气升式内环流反应器内局部气含率径向分布

The local gas holdup profiles in an internal-loop airlift reactor were studied experimentally by using dual electrical conductivity probe under different conditions,including superficial velocity,surface tension and liquid viscosity.The results showed that the radial gas holdup profile has a parabolic shape,which was consistent with the empirical model of Luo.Local gas holdup distribution parameters were obviously influenced by flow regime and almost remained unchanged in the same flow regime.In the gas distributor region,the profiles were steeper in the homogenous flow regime than in the heterogeneous flow regime.However,in the stable region,there was an inverse change trend in two flow regimes.The increase of surface tension,superficial velocity and liquid viscosity made the profile of local gas holdup steeper in two flow regimes.     

垂直管中零净液流量气液两相流的持液率研究

Zero net-liquid flow (ZNLF) is a special case of upward gas-liquid two-phase flow. It is a phenomenon observed as a gas-liquid mixture flows in a conduit but the net liquid flow rate is zero. Investigation on the liquid holdup of ZNLF is conducted in a vertical ten-meter tube with diameter of 76 mm, both for Newtonian and nonNewtonian fluids. The gas phase is air. The Newtonian fluid is water and the non-Newtonian fluids are water-based guar gel solutions. The correlations developed for predicting liquid holdup on the basis of Lockhart-Martinelli parameter are not suitable to ZNLF. A constitutive correlation for the liquid holdup of vertical ZNLF was put forward by using the mass balance. It is found that the liquid holdup in ZNLF is dependent on both the gas flow rate and the flow distribution coefficient.     

Experimental and numerical investigations of scale-up effects on the hydrodynamics of slurry bubble columns

Experiments and simulations were conducted for bubble columns with diameter of 0.2 m(180 mm i.d.), 0.5 m(476 mm i.d.) and 0.8 m(760 mm i.d.) at high superficial gas velocities(0.12–0.62 m·s-1) and high solid concentrations(0–30 vol%). Radial profiles of time-averaged gas holdup, axial liquid velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy were measured by using in-house developed conductivity probes and Pavlov tubes. Effects of column diameter, superficial gas velocity, and solid concentration were investigated in a wide range of operating conditions. Experimental results indicated that the average gas holdup remarkably increases with superficial gas velocity, and the radial profiles of investigated flow properties become steeper at high superficial gas velocities. The axial liquid velocities significantly increase with the growth of the column size, whereas the gas holdup was slightly affected. The presence of solid in bubble columns would inhibit the breakage of bubbles, which results in an increase in bubble rise velocity and a decrease in gas holdup, but time-averaged axial liquid velocities remain almost the same as that of the hollow column. Furthermore, a 2-D axisymmetric k–ε model was used to simulate heterogeneous bubbly flow using commercial code FLUENT 6.2. The lateral lift force and the turbulent diffusion force were introduced for the determination of gas holdup profiles and the effects of solid concentration were considered as the variation of average bubble diameter in the model. Results predicted by the CFD simulation showed good agreement with experimental data.     

Influence of impeller diameter on overall gas dispersion properties in a sparged multi-impeller stirred tank☆

The impeller configuration with a six parabolic blade disk turbine below two down-pumping hydrofoil propellers, identified as PDT + 2CBY, was used in this study. The effect of the impeller diameter D, ranging from 0.30T to 0.40T (T as the tank diameter), on gas dispersion in a stirred tank of 0.48 m diameter was investigated by experimental and CFD simulation methods. Power consumption and total gas holdup were measured for the same impeller configuration PDT + 2CBY with four different D/T. Results show that with D/T increases from 0.30 to 0.40, the relative power demand (RPD) in a gas–liquid system decreases slightly. At low superficial gas velocity V_S of 0.0078 m·s^-1, the gas holdup increases evidently with the increase of D/T. However, at high superficial gas velocity, the systemwith D/T=0.33 gets a good balance between the gas recirculation and liquid shearing rate, which resulted in the highest gas holdup among four different D/T. CFD simulation based on the two-fluid model along with the Population Balance Model (PBM) was used to investigate the effect of impeller diameter on the gas dispersion. The power consumption and total gas holdup predicted by CFD simulation were in reasonable agreement with the experimental data.     

多管气升式环流反应器的液体循环

A multi-tube air-lift loop reactor (MT-ALR) is presented in this paper. Based on the energy conservation, a mathematical model describing the liquid circulation flow rate was developed, which was determined by gas velocity, the cross areas of riser and downcomer, gas hold-up and the local frictional loss coefficient. The experimental data indicate that either increase of gas flow rate or reduction of the downcomer diameter contributes to higher liquid circulation rate. The correlation between total and the local frictional loss coefficients was also established.Effects of gas flowrate in two risers and diameter of downcomer on the liquid circulation rate were examined. The value of total frictional loss coefficient was measured as a function of the cross area of downcomer and independent of the gas flow rate. The calculated results of liquid circulation rates agreed well with the experimental data with an average relative error of 9.6%.     

