新型多孔导电陶瓷负载银阴极在锌空气电池中的应用

锌空气电池具有能量密度高、成本低及环保等优势, 其空气电极的优劣对电池的输出性能起到决定性的作用。本研究采用一种新型的多孔钙钛矿氧化物La_0.7Sr_0.3CoO_3-δ(LSC)作为陶瓷基底, 负载银纳米颗粒作为催化剂, 研究其作为锌空电池空气电极的性能。β通过调整制备过程中造孔剂(淀粉)的含量, 优选出性能最佳的Ag-LSC空气电极(阴极), 与锌阳极组装成锌空气电池, 进行电化学性能测试。β结果表明, 当LSC基底的孔隙率为~32%且银含量30 mg/cm²时, 制备的多孔陶瓷负载银阴极组装的锌空气电池功率密度最高(141 mW/cm²)。β在Ag-LSC空气电极表面涂一层聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)疏水材料后, 锌空气电池的使用寿命得到显著延长。     

航空锌银蓄电池用活性锌粉的研究

简要介绍了活性锌粉的制备方法,对活性锌粉和使用活性锌粉制造锌电极的锌银蓄电池进行了性能实验。采用电化学沉积方法制备的活性锌粉,具有高纯度(95%以上)和高比表面积(0.173m2/g),能够超高倍率(7C以上)放电。使用活性锌粉直接铺于导电网上用干压制或涂膏压制的方式制成干荷电电极片。通过特殊的缓蚀措施,用该锌粉制造的锌银电池,年容量损失<1%。实验结果表明:活性锌粉直接干压成型,作为锌银蓄电池负极,其电池组电性能完全达到化成方式生产的电池组性能。     

电动自行车用锌空气动力电池

介绍了可用于替代铅酸电池的一种锌空气动力电池，在技术上实现了大容量，小体积，结构合理。主要的突破体现在空气电极和锌电极的特殊设计，以及单电池的合理组装。比较了该动力电池与同类产品的技术指标。     

新型锌基复合粉体的制备及其电化学性能

利用超声浸渍技术在10g·L-1Ce (NO₃)₃溶液中成功制得含有铈化合物的锌基复合粉,探讨了铈化合物在锌粉基体上的形成机制,并研究了锌基复合粉中铈化合物对锌电极的循环放电性能的影响。通过扫描电镜(SEM) 、能谱分析(EDS) 、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和充放电循环测试对锌基复合粉进行表征与性能分析。结果表明：由Ce (OH)₃/Ce (OH)₄和Ce₂O₃/CeO₂组成的铈化合物以颗粒形式良好地分散在锌粉基体上,用这种锌基复合粉作为模拟锌银电池的负极材料 , 其锌电极的容量衰减得到明显抑制,放电容量和循环寿命得到显著提高,尤其是其锌电极在50周期的放电容量仍可达到 231.4mAh·g-1,表明在锌粉基体上形成的铈化合物可以改善锌电极的电化学性能。     

基于锌离子掺杂的锌-聚苯胺二次电池的研究

采用锌离子掺杂技术制备的聚苯胺粉末作为锌,聚苯胺二次电池的电极材料。实验发现，电极材料的导电性能与掺杂比例紧密关联。通过筛选，选用氯化锌／苯胺摩尔比为0.3的电极材料能够有效提高电池的耐循环性能。     

锌—空气电池活性电极材料LaCo1-xFexO3的制备及其性能的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备出不同Fe掺杂量的LaCo_1-xFe_xO₃,并将其作为锌-空气电池的空气电极活性材料。分别通过XRD、SEM以及电化学测试研究了其形貌结构和电催化性能。结果表明,当Fe取代量超过50%时,LaCo_1-xFe_xO₃的晶体结构由菱面体开始转变为立方体。其中,LaCo_0.5Fe_0.5O₃颗粒均匀,晶粒尺寸达到纳米级别,在-0.7 V电位下,表现出了最大的极化电流密度4.92 mA·cm^-2。将LaCo_0.5Fe_0.5O₃应用于锌-空气电池空气电极中,在1mA恒定电流下,放电电压稳定在1.2 V。在80个循环后,充放电压差为0.85 V,往返效率保持在57.2%,优于LaCoO₃的0.95 V和52.0%。     

