上海长江大桥车桥系统节段模型涡激共振试验研究

涡激共振通常都在低风速发生,且涡激共振对断面形式的微小变化很敏感,因此有必要研究车辆对车桥系统涡激共振性能的影响。以上海长江大桥为背景,在同济大学土木工程防灾国家重点实验室TJ-1边界层风洞中进行了1∶60缩尺模型试验,开展了桥面无车状态、桥面有车状态下的两种断面形式以及0°、 3°和-3°三种风攻角共6个试验工况节段模型涡激共振试验研究,并将模型试验结果经过振型修正换算到实桥。试验结果表明:桥面有车状态下的竖弯涡振和扭转涡振中分别伴有相同频率的扭转振动和竖弯振动;桥面有车状态的竖弯涡振和扭转涡振幅值明显比桥面无车状态大;桥面有车状态下的涡振锁定风速区间比桥面无车状态下提前。可见车辆明显改变了主梁的气动外形,且无论从振幅还是振动形态方面考虑,车辆对车桥系统的涡激共振影响是不可忽视的。     

Investigation of vortex-induced vibration of a suspension bridge with two separated steel box girders based on field measurements

This paper investigates the vortex-induced vibration of a twin steel box girder suspension bridge with a centre span of 1650 m based on field measurements. Two ultrasonic anemometers, two tri-axial accelerometers and 52 wind pressure sensors are installed at the quarter span section. The other 20 pressure sensors are installed in another 5 sections, and each section has 4 pressure sensors. Four vortex-induced oscillation events are measured. The analytical results indicate that the vortex-induced vibration more likely occurs in a low wind speed range of 6-10 m/s, with the wind direction nearly perpendicular to the bridge line, and low turbulence intensity. The mean pressure distribution on the surface of the bridge deck is obtained and the characteristics of fluctuant pressures are analysed by proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method. Moreover, the spatial-temporal evolution of flow around the bridge deck is investigated. The results indicate that in the beginning stage of vortex-induced resonance, the regular vortex shedding phenomena occur only in the gap of the deck and at tailing region of downstream deck; however, when in the lock-in stage, the vortex shedding is strengthened due to the dramatic vibration, and the regular vortex shedding phenomena extend to the entire lower surface of downstream deck and the tail of upstream deck, the vortex shedding regions in the gap and lower surface link together. In the lock-in range, the span-wise correlation of the wind pressure is analysed, and the correlations of wind pressure along the bridge line are very high and do not decrease with the increase in distance.     

Effect of relative amplitude on bridge deck flutter

Self-excited wind forces on a bridge deck can be non-linear even when the vibration amplitude of the body is small. This phenomenon is evaluated in this paper. Experiments detecting the nonlinearity are performed first, with the concept of “relative amplitude”, i.e. the amplitude of the externally triggered free vibration relative to the envelope of the ambient response of an elastically supported rigid sectional model. Two types of sectional model, a twin-deck bluff model (model A) and a partially streamlined box girder model (model B) are tested with two extreme cases of relative amplitude. Based on the flutter derivatives of model B, a flutter boundary prediction is subsequently carried out on a cable-supported bridge to manifest the changes of critical flutter wind velocity due to different relative amplitudes. The effect of relative amplitude on flutter derivatives and on the flutter boundary reveals, from the structural point of view, a complex relationship between the self-excited forces and the “structural vibration noise” due to turbulence that is inherent in the interaction of the ambient wind with the structure. Although the aeroelastic forces are linear when the body motion due to an external trigger is not affected significantly by this turbulence, they are postulated to be nonlinear when this “vibration noise” cannot be neglected.     

风嘴几何参数对双边箱式Π型梁涡振性能的影响

为研究风嘴几何参数对双边箱式Π型梁涡振性能的影响,设计了包括原断面在内的4类试验组合,共计14种试验工况,通过节段模型测振试验,测得不同工况下Π型梁涡振振幅随试验风速的变化,分析了0°风攻角下不同风嘴长度和尖端高度对双边箱式Π型梁涡振振幅、锁定区间长度和起振风速的影响。采用SST k-ω模型进行计算流体力学分析,模拟了原断面和不同风嘴措施下双边箱式Π型梁断面周围的流场特性,结合静态绕流涡量演化图探讨了不同风嘴措施的涡振抑制机理。结果表明:多数风嘴措施能有效抑制双边箱式Π型梁的竖弯涡振,同时降低其扭转涡振振幅; 尖端高度与梁高之比为5/6时,该Π型梁的涡激共振被完全抑制,涡振性能表现良好; 增大风嘴长度和令风嘴尖端朝下有助于减小断面的涡振振幅和锁定区间长度,提高起振风速,对该Π型梁的抑振效果更显著; 双边箱式Π型梁原断面涡激共振明显,安装风嘴能减弱上表面气体的流动分离,减小漩涡尺度,有利于抑制涡振; 双边箱式Π型梁下表面周期性脱落并移动的漩涡是其扭转涡振的驱动性因素。     

