Microinterferometric optical phase tomography for measuring small, asymmetric refractive-index differences in the profiles of optical fibers and fiber devices

A new technique, microinterferometric optical phase tomography, is introduced for use in measuring small, asymmetric refractive-index differences in the profiles of optical fibers and fiber devices. The method combines microscopy-based fringe-field interferometry with parallel projection-based computed tomography to characterize fiber index profiles. The theory relating interference measurements to the projection set required for tomographic reconstruction is given, and discrete numerical simulations are presented for three test index profiles that establish the technique's ability to characterize fiber with small, asymmetric index differences. An experimental measurement configuration and specific interferometry and tomography practices employed in the technique are discussed.     

Phase measurement in temporal speckle pattern interferometry signals presenting low-modulated regions by means of the bidimensional empirical mode decomposition

We propose a phase measurement technique to retrieve optical phase distributions coded in noisy temporal speckle pattern interferometry signals presenting regions of adjacent low-modulated pixels, which is based on the bidimensional empirical mode decomposition and the Hilbert transform. It is shown that this approach can effectively remove noise and minimize the influence of large sets of adjacent nonmodulated pixels located in the time series of speckle interferograms. The performance of the phase retrieval approach is analyzed using computer-simulated speckle interferograms modulated with a temporal carrier. The results are also compared with those given by a technique based on the one-dimensional empirical mode decomposition. The advantages and limitations of the proposed approach are finally discussed.     

非球面表面形状的线测量技术

描述了一种在超精密磨削机床上基于误差分离法的非球面表面形状精密测量系统.首先,论述了一般用于平面形状测量的两点法不能直接用于非球面形状测量的原因在于测头的设置误差会引起很大的形状测量误差.提出了先通过两点法测量平面形状得出机床的运动误差,然后对测量非球面形状的另外一个测头的输出进行补偿以得出正确的非球面形状.用此系统测量了一个直径为30 mm的非球面镜头的表面形状.     

High-resolution absorption measurements by use of two-tone frequency-modulation spectroscopy with diode lasers

The capability of two-tone frequency-modulation spectroscopy (TTFMS) in deriving spectral line-shape information was investigated. Two oxygen A-band transitions at 760 nm were selected, and the Voigt profile and two different collisionally narrowed line profiles were employed in their analysis. By means of a least-squares fitting procedure, we obtained accurate information regarding transition strengths and pressure-induced broadening, shift, and narrowing coefficients. Both TTFMS and direct absorption line shapes were modeled with deviations as small as 0.3% over a wide pressure range by use of the collisionally narrowed line profiles. Line parameters measured with TTFMS showed excellent agreement with the parameters measured with direct absorption. The experimental technique used constant-current fast-wavelength scanning, which improved measurement accuracy.     

Multifrequency grating projection profilometry based on the nonlinear excess fraction method

Although promised to be a fast and accurate three-dimensional shape measurement technique, grating projection profilometry based on phase measurement has been frequently baffled by the difficulty in phase unwrapping. We introduce the conventional excess fraction method into profilometry and extend it to nonlinear domain. Nonlinear excess fraction method (NLEFM), on the basis of which a multifrequency grating projection profilometry is developed, can work as a robust temporal phase unwrapper, which may extend the reliable measuring range by dozens of times at no cost of accuracy. The principle of NLEFM is detailed, and experimental results are given in which complex profiles are reliably measured with the novel system.     

Evaluating the effect of transmissive optic thermal lensing on laser beam quality with a shack-hartmann wave-front sensor

We examine wave-front distortion caused by high-power lasers on transmissive optics using a Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor. The coupling coefficient for a thermally aberrated Gaussian beam to the TEM(00) mode of a cavity was determined as a function of magnitude of the thermally induced aberration. One wave of thermally induced phase aberration between the Gaussian intensity peak and the 1/e(2) radius of the intensity profile reduces the power-coupling coefficient to the TEM(00) mode of the cavity to 4.5% with no compensation. With optimal focus compensation the power coupling is increased to 79%. The theoretical shape of the thermally induced optical phase aberration is compared with measurements made in a neutral-density filter glass, Faraday glass, and lithium niobate. The agreement between the theoretical and the measured thermal aberration profiles is within the rms wave-front measurement sensitivity of the Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor, which is a few nanometers.     