碳纳米管纸作集流体在柔性锌锰电池中的应用

研究了晶须状碳纳米管导电纸作为集流极对锌锰电池放电性能的影响。使用晶须状碳纳米管(MWCNTs),通过抽滤法制备出碳纳米管纸,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对碳纳米管导电纸进行表征。碳纳米管导电纸作为柔性锌锰电池集流体,正极极片采用二氧化锰为活性材料,负极采用金属锌为电极,使用计算机控制精密电池测试仪测试其电化学性能。实验表明,柔性锌锰电池具有良好的机械柔性,弯曲状依旧保持电压稳定。与采用石墨为集流体的传统锌锰电池相比,在0.3mA恒流放电的情况下,碳纳米管纸作为集流体,锌锰电池的放电时间增加了64.2%,比容量提高186%,比能量提高172%。碳纳米管纸作为集流体的柔性锌锰电池表现出极佳优越性,并且碳纳米管纸的密度对电池放电性能有着较大的影响。     

轻合金-空气电池的研究进展

金属-空气电池作为一种新的能源形式,因理论能量密度高、价格低廉、安全性好、使用温度范围广等优势,具有广阔的应用前景。目前研究较多的金属-空气电池包括锌-空气电池、铝-空气电池、锂-空气电池、镁-空气电池四类。轻合金-空气电池以能量密度高的轻合金材料作为电池负极,以空气电极作为正极,以碱性或中性盐溶液为电解液,主要包括铝-空气电池和镁-空气电池两种。铝、镁金属电化学容量高、成本低廉、储量丰富,是金属-空气电池中优秀的阳极候选材料,作为储能材料也成为化石燃料的有力替代者。然而,研究初期直接应用纯铝、纯镁的金属-空气电池性能表现不佳,存在诸多问题。随着铝合金及镁合金的发展,轻合金在金属-空气电池中的应用大大改善了金属负极的自腐蚀问题,提高了电极的放电活性,使电池整体性能表现更加优良。在铝-空气电池中,掺杂Sn、In、Ga、Mg等元素的铝合金电极腐蚀速率降低,阳极利用率提高,电极表面的钝化膜被破坏而实现活化效果;在镁空气电池中,Al、Zn、Mn、Li等合金元素提高了镁合金电极的耐腐蚀性能,电池的放电容量也有所提高。一些稀土元素的添加可以细化轻合金的晶粒,起到变质作用,轻合金电极的腐蚀及钝化问题均得到改善。本文介绍了金属-空气电池的基本原理,对两类轻合金-空气电池的性能表现进行了阐述,对金属-空气电池中目前存在的主要问题进行了分析归纳并简要介绍了其解决方案。主要聚焦在电池负极的合金化方式及各类轻合金在电池中的性能表现,并对轻合金-空气电池中的腐蚀原因及控制措施进行了总结展望。     

改善碱性锌电极性能添加剂的研究进展

锌电极具有比能量高、原料丰富、成本低、无污染等优势,但存在锌枝晶、锌电极变形、易被腐蚀和钝化等缺点.为了解决这些问题,常常在锌电极或电解液中加入添加剂,详细介绍了在电极和电解液中常用的各种添加剂.     

锌空燃料电池电站

燃料电池发电技术已经受到人们越来越多的重视。介绍了利用锌空气燃料电池技术建设电站，利用分体式电极技术制造世界上最大的单电池，该电站采用独特的分离循环技术，可以提高电站总体效率。给出建设电站的相关参数。     

An Overview and Future Perspectives of Rechargeable Zinc Batteries

Aqueous rechargeable zinc‐based batteries have sparked a lot of enthusiasm in the energy storage field recently due to their inherent safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Although remarkable progress has been made in the exploration of performance so far, there are still many challenges such as low working voltage and dissolution of electrode materials at the material and system level. Herein, the central tenet is to establish a systematic summary for the construction and mechanism of different aqueous zinc‐based batteries. Details for three major zinc‐based battery systems, including alkaline rechargeable Zn‐based batteries (ARZBs), aqueous Zn ion batteries (AZIBs), and dual‐ion hybrid Zn batteries (DHZBs) are given. First, the electrode materials and energy storage mechanism of the three types of zinc‐based batteries are discussed to provide universal guidance for these batteries. Then, the electrode behavior of zinc anodes and strategies to deal with problems such as dendrite and passivation are recommended. Finally, some challenge‐oriented solutions are provided to facilitate the next development of zinc‐based batteries. Combining the characteristics of zinc‐based batteries with good use of concepts and ideas from other disciplines will surely pave the way for its commercialization.     