Vehicle-bridge coupled vibrations in different types of cable stayed bridges

Numerical analyses of the coupled vibrations of vehicle-bridge system and the effects of different types of cable stayed bridges on the coupled vibration responses have been presented in this paper using ANSYS. The bridge model and vehicle model were independently built which have no internal relationship in the ANSYS. The vehicle-bridge coupled vibration relationship was obtained by using the APDL program which subsequently imposed on the vehicle and bridge models during the numerical analysis. The proposed model was validated through a field measurements and literature data. The judging method, possibility, and criterion of the vehicle-bridge resonance (coupled vibrations) of cable stayed bridges (both the floating system and half floating system) under traffic flows were presented. The results indicated that the interval time between vehicles is the main influence factor on the resonance excitation frequency under the condition of equally spaced traffic flows. Compared to other types of cable stayed bridges, the floating bridge system has relatively high possibility to cause vehicle-bridge resonance.     

Dynamic response of a long span suspension bridge and running safety of a train under wind action

A dynamic analysis model of a wind-train-bridge system is established. The wind excitations of the system are the buffeting and self-excited forces simulated in time domain using measured aerodynamic coefficients and flutter derivatives. The proposed formulations are then applied to a long rail-cum-road suspension bridge. The dynamic responses of the bridge and the train under wind action are analyzed. The results show that the lateral and rotational displacements of the bridge are dominated by wind, while the vertical by the gravity loading of the moving train. The running safeties of the train vehicles are much affected by wind. Under wind conditions of 30–40 m/s, the offload factors, derail factors and overturn factors of the train vehicles exceed the safety allowances, to which great attention should be paid. Translated from Engineering Mechanics, 2006, 23(2): 103–110 [译自: 工程力学]     

风-汽车-桥梁系统空间耦合振动研究

为了考虑侧风引起的车轮相对于桥面的侧向相对滑动,在车轮与桥面之间引入了一个特殊阻尼器,这个阻尼器的阻尼系数依赖于车辆与桥梁的竖向耦合运动。在综合考虑路面粗糙度、车辆悬挂系统以及车轮相对于桥面侧向相对滑动的基础上,提出能够考虑桥梁的静风响应、抖振响应、汽车-桥梁耦合振动、系统的时变特性以及结构几何非线性和气动荷载非线性影响的风-汽车-桥梁系统空间耦合振动分析模型,编制了相应的分析程序。该程序既可以预测不同路面粗糙度,车速以及干、湿、雪、冰路面状况下行驶于桥梁上车辆的行车安全性,也可以评价低风速下车辆驾驶舒适度以及侧风和车辆移动荷载对桥梁振动的影响。     

Wind induced dynamic response of the Wye bridge

As part of the research effort to improve the understanding of the effect of wind on bridges, the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL) has measured the wind-induced dynamic response of the 235 m span cable stayed box girder bridge that carries the M4 motorway over the River Wye. Measurements are presented which were made during the winter months of 1977 and 1978, using automatic recording equipment developed at TRRL.

The main wind-induced vibration frequency measured was at 0.46 Hz, which corresponds to the first bending mode. The response occurs mainly when the wind speed is in the range 7–8 m/s and the direction is close to normal to the bridge. This agrees with wind tunnel section tests but the maximum amplitudes predicted in the laboratory have not been attained to date. The strong dependence of vibration amplitude on wind speed, showing a peak in the range 7–8 m/s is characteristic of vortex shedding excitation. The problem of predicting the likelihood of the bridge response from wind speed data is discussed.

Finally, the effect on the fatigue life of the structure is discussed. It is shown that it is most unlikely that wind-induced oscillations will contribute to a significant shortening of the fatigue life of the bridge.     

