)塑料中15种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂的分析方法。选择四氢呋喃作溶剂将PVC树脂溶解,然后用甲醇作为沉淀剂将高聚物进行沉淀,使增塑剂与高聚物进行分离而增塑剂继续留在溶液中,取清液进行气相色谱-质谱分析。本实验选择了适当的溶剂与沉淀剂,考察了聚合物分子沉淀对目标化合物的吸附作用,在优化的色谱-质谱条件下实现了15种邻苯二甲酸酯的成功分离与检测,方法平均回收率为82.7%～112.4%,测定结果的相对标准偏差为2.15%～5.77%,测定下限(S/N=10)为25～50mg/kg。该方法操作简便,精密度高,准确性好,实用性强,与国家标准GB/T22048—2008相比,检测结果基本一致,而效率大大提高。应用此方法对两种PVC塑料实际样品中的邻苯二甲酸酯进行测定,获得满意结果。     

气质联用法测定塑料快递袋中18种邻苯二甲酸酯含量

为测定塑料快递袋中18种邻苯二甲酸酯的含量,采用溶剂提取,经气质联用仪分析,研究提取溶剂、提取时间、提取溶剂体积对邻苯二甲酸酯含量检测的影响。结果表明：当提取溶剂为正己烷,提取时间为30 min,提取溶剂体积为20 mL,提取塑料快递袋中邻苯二甲酸酯的效果较好。18种邻苯二甲酸酯的色谱分析中,标准曲线相关系数均大于0.999,回收率为85.0%～107.2%,精密度为1.3%～4.6%。该方法前处理简单、回收率和精密度良好,适用于检测塑料快递袋中18种邻苯二甲酸酯。实际样品检测中DEHP检出率最高。     

均匀设计辅助的不同助剂对抗菌PVC性能的影响

采用均匀设计表U10*(108)设计了8个因素10个水平的PVC片材配方,在180℃下共混炼片20 min,及最小二乘法(regress)进行回归分析,分析了原材料对PVC材料的力学性能、透明度、黄变指数和抗菌性能的影响,研究了抗菌剂在PVC的分散情况。结果表明,各原材料对PVC材料的各项性能均存在不同程度的影响及协同效应,当DEHP、钙锌稳定剂的相对含量增加,能够提高拉伸力的最大值;当8种原材料相对含量的增加时,均使拉伸强度、邵氏硬度D/1、透明度降低; DEHP、TOTM、环氧大豆油和三氯生的相对含量增加,均使断裂伸长率增加;当三氯生加入量大于0. 3%时,对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均有抗菌作用,且三氯生抗菌剂均匀分散在PVC基体中。     

Application of Poly(butylenes 2-methylsuccinate) as Migration Resistant Plasticizer for Poly(vinyl chloride)

The bio-based and biodegradable polyester poly(butylenes 2-methylsuccinate) (PBM) was successfully used as a polymeric plasticizer to modify poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in this work. The tensile properties, plasticization efficiency estimated by the lowered glass transition temperature and the enhanced elongation at break of the PVC/PBM blends and the migration stability of the PBM were investigated. It was indicated that the migration-resistant property of PVC plasticized with PBM was greatly superior to that with dioctyl phthalate (DOP). Furthermore, the tensile properties were comparable to that of PVC/DOP, indicating that the environmentally friendly PBM can be used as an alternative plasticizer to remove the potential health risks from migrating phthalates during applications.     

Optimizing performance of benzoate and phthalate blends for vinyl applications

To achieve required performance, blends of plasticizers are commonly used in flexible vinyl applications. Typically, when fast fusion is required, high solvating phthalates have been utilized in plasticizer blends. Benzoate esters are high solvators and can also be used in these blends. However, even though benzoate plasticizers offer additional performance benefits that can complement general‐purpose phthalate performance, most of the literature does not include the use of benzoate plasticizers in blends with phthalates. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the performance benefits of blending benzoate and phthalate plasticizers. The approach selected to accomplish this task was to develop performance data by utilizing a mixture design approach with DOE (design of experiments) software. A resilient flooring plastisol formulation was selected as the model. The following properties were obtained: degassing, low and high shear viscosity, viscosity stability of the plastisol, gel and fusion characteristics, tensile strength vs. temperature, vinyl heat stability, stain resistance, volatility, and UV stability. The data indicate how to utilize the advantage of benzoates as “process aids” to speed production rates and improve product quality. J. VINYL. ADDIT. TECHNOL. 11:150–154, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Soy Fatty Acid Ester Estolides as Bioplasticizers in Poly(Vinyl Chloride)