在微细电火花铣削中介质对电极损耗的影响

在微细电火花加工（EDM）中电极损耗是不可避免的,而针对电极损耗的研究大都是在油工作液中,很少针对气中放电时的电极损耗进行研究．气中电火花加工普遍采用管状电极,所以为了获得尺寸更小的工件,通过反拷块可磨削出微米级的实心电极,并采用外部充气的方式,可实现微米级三维结构的气中电火花加工．实验考虑了影响气中放电电极损耗的各种因素．通过观察微细电火花三维铣削放电现象与结果,可得到气中放电的规律．由于电火花加工中电极损耗是不可避免的,所以在三维铣削加工中对电极进行在线检测并补偿,工件成形精度大大提高．对刀具路径进行合理规划,可以缩短加工时间．与油中电火花铣削相比,气中电火花加工时电极损耗更低,加工表面质量更好．     

水系锌离子电池的研究进展

锌离子电池是近年来发展起来的一种新型二次水系电池, 具有高能量密度、高功率密度、放电过程高效安全、电池材料无毒廉价、制备工艺简单等优点, 在大型储能等领域具有很高应用价值和发展前景。本文综述了水系锌离子电池的研究进展, 对金属锌作负极的优点和面临的处理问题进行总结, 对已报导的正极材料中锌离子电池的电化学性能和反应机制进行分析, 并通过分析目前多价离子的脱嵌特性对锌离子电池正极材料的发展进行预测。     

Recent Progress in Electrically Rechargeable Zinc–Air Batteries

Over the past decade, the surging interest for higher‐energy‐density, cheaper, and safer battery technology has spurred tremendous research efforts in the development of improved rechargeable zinc–air batteries. Current zinc–air batteries suffer from poor energy efficiency and cycle life, owing mainly to the poor rechargeability of zinc and air electrodes. To achieve high utilization and cyclability in the zinc anode, construction of conductive porous framework through elegant optimization strategies and adaptation of alternate active material are employed. Equally, there is a need to design new and improved bifunctional oxygen catalysts with high activity and stability to increase battery energy efficiency and lifetime. Efforts to engineer catalyst materials to increase the reactivity and/or number of bifunctional active sites are effective for improving air electrode performance. Here, recent key advances in material development for rechargeable zinc–air batteries are described. By improving fundamental understanding of materials properties relevant to the rechargeable zinc and air electrodes, zinc–air batteries will be able to make a significant impact on the future energy storage for electric vehicle application. To conclude, a brief discussion on noteworthy concepts of advanced electrode and electrolyte systems that are beyond the current state‐of‐the‐art zinc–air battery chemistry, is presented.     

席夫碱基聚乙二醇(400)月桂酸酯表面活性剂在碱性锌电池中的缓蚀性能

为了研发一种能应用于碱性锌电池的代汞缓蚀添加剂,以解决锌电极易变形、长枝晶等问题,合成了3种席夫碱基聚乙二醇(400)月桂酸酯表面活性剂(M1、M2、M3),通过失重法、电化学技术、表面分析等方法研究了其在6 mol/L KOH电解液(饱和Zn O)中对锌电极的缓蚀效果。结果表明:缓蚀率随席夫碱基表面活性剂浓度升高而增加,室温下3种席夫碱基表面活性剂中M3缓蚀能力最强,缓蚀率最高达92.14%,缓蚀能力大小为M3M2M1,属于抑制阴极型缓蚀剂;表面分析揭示3种席夫碱基表面活性剂在锌电极表面上形成吸附层,其吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,吸附平衡常数较大,M1、M2、M3的Kads分别为5 875.441,18 750.012,187 500.117 L/mol,适合作为碱性锌电池的缓蚀添加剂。     