Experimental determination of gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a jet bubbling reactor

The hydrodynamics and mass transfer characteristics of a lab-scale jet bubbling reactor(JBR) including the gas holdup, volumetric mass transfer coefficient and specific interfacial area were assessed experimentally investigating the influence of temperature, p H and superficial gas velocity. The reactor diameter and height were 11 and 30 cm,respectively. It was equipped with a single sparger, operating at atmospheric pressure, 20 and 40℃, and two p H values of 3 and 6. The height of the liquid was 23 cm, while the superficial gas velocity changed within 0.010–0.040 m·s~(-1) range. Experiments were conducted with pure oxygen as the gas phase and saturated lime solution as the liquid phase. The liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient was determined under unsteady-state oxygen absorption in a saturated lime solution. The gas holdup was calculated based on the liquid height change, while the specific interfacial area was obtained by a physical method based on the bubble size distribution(BSD) in different superficial gas velocities. The results indicated that at the same temperature but different p H, the gas holdup variation was negligible, while the liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient at the p H value of 6 was higher than that at the p H = 3. At a constant p H but different temperatures, the gas holdup and the liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficients at 40℃ were higher than that of the same at 20℃. A reasonable and appropriate estimation of the liquid-side volumetric mass transfer coefficient(kla) in a pilot-scale JBR was provided which can be applied to the design and scale-up of JBRs.     

油气水三相段塞流与滚动波流型的转变

Compared with gas-liquid two-phase flow,oil-gas-water three-phase flow is much more complex. There is immiscible oil-water,whose interaction and dispersion greatly affects the flow characteristics. The slug flow pattern of oil-gas-water three-phase and its flow pattern transition were studied in a 95 m long,51 mm i. d. horizontal pipe. The oil-gas-water three-phase slug flow pattern could be classified into five sub-flow patterns. The slug flow was W/O or O/W one during its transition to roll wave,which was three-layer flow pattern without mixed-phase on the interface. An even larger superficial gas velocity was needed for the transition boundary of slug flow and roll wave flow when the superficial liquid velocity is large. Besides,the region of roll wave flow pattern became smaller. The above-mentioned transition only happened when the water cut of liquid was between 30% and 70%. At the same superficial liquid velocity,there appeared a minimum superficial gas velocity corresponding to the transition of flow pattern when the water cut of liquid was between 40% and 50%.     

Influences of top clearance and liquid throughput on the performances of an external loop airlift slurry reactor integrated mixing and separation

A new developed external loop airlift slurry reactor, which was integrated with gas–liquid–solid three-phase mixing, mass transfer, and liquid–solid separation simultaneously, was deemed to be a promising slurry reactor due to its prominent advantages such as achieving continuous separation of clear liquid from slurry and cyclic utilization of solid particles without any extra energy, energy-saving, and intrinsic safety design. The principal operating parameters, including gas separator volume, handling capacity, and superficial gas velocity, are systematically investigated here to promote the capabilities of mixing, mass transfer, and yield in the pilot external loop airlift slurry reactor. The influences of top clearance and throughput of the clear liquid on flow regime and gas holdup in the riser, liquid circulating velocity, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient with a typical high solid holdup and free of particles are examined experimentally. It was found that increasing the gas separator volume could promote the liquid circulating velocity by about 14.0% at most. Increasing the handling capacity of the clear liquid from 0.9 m~3·h~(-1) to 3.0 m~3·h~(-1) not only could increase the output without any adverse consequences, but also could enhance the liquid circulating velocity as much as 97.3%. Typical operating conditions investigated here can provide some necessary data and guidelines for this new external loop airlift slurry reactor to upgrade its performances.     

水平气液混输管道清管操作实验与数值模拟技术

A pigging model incorporating three different regions was developed for predicting the dynamics of the pigging operation in two-phase flow pipelines. The model incorporates a transient two-fluid model. The mixed Eulerean-Lagrangian approach was used to couple the transient model and the pigging model which can predict the pigging time, velocity and the change of pigging parameters. An experimental study was carried out to acquire two-phase transient flow and pigging data on a 380 m long, 81 mm diameter horizontal pipeline. A computer-based data acquisition system was used to obtain detailed information of the flow behavior during experimental runs. The data include pigging time, inlet pressure, accumulated liquid in pipeline, pressure and pigging velocity distribution. The predicted results compared fairy well with the experimental data.     