A free-space bistatic calibration technique for the measurement ofparallel and perpendicular reflection coefficients of planarsamples

A free-space bistatic measurement system suitable for operation in the frequency range of 5.85-40 GHz is calibrated to measure the parallel and perpendicular reflection coefficients of metal-backed planar samples for obliquely incident waves. The measurement system consists of transmit and receive antennas in the bistatic configuration, mode transitions, precision coaxial cables, and the network analyzer. Diffraction effects of the edges of the sample are minimized by using spot-focusing horn lens antennas, which focus most of the energy on a one-wavelength-diameter circular section of the sample. A new free-space bistatic calibration technique is developed to eliminate errors due to multiple reflections between transmit and receive antennas via the surface of the sample. The effect of defocusing due to the obliquely incident plane wave with focused antennas is minimized by introducing correction factors which modify measured reflection coefficients. Details of the calibration procedure and a discussion of the experimental results obtained for planar samples of Teflon and Eccogel 1365-90 in the frequency range 12.4-18 GHz are presented     

树状聚合物PAMAM制备高脱盐纳滤膜

通过发散法合成了以N-(2-胺乙基)哌嗪为核的端胺基树状聚合物聚酰胺胺(PAMAM),并以此为水相单体与均苯三甲酰氯发生界面聚合反应制备了高脱盐率纳滤膜.采用傅里叶转换红外光谱(FTIR-ATR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段研究膜表面化学组成的变化,扫描电镜(SEM),原子力显微镜(AFM)观察膜的结构与形貌,接触角测定仪评价膜的亲水性.结果表明,使用高代数PAMAM、增大PAM-AM浓度、延长反应时间均促使膜的致密度增加,脱盐卒增大.使用浓度为4.46×10-3mol/L第二代PAM-AM溶液为反应物制备的纳滤膜对Na2SO4、MgCl2、MgSO4的脱除率分别达到93.0%,92.3%和91.4%.值得注意的是,PAMAM浓度的增加导致酰氯基由过量到相对不足,最终所制备的纳滤膜对NaCl、Na2SO4、MgCl2和MgSO4等4种盐的脱盐顺序也发生相应变化,主要体现在MgCl2的脱除率由低于Na2SO4和MgSO4变化到高于这两种盐最后三者的脱除率趋于近似相等,均>90%.     

Field measurements near high-density statically recorded transitions in a thin-film medium

A controllable static recording technique which allows transitions to be spaced as closely as 0.25 micron has been used to record isolated and doublet transitions on a thin-film medium. The perpendicular demagnetizing fields from these transitions have been measured with the high-resolution Hall-probe measurement system, and the results were compared to theoretically predicted fields using both the Dynamic Iterative Model and superposition of two isolated arctangent transitions. Both of these theories adequately describe the measured results for this thin-film medium.     

Nonlinear-approximation technique for determining vertical ozone-concentration profiles with a differential-absorption lidar

A new technique is presented for the retrieval of ozone-concentration profiles (O(3)) from backscattered signals obtained by a multiwavelength differential-absorption lidar (DIAL). The technique makes it possible to reduce erroneous local fluctuations induced in the ozone-concentration profiles by signal noise and other phenomena such as aerosol inhomogeneity. Before the O(3) profiles are derived, the dominant measurement errors are estimated and uncertainty boundaries for the measured profiles are established. The off- to on-line signal ratio is transformed into an intermediate function, and analytical approximations of the function are then determined. The separation of low- and high-frequency constituents of the measured ozone profile is made by the application of different approximation fits to appropriate intermediate functions. The low-frequency constituents are approximated with a low-order polynomial fit, whereas the high-frequency constituents are approximated with a trigonometric fit. The latter fit makes it possible to correct the measured O(3) profiles in zones of large ozone-concentration gradients where the low-order polynomial fit is found to be insufficient. Application of this technique to experimental data obtained in the lower troposphere shows that erroneous fluctuations induced in the ozone-concentration profile by signal noise and aerosol inhomogeneity undergo a significant reduction in comparison with the results from the conventional technique based on straightforward numerical differentiation.     