Uniform Zinc Deposition Regulated by a Nitrogen-Doped MXene Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interlayer

The dendrite growth and side reactions of zinc metal anode in mildly acidic electrolytes seriously hinder the practical application of aqueous zinc–ion battery. To address these issues, an artificial protective layer of nitrogen-doped MXene (NMX) is used to protect the zinc anode. The NMX protective layer has high conductivity and uniformly distributed zincophilic sites, which can not only homogenize the local electric field on the electrode interface but also accelerate the kinetics for Zn deposition. As a result, the NMX protective layer induces uniform zinc deposition and reduces the overpotential of the electrode. Encouragingly, this NMX-protected Zn anode can cycle stably for 1900 h at 1 mA cm⁻² and 1 mAh cm⁻². In asymmetric cells, it achieves high cycle reversibility with an average Coulomb efficiency of 99.79% for 4800 cycles at 5 mA cm⁻².     

A Multifunctional Organic Electrolyte Additive for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries Based on Polyaniline Cathode

The practical applications of aqueous zinc ion batteries are hindered by the formation of dendrites on the anode, the narrow electrochemical window of electrolyte, and the instability of the cathode. To address all these challenges simultaneously, a multi-functional electrolyte additive of 1-phenylethylamine hydrochloride (PEA) is developed for aqueous zinc ion batteries based on polyaniline (PANI) cathode. Experiments and theoretical calculations confirm that the PEA additive can regulate the solvation sheath of Zn²⁺ and form a protective layer on the surface of the Zn metal anode. This broadens the electrochemical stability window of the aqueous electrolyte and enables uniform deposition of Zn. On the cathode side, the Cl⁻ anions from PEA enter the PANI chain during charge and release fewer water molecules surrounding the oxidized PANI, thus suppressing harmful side reactions. When used in a Zn||PANI battery, this cathode/anode compatible electrolyte exhibits excellent rate performance and long cycle life, making it highly attractive for practical applications.     

电池用氧化锌的制备及其性能研究

通过络合沉淀法制备了可充锌电极的活性物质－氧化锌,采用ＸＲＤ、ＳＥＭ和ＢＥＴ等方法对样品进行了表征,并应用充放电方法测试了其电化学活性．实验考察了反应液pＨ值和氨水浓度等主要工艺参数对样品性能的影响,并从理论上讨论了其影响原因．ＳＥＭ照片与比表面积数据表明,样品颗粒是许多微晶的聚集体,具有较高的比表面积,因而其电化学活性较高．在最佳的合成条件下,制备出了具有较高堆积密度（＞１．７０g·ｃｍ^－3）和电化学放电比容量＞４２０ｍＡｈ·ｇ^－１的氧化锌样品．     

Asymmetric Air Cathode Design for Enhanced Interfacial Electrocatalytic Reactions in High-Performance Zinc–Air Batteries

The rechargeable zinc–air battery (ZAB) is a promising energy storage technology owing to its high energy density and safe aqueous electrolyte, but there is a significant performance bottleneck. Generally, cathode reactions only occur at multiphase interfaces, where the electrocatalytic active sites can participate in redox reactions effectively. In the conventional air cathode, the 2D multiphase interface on the surface of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) inevitably results in an insufficient amount of active sites and poor interfacial contact, leading to sluggish reaction kinetics. To address this problem, a 3D multiphase interface strategy is proposed to extend the reactive interface into the interior of the GDL. Based on this concept, an asymmetric air cathode is designed to increase the accessible active sites, accelerate mass transfer, and generate a dynamically stabilized reactive interface. With a NiFe layered-double-hydroxide electrocatalyst, ZABs based on the asymmetric cathode deliver a small charge/discharge voltage gap (0.81 V at 5.0 mA cm⁻²), a high power density, and a stable cyclability (over 2000 cycles). This 3D reactive interface strategy provides a feasible method for enhancing the air cathode kinetics and further enlightens electrode designs for energy devices involving multiphase electrochemical reactions.