Gas dispersion and solid suspension in a three-phase stirred tank with triple impellers

The hydrodynamics is still not fully understood in the three-phase stirred tank equipped with multi-impeller due to the intensive interaction between phases. In this work, the solid critical suspension speed(NJSG), relative power demand(RPD) and overall gas holdup(ε_G) were measured in an air–water–glass beads stirred tank equipped with multi-impeller, which consists of a parabolic blade disk turbine below two down-pumping hydrofoils. Results show that either the NJSGor the specific power consumption increases when increasing the volumetric solid concentration or superficial gas velocity. RPD changes less than 10% when solid volumetric concentration ranges from 0 to 15%. ε_G decreases with the increase of solid concentration, and increases with the increase of both superficial gas velocity and the total specific power consumption. The quantitative correlations of NJSG,RPD and εGwere regressed as the function of superficial gas velocity, specific power consumption, Froude number and gas flow number, in order to provide the reference in the design of such three-phase stirred tank with similar multi-impellers.     

Particle Holdup Profiles in Horizontal Gas‐liquid‐solid Multiphase Flow Pipeline

Sand holdup is one of the most important hydrodynamic parameters that is needed for performance estimation, design, operation and control of oil‐gas‐sand multiphase production and pipeline transportation systems. The performance of oil‐gas‐sand multiphase flow can be reliably evaluated by measuring the sand holdup in such oil‐gas‐sand multiphase production and pipeline transportation systems. In the present work, a local sand holdup has been measured under conditions analogous to the horizontal oil‐gas‐sand three‐phase slug flow in pipelines. Accurate local sand particle holdup measurements were performed by the digital imaging technique. The results revealed the influence of operating conditions such as gas and liquid velocities and sand particle loading on the distribution of the local sand particle holdup in the horizontal air‐water‐sand multiphase slug flow pipe. Explanations for the observed trends are provided, shedding light on the general structures and mechanisms of the distribution of the local sand holdup in a horizontal oil‐gas‐sand three‐phase slug flow. Such information on the horizontal air‐water‐sand three‐phase slug flow mechanisms are essential to advance the mechanistic approach for predicting local sand holdup distribution and the subsequent effect on sand deposition during multiphase petroleum production and transfer operations.     

水平管路油气混输模拟技术

以双流体模型为基础,建立了适用于水平油气混输管路的瞬态数学模型,并讨论了模型的求解以及分层流的结构方程对计算结果的影响。在大型多相流实验环道上进行了大量的混输瞬变流动过程实验,利用实验和现场数据对瞬态模型模拟得到的混输管道中的平均持液率、压降以及瞬变过程的入口压力、持液率等流动参数等进行了验证和计算,结果表明建立的模型可以比较准确地预测油气混输管路中的流动参数。     

A NEW EXPERIMENTAL CORRELATION USING A CURVE-SHAPED CAPACITANCE SENSOR TO PREDICT LIQUID HOLDUP IN VERTICAL GAS-CONDENSATE PIPELINES

The performance of a curve-shaped capacitance sensor for measuring the mean liquid holdup of the two-phase mixture of gas-condensate and nitrogen in a vertical pipeline was studied experimentally. The sensor consists of two electrodes placed on the external wall of a cylindrical test duct. The calibration curves for bubble, slug, and plug flow regimes were developed for vertical flow and the sensitivity of the sensor to flow pattern was also investigated. Based on experimental observations, different calibration curves must be used for different flow regimes to have an acceptable accuracy in holdup measurement. Moreover, a new empirical correlation for estimating liquid holdup in vertical gas-condensate pipelines in the dynamic condition was developed as a function of superficial velocities, viscosities, and densities of the gas and liquid. Furthermore, a flow pattern identification map for vertical pipeline is also presented.     

A NEW EXPERIMENTAL CORRELATION USING A CURVE-SHAPED CAPACITANCE SENSOR TO PREDICT LIQUID HOLDUP IN VERTICAL GAS-CONDENSATE PIPELINES

The performance of a curve-shaped capacitance sensor for measuring the mean liquid holdup of the two-phase mixture of gas-condensate and nitrogen in a vertical pipeline was studied experimentally. The sensor consists of two electrodes placed on the external wall of a cylindrical test duct. The calibration curves for bubble, slug, and plug flow regimes were developed for vertical flow and the sensitivity of the sensor to flow pattern was also investigated. Based on experimental observations, different calibration curves must be used for different flow regimes to have an acceptable accuracy in holdup measurement. Moreover, a new empirical correlation for estimating liquid holdup in vertical gas-condensate pipelines in the dynamic condition was developed as a function of superficial velocities, viscosities, and densities of the gas and liquid. Furthermore, a flow pattern identification map for vertical pipeline is also presented.     