风驱雨作用下桥梁主梁颤振节段模型试验研究

针对风驱雨作用下桥梁主梁的颤振问题,依据风驱雨作用和主梁振动特点,给出了分别考虑雨滴冲击和表面积水后的降雨相似关系,并探讨了其选取原则。选取大跨度桥梁较常采用的典型断面,通过节段模型试验模拟了风驱雨对主梁断面的颤振导数和颤振发生过程的影响。试验结果表明:主梁断面的颤振气动导数随雨强的变化无明显规律,各导数的变化量值相当,随风速增加,降雨引起的导数变化有所加大,但基本没有改变其随风速变化的整体趋势,试验雨强120mm/h时,模型颤振临界风速会有20%～30%左右的提高,但考虑雨强相似比后可以认为降雨对桥梁主梁的风致颤振失稳特征的影响基本可以忽略。     

Flutter control effect and mechanism of central-slotting for long-span bridges

The flutter control effect and mechanism of central-slotting, which have gradually been adopted in the design and construction of long-span bridges as an effective flutter controlling measure, were investigated with theoretical analysis and wind tunnel test. Five basic girder cross-sections representing five typical aerodynamic configurations were selected and central-slotted with two different slot widths. Then, a series of sectional model tests and theoretical analyses based on the two-dimensional three-degrees-of-freedom coupling flutter analysis method (2 dimension-3 degrees of freedom method, 2d-3DOF method) were carried out to investigate the aerody namic performance, flutter mechanism and flutter modality of the five basic sections and their corresponding central-slotted sections. The results show that central-slotting can not always improve the aerodynamic stability of bridge structure. The control effect of central-slotting depends on the aerodynamic configuration of the original girder section and the corresponding central-slotting width. If the original section is inappropriate or the slot width is unsuitable, central-slotting will even deteriorate the structural flutter performance. Theoretical investigations indicated that the differences in flutter control effects come from the different formation and evolution of aerodynamic damping, and flutter modality especially the participation level of heaving motion also has a significant influence on the control effect of central-slotting. __________ Translated from China Civil Engineering Journal, 2006, 39(7): 74–80 [译自: 土木工程学报]     

32m双线简支箱梁在对开列车作用下梁体竖向动力响应规律研究

将列车、双线简支箱梁分别简化为二系悬挂多刚体体系和模态函数,推导车桥系统动力方程,建立并验证车桥相互作用模型,对双线简支箱梁在对开列车作用下梁体竖向动力响应规律进行研究。研究表明:对开列车作用下,桥梁动力响应与列车运行速度及入桥距离差密切相关;列车以共同速度对开时,可引起的梁体最大挠度动力系数与单线行车作用下基本一致,但梁体动力响应值约为单线行车引起的梁体动力响应值的2倍。     

不同风嘴形式分体箱梁桥梁的静力风致稳定性能

作为大跨径以及超大跨径桥梁一种新兴的断面形式,分体箱梁可以改善空气动力性能和提高颤振临界风速,但是还需要保证其静力风致稳定性能, 研究了不同风嘴形式下分体箱梁的静力三分力系数和静力风致稳定性能随开槽率的演变规律。结果表明：两种风嘴形式分体箱梁的阻力系数随开槽率增加而 增大,采用断面实体宽度为无量纲化标准时断面升力系数绝对值会随开槽率的增加而增加,这与采用断面总宽为无量纲化标准时结果相反,升力矩系数绝对 值会随着开槽率的增加而减小,但这种规律性会受到风攻角的影响;风嘴对称性的变化仅改变断面阻力系数随开槽率的变化规律;两种计算模型下,对称风 嘴断面分体箱梁桥梁跨中的各向位移绝对值和静力风致失稳临界风速随开槽率的变化规律完全相反,而不对称风嘴断面的各向位移变化规律相似但也有区别 ;总体上对称风嘴断面的最低静力风致失稳临界风速要高于不对称风嘴断面;考虑结构刚度变化会使断面开槽后静力风致失稳临界风速随着开槽率的增加而 升高并超过不考虑刚度变化时的相应值,故对分体箱梁静力风致稳定性能分析时需要考虑开槽率不同带来的结构刚度变化。     

半开口分离双箱梁涡振性能及其气动控制措施研究

基于某主跨820m混合梁斜拉桥,利用刚体节段模型风洞试验结合计算流体动力学(CFD)数值模拟,系统研究了半开口分离双箱梁的涡振性能并进行一系列气动控制措施的探讨。该断面成桥状态在+3°或+5°风攻角下会产生大幅竖弯涡振,来流上游侧检修道栏杆处的气流分离起主导作用,检修车轨道对竖弯涡振有放大作用,这主要源于其后方连续产生的小尺度漩涡在断面下部开口内汇聚,形成了能量集中的大尺度漩涡。采用不同形式的检修道栏杆或改变风嘴角度对竖弯涡振控制效果不理想,将风嘴向外延伸可以有效降低振幅,但要保证检修道栏杆不移动,工程实用性较差。下中央稳定板基本没有抑制效果|水平翼板和抑流板都能有效控制竖弯涡振,其中水平翼板可以延缓漩涡能量的集中降低涡振振幅,但不能完全抑制振动,而且大攻角下会延长涡振风速区间|抑流板则直接通过抑制断面上表面漩涡的形成而有效控制涡振发生。     