Plasticizers are nonvolatile organic liquids that impart flexibility to polymers. Due to environmental, health, and safety reasons, the industry is looking for bioplasticizers to replace petroleum-derived phthalates. To fulfill this need, soy fatty acid ester estolides were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated as phthalate replacements. Soybean oil was transesterified with methanol or glycerol to form lower molecular weight fatty acid esters that were epoxidized and ring opened with acetic acid and acetylated to give the final products. Ring opening and acetylation of the epoxidized oleic acid esters gave acyclic acetate fatty acid ester estolides, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acid esters, linoleate, and linolenate gave cyclic tetrahydrofuran derivatives and cross-linked higher molecular weight materials. The cyclization mechanism to form the tetrahydrofuran derivatives was postulated. Soy fatty acid ester estolides were compounded with formulated poly(vinyl chloride), (PVC) and tested for their functional properties. The physical and functional properties of the new bioplasticizers were compared with commercial plasticizers. The elasticity of PVC compounded with experimental plasticizers and commercial phthalates was comparable. PVC compounded with fatty acid methyl ester estolide showed lower glass transition temperature and similar tensile properties compared to PVC compounded with the commercial phthalate. PVC compounded with the glyceryl fatty acid ester estolide showed a higher glass transition temperature, higher tensile properties compared to PVC compounded with the commercial phthalate.     

Controlled release PVC membranes: Influence of phthalate plasticizers on their tensile properties and performance

The design of controlled release polymer dispensers (CRPD) for effective release of the active ingredients at desired rates requires a careful study and generation of data on several properties of the polymer membranes. Presence of optimum tensile properties is one of the prerequisites for the CRPD in deciding their suitability for application in the fields. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) membranes containing di n-alkyl phthalate (alkyl= methyl, ethyl, butyl&octyl) with concentrations ranging from 10–30% with an increment of 2.5% were prepared. The tensile strength and percent elongation of these membranes as a function of concentration of the phthalate plasticizers, their size and aging period were performed. An increase in the tensile strength with increasing phthalate content was noticed up to 17.5% phthalate. Then followed a decrease with further increase of phthalate content. In contrast, the percent elongation was observed to increase constantly with increased concentration of the plasticizer. The ambiguous increase in the tensile strength up to 17.5% plasticized films is attributed to the antiplasticization effect of the plasticizer. The properties showed a linear behavior with respect to the size of the alkyl chain length and also the period of aging. The membranes with 17.5% and 20% were found to have optimum tensile properties and good property retention with aging for their application in controlled release of agrochemicals.     

Ozonation of a mixture of dialkylphthalates in aqueous solution

Ozonation of dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate and dipropyl phthalate was carried out to evaluate the potential of ozonation for phthalate removal from water. Phthalates with longer alkyl chains, which are often more resistant to biodegradation were found to be more degradable than those with shorter alkyl chains. The degradation of phthalates by ozonation follows the pseudo‐first‐order kinetic model. The rate of phthalates degradation increased exponentially with increasing temperature in the range studied (20 to 50 °C) and in proportion with applied ozone dosages. The rate of phthalates degradation was found to increase with increasing pH of the solution from 2.6 to 11.0, and decreased exponentially with increasing initial concentrations of the phthalates. Degradation of phthalates via ozonation was found to develop dominantly through direct reaction with hydroxyl radicals. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

邻苯二甲酸酯性能与原料醇组成的关系

以邻苯二甲酸酐和脂肪醇为原料,硫酸氢钠为催化剂合成了一系列邻苯二甲酸酯。考察了脂肪醇的链长度、类型及支链醇含量等因素对合成酯性能的影响,结果表明,随着脂肪醇链长的增加,合成酯的黏度和黏度指数逐渐增大,倾点升高;碳原子数目相同的支链醇酯较直链醇酯具有更高的黏度、倾点和闪点以及更低的黏度指数;在直链醇中引入支链醇,所得合成酯的黏度增大,黏度指数减小,倾点和闪点升高;且随着支链醇含量的增加,合成酯的黏度总体呈增大趋势,黏度指数逐渐减小,倾点和闪点呈锯齿型变化。     