人体光学测试中用于消除测量位置改变的掌／手旨纹图像匹配技术

应用光学测头的测量方式中，由于方便测量和易于随时测量，手掌和手指经常被选作测量部位．然而，由于人体不同部位皮肤结构的变异性，由人为运动导致的测量位置改变会对被测光有很大影响．为此，开发了一种基于掌／指纹图像匹配技术的有效方法，以避免测量位置的改变．该方法通过应用小波变换、相位相关和曲面拟合技术，分析不同测量位置之间旋转和平移改变量，然后驱动光学测头到达相应的位置，从而使光学测头每次均测量同一位置．其精度评测结果表明，平移检测精度达到1／50像素，旋转检测精度达到0．15°．光谱测量结果表明，该技术的应用使光谱稳定性提高了3倍左右．     

人体光学测试中用于消除测量位置改变的掌/指纹图像匹配技术

应用光学测头的测量方式中,由于方便测量和易于随时测量,手掌和手指经常被选作测量部位.然而,由于人体不同部位皮肤结构的变异性,由人为运动导致的测量位置改变会对被测光有很大影响.为此,开发了一种基于掌/指纹图像匹配技术的有效方法,以避免测量位置的改变.该方法通过应用小波变换、相位相关和曲面拟合技术,分析不同测量位置之间旋转和平移改变量,然后驱动光学测头到达相应的位置,从而使光学测头每次均测量同一位置.其精度评测结果表明,平移检测精度达到1/50像素,旋转检测精度达到0.15°.光谱测量结果表明,该技术的应用使光谱稳定性提高了3倍左右.     

新型无机非金属材料相变的热物性研究

本文系统地研究了新型无机非金属材料的各类相变、极化处理和晶体取向对其热物理性质的影响。用各种测试技术测定了六种新型无机材料在较大温度范围内的导热系数、导温系数、比热和热膨胀系数。实验结果显示出这些材料发生相变时,在热物性曲线上都将出现突变。由突变点所确定的相变温度(居里点)与用电学方法测定的结果相吻合,据此,热物性的测试研究可作为研究材料相变的一个新的判据和手段。     

Hygroscopic behavior of substrate-deposited particles studied by micro-FT-IR spectroscopy and complementary methods of particle analysis

The application of microscopic Fourier transform infrared (micro-FT-IR) spectroscopy combined with complementary methods of particle analysis is demonstrated here for investigations of phase transitions and hygroscopic growth of micron-sized particles. The approach utilizes the exposure of substrate-deposited, isolated particles to humidified nitrogen inside a sample cell followed by micro-FT-IR spectroscopy over a selected sample area. Phase transitions of NaCl, sea salt, NaNO3, and (NH4)2SO4 particles are monitored with this technique to evaluate its utility and applicability for particle hydration studies. The results are found in excellent agreement with literature data in terms of (a) reliable and reproducible detection of deliquescence and efflorescence phase transitions, (b) quantitative measurements of water-to-solute ratios in particles as a function of relative humidity, and (c) changes in the IR spectra resulting from phase transitions and changing relative humidity. Additional methods of particle analysis are employed to complement and assist in the interpretation of particle hygroscopicity data obtained from micro-FT-IR measurements. The analytical approach and the experimental setup presented here are relatively simple, inexpensive, readily available and therefore may be practical for hydration studies of environmental particles collected in both laboratory and field studies.     

Frequency-domain intermodal interferometer for the bandwidth measurement of a multimode fiber

A new bandwidth measurement technique for a multimode optical fiber (MMF) using a frequency-domain intermodal interferometer is proposed. We have demonstrated that the relative modal delay (RMD) of a MMF can be obtained easily and accurately based on an optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) technique by using an intermodal interference signal among the excited modes of a MMF. As an example, a photonic crystal fiber with a few modes is prepared and its RMD is measured by using our proposed measurement technique. Measurement results are compared with those from a previously reported frequency-domain method. We have also measured the RMD of a commercial MMF as a practical application and compared our result with the one obtained from a well-known time-domain differential mode delay measurement technique.     