Hydrodynamics of a slurry airlift reactor at high solid concentrations

The hydrodynamics of a slurry airlift reactor at high solid concentrations were experimentally studied. The influences of the average solid concentration, superficial gas velocity and particle size on the radial and axial profiles of the solid holdup, average gas holdup and liquid circulation velocity were investigated. The local solid holdup was measured with an electrical conductivity probe. At low solid concentrations or high superficial gas velocities, the radial profile of the solid holdup was uniform. At high solid concentrations, the radial profile of the solid holdup was nonuniform, with higher values near the wall. This radial nonuniformity increased with decreased superficial gas velocity or increased average solid concentration. The axial profile of the cross-sectional average solid holdup was uniform at all conditions in this work, even at high solid concentrations. The average gas holdup and liquid circulation velocity increased with the superficial gas velocity but decreased with the average solid concentration. A mathematical model based on the balance of the transverse lift force and turbulent dispersion force was proposed to predict the radial profile of the solid holdup. Reasonable predictions were obtained from this model with an adjustable model parameter.     

多室气升式环流反应器流动特性的数值模拟

在空气-水两相多室气升式环流反应器（MALR）中,采用欧拉欧拉两相流模型对扇形反应室内气液两相流动过程进行了数值模拟研究,考察了上升室的气含率、液体速度随表观气速的变化,最后用实验数据对模拟结果进行了验证.结果表明,某一上升室气含率受该室表观气速的影响较大,与另一上升室表观气速的影响较小;循环液体与上升室流体流动型式有关;气含率和循环液速的模拟值与实验值的平均相对误差分别为5.36％和8.28％;说明了应用数值模拟方法研究MALR流动特性的可行性.     

水平管段塞流持液率的波动特性

气液两相段塞流是液塞和长气泡在空间和时间上的交替,在流动过程中表现出间歇性和不稳定性.今对水平管中段塞流持液率的波动特性进行了分析.结果表明:在同一折算液速下,随着折算气速的增加,段塞单元的平均持液率和液膜持液率先快速下降再缓慢下降,而液塞持液率先缓慢下降再快速下降.段塞流持液率的概率密度分布为双峰分布,高持液率峰对应于液塞区,低持液率峰对应于液膜区;概率密度函数中较完好的峰所对应的持液率与光滑分层液膜区和液塞区的平均持液率相一致.     

滴流床反应器内脉冲流下动持液量实验

对气液强相互作用下滴流床反应器内的流体动力学进行了分析讨论 .实验测定了脉冲流流型下的床层平均动持液量 .考察了气液流率、液体黏度、填料材料等因素对动持液量的影响 .根据对滴流床反应器内流体流动机理的分析及实验结果 ,提出了关联脉冲流型式下动持液量的关联式 .该关联式能很好地关联实验数据 ,可用于预测温和型脉冲流下的动持液量     

强制液体外循环气升式内环流反应器的流体力学特性

在有机玻璃制成的主体反应器(φ0.286 m×3.0 m)内,采用空气-水的气液两相体系考察了不同表观气速下带有中心下料管和环管式气体分布器的环流反应器内局部气含率和内环气泡上升速度的流体力学特性。结果表明：气含率均随表观气速的增大而增大;从外环流入内环的气泡数量比较少;在相同条件下外环的气含率远远低于内环的气含率;新型气体分布器的采用和液体外循环的引入可以增大床层气含率并使其分布趋于均匀,从而增大了内环中气液两相的接触面积和湍动强度,使传递过程得到强化。在此基础上采用商业软件ANSYS CFX10.0对该反应器进行了数值模拟研究,模拟结果与实验数据基本吻合,说明了基于实验验证的Euler-Euler法可以用于该反应器开发和放大研究。     

高炉焦炭层区渣、铁滞留特性的冷态模拟

为阐明高炉下部熔融物的滞留特性,对填料床内液体的滞留量进行了冷态模拟实验研究,考察了液体的粘度、密度和表面张力、填料的粒度和形状及液体的流速等影响因素. 结果表明,液体的粘度越大、表面张力越大、密度越小,则静态滞留量hs越大. 它们的影响程度为密度>表面张力>粘度. 填料的粒度、形状系数和孔隙度越小,则hs越大. 液体流量增加时,hs大的固液组合总滞留量ht仍然较大,因此影响hs的各种因素也是影响动态滞留量hd的主要因素. 得到了无气体流动条件下的hs和hd及气液逆流条件下载点至泛点间ht的计算式,计算结果与实验数据吻合较好. 对于实际过程,不考虑煤气流影响时,高炉内熔融物滞留量的大小由hs决定,焦炭粒度对hs的影响最大.