Supercritical CO2 extraction of phthalate plasticizers from PVC

Three common phthalates, namely, dioctyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, and trioctyl trimellitate, were used as plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) processing, and the extraction of these plasticizers were investigated using supercritical CO₂ fluids. Factors affecting the extractions of these phthalates were focused. The molecular weight of phthalates was found to dominate the level of extraction of low temperatures, whereas the content of carbonyl groups in the phthalate was a determining factor for the level of extraction of high temperatures. Negligible extraction was observed below the critical pressure of CO₂. For 32°C, the level of the extraction is insignificant below density of ca 0.7 g/cm³, above which the level of the extraction increases roughly linearly with increasing density. For temperatures above 32°C, the density of CO₂ for apparent extractions decreased with increasing temperatures. The threshold density of CO₂ for extractions was found to be independent of the amount of a given phthalate in PVC. Two extraction rates during the extraction could be determined, with a higher rate in the first hour followed by a lower rate later in the extraction for all three phthalates. The effects of the extractions of phthalates on the flexibility of PVC were also investigated as well as the effects of the extrusion conditions, which could lead to various degrees of plasticization of PVC, on the level of extractions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 4032–4037, 2003     

The influence of phthalate esters on human plasma lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase

The effect of various phthalate esters on the lecithin/cholesterol acyltransferase activity in man was studied in vitro. The enzymatic activity was strongly reduced with all phthalates except for the dimethyl phthalate. The inhibition rate depends on the phthalate concentration and also on the carbon number of the alkyl groups of phthalates.     

An efficient plasticizer based on waste cooking oil: Structure and application

Recently, phthalates have been continuously banned in numerous fields by many countries. Therefore, the development of sustainable and efficient plasticizers has become particularly urgent. The waste cooking oil was used as the main raw materials in this study to synthesize an efficient plasticizer (acetylated-fatty acid methyl ester-trimellitic acid ester, AC-FAME-TAE). The structure of AC-FAME-TAE was characterized by FT-IR and ¹H NMR. The performance of the poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) plasticized by AC-FAME-TAE was tested and compared with those of the PVC plasticized with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP) and EFAME (epoxy fatty acid methyl ester), respectively. DSC results indicated that AC-FAME-TAE had excellent plasticizing efficiency for PVC. The mechanical properties of PVC plasticized by AC-FAME-TAE were as comparable as PVC plasticized by DOP from the results of tensile test. In addition, the PVC plasticized by AC-FAME-TAE had excellent thermal stability and solvent resistance by the results of leaching test and TGA.     

邻苯二甲酸二(乙二醇醚)酯绿色合成及增塑PVC性能

以邻苯二甲酸酐和低毒型乙二醇醚（乙二醇甲/乙/丁醚、二乙二醇甲/乙/丁醚）为原料,固体酸\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{4}}^{\mathrm{2}-}/TiO₂为催化剂,采用直接酯化法催化合成邻苯二甲酸二(乙二醇醚)酯（酯化率?97.0%）,并利用傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）、¹H核磁共振（¹H NMR）确定产物结构。对合成产物邻苯二甲酸二(乙二醇醚)酯的基本物性（酯含量、酸度、黏度、加热减量等）及其增塑后聚氯乙烯（PVC）制品的力学性能、热稳定性以及抗迁移性能进行测试。结果表明,邻苯二甲酸二(乙二醇醚)酯的增塑性能与其结构中乙氧基数目成正比,而与其末端烷基碳链长度呈现先增加后下降趋势。与邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（DOP）增塑后PVC制品（PVC/DOP）相比,邻苯二甲酸二(二乙二醇乙醚)酯增塑后PVC制品（PVC/DEEEP）的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度分别提高87.4%和3.4MPa,初始热分解温度（T_5%）提高21.5℃。