Surface gradient integrated profiler for X-ray and EUV optics

A new ultraprecise profiler has been developed to measure, for example, asymmetric and aspheric profiles. The principle of our measuring method is that the normal vector at each point on the surface is determined by making the incident light beam on the mirror surface and the reflected beam at that point of coincident. The gradient at each point is calculated from the normal vector, and the surface profile is then obtained by integrating the gradients. The measuring instrument was designed in accordance with the above principle. In the design, four ultraprecise goniometers were applied to adjust the light axis for normal vector measurement. The angle-positioning resolution and accuracy of each goniometer are, respectively, 0.018 and 0.2 μrad. Thus, in the measuring instrument, the most important factor is the accuracy of the normal vectors measured by the goniometers. Therefore, the rotating angle-positioning errors were measured and calibrated. An elliptical profile mirror for nanometer hard-X-ray focusing was measured, and compared with the measured profile using a stitching interferometer. The absolute measurement accuracy of approximately 5 nm (peak-to-valley) was achieved. Then the measurements of 1000-mm-long flat, spherical and parabolic mirrors were demonstrated. The surface profiles of the mirrors were obtained by integrating the interpolated gradient.     

Application of tomographic techniques to the spatial-response mapping of antenna-coupled detectors in the visible

A tomographiclike method based on the inverse radon transform is used to retrieve the irradiance map of a focused laser beam. The results obtained from multiple knife-edge measurements have been processed through a kriging technique. This technique allows us to map both the beam irradiance and the uncertainty associated with the measurement method. The results are compared with those achieved in the standard fitting of two orthogonal knife-edge profiles to a modeled beam. The application of the tomographiclike technique does not require any beam model and produces a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the conventional method. As a consequence, the quality of the estimation of the spatial response map of an antenna-coupled detector in the visible is improved.     

All-optical clocked delay flip-flop using a single terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer-based switch: a theoretical study

A flip-flop (FF) is a kind of latch and the simplest form of memory device, which stores various values either temporarily or permanently. Optical FF memories form a fundamental building block for all-optical packet switches in next-generation communication networks. An all-optical clocked delay FF using a single terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer-based interferometric switch is proposed and described. Numerical simulation results are also reported.     

Lamb Wave Phase Velocity Imaging of Concrete Plates with 2D Arrays

In the nondestructive evaluation of concrete structures, ultrasonic techniques are considered to be more capable than low-frequency techniques such as the impact-echo method. This is especially true with the recent development of ultrasonic transducers, synthetic apertures, and results in an image form, and because low-frequency techniques are usually limited in their evaluation to the frequency of one single resonant mode. With the aim of reducing this gap in capabilities, we present a 2D array and wide-frequency bandwidth technique for Lamb wave phase velocity imaging. The presentation involves a measurement on a newly cast concrete plate using a hammer and an accelerometer as an example. The key concept of the technique is the use of 2D arrays that record a full wave field response over a limited surface subdomain within the complete measurement domain. Through a discrete Fourier transform, a spectral estimate is obtained for the 2D array in the frequency-phase velocity domain. The variation of the phase velocity is then mapped using a stepwise movement of the 2D array within the complete measurement domain. With two different types of 2D arrays, the variation of the phase velocity for the A0 Lamb mode is mapped and displayed in a polar and image plot, and low variation is observed for both cases. This result verifies the expected condition of a homogenous material and plate thickness and, more importantly, highlights the potential of wide-frequency bandwidth techniques based on full wave field data.     

The GRID Technique: Current Status and New Trends

In the GRID technique one measures Doppler-broadened line profiles of γ transitions using the high resolution crystal spectrometers GAMS, which are installed at the high flux reactor of the ILL Grenoble. One of the essential applications of this technique is the measurement of nuclear state lifetimes. In the present contribution the precision and the principal limits of the technique are discussed.