大跨度悬索桥梁端竖向折角对列车走行性的影响研究

大跨度桥梁较为柔性,易产生梁端竖向折角,过大的梁端竖向折角会影响列车的安全性和舒适性。有代表性地选取较为柔性的大跨度公轨两用悬索桥作为工程背景,基于车-桥耦合动力仿真数值计算方法,采用自主研发的桥梁科研分析软件BANSYS(Bridge ANalysis SYStem),分析列车进桥及出桥全过程中车辆和桥梁的响应,对比不同车辆运行方式、不同车速、不同车载状态下的响应,讨论大跨度悬索桥梁端竖向折角对列车走行性的影响,进一步提出减小梁端竖向折角的措施。研究结论对大跨度轨道交通桥梁的运营安全具有指导意义。     

基于非线性涡激力广义模型的涡振幅值换算

节段模型测振风洞试验是研究涡激共振风速锁定区间和振动幅值的主要手段之一,但节段模型涡振振幅并不能由几何缩尺比直接换算至实桥,需要对测试结果进行修正。已有研究表明,涡激力具有强烈的非线性特性,因此基于线性涡激力模型的换算方法不再适用。此外,由于采用的非线性涡激力模型不准确,基于非线性涡激力模型的已有换算方法也不一定适用,并且目前基于非线性涡激力模型的换算方法也没有给出阻尼比的修正方法。为此,文章借鉴量纲分析方法,推导非线性涡激力广义模型,并给出计算涡振振幅的非线性涡激力简化广义模型,然后根据能量相等的原则推导节段模型与实桥的涡振幅值换算公式。研究表明：当节段模型与实桥结构阻尼比一致时,振幅换算关系仅与桥梁阵型函数值有关;当节段模型与实桥结构阻尼比不一致时,振幅换算关系还与涡振生长或衰变过程位移振幅变化率以及涡振稳定状态无量纲幅值有关;不同换算方法的结果对比表明本文换算结果与实测值最为接近。     

Reliability analysis of a long span steel arch bridge against wind-induced stability failure during construction

An efficient and accurate algorithm is proposed to evaluate the reliability of long span steel arch bridges against wind-induced stability failure during construction. The algorithm is developed based on stochastic finite-element method. Uncertainties in static wind load-related parameters are incorporated in the algorithm. The proposed algorithm integrates the finite-element method and the first-order reliability method. A long span steel arch bridge with a main span length of 550 m built in China is considered as an illustrative example. Two different construction stages are chosen for reliability analysis. Construction stage I involves the construction process before closure of main arch ribs. At Construction stage II, all remaining parts of the bridge have been completed except the stiffening girder of the main span. Three components of wind loads (drag force, lift force and pitch moment) acting on both steel girder and arch ribs are considered in the study. Results of the study show that the steel arch bridge at construction stage II is more vulnerable to wind-induced stability failure than that at construction stage I. Further, a detailed parametric study show that the variations of wind speed with height, drag force of wind loads, design wind speed at the bridge site and static aerodynamic coefficients have significant effects on the probability of wind-induced stability failure during the construction stages for the steel arch bridge.     

基于大涡模拟的三维高层建筑结构气弹响应数值模拟

以宽高比为1∶6的方形截面高层建筑为研究对象,采用弱耦合分区交错算法,流体域采用大涡模拟方法,进行了紊流边界层风场内三维高层建筑结构多自由度模型的气弹数值模拟,计算中考虑了来流紊流,以及结构的顺、横风向响应。将结构静止时大涡模拟结果与刚性模型测压风洞试验进行比较,验证了该方法在准确预测结构风荷载方面的可行性。通过与气弹模型风洞试验结果的比较表明,本文数值分析方法可用于求解风与结构的相互作用,且具有较高的精度。进行了高折减风速下的气弹数值模拟,研究了结构顶部顺、横风向位移响应随折减风速的变化规律。结果表明：结构风振气弹响应主要为来流紊流引起的顺风向抖振和旋涡脱落引起的横风向涡激振动;折减风速较小时,结构顺、横风向位移振幅相当,且位移响应均相对较小;随着折减风速的增加,结构位移响应增大,横风向涡激振动逐渐占据主导地位,并经历了从“拍”到“涡激共振”的转化。     

桥梁节段与实桥涡激共振幅值的换算关系

涡激共振是大跨桥梁最易出现的一种风振现象,其研究手段以节段模型风洞试验为主。节段模型涡振振幅与实桥涡振振幅如何转换,目前我国《公路桥梁抗风设计规范》缺少相关说明。本文首先介绍了桥梁涡激共振时三种涡振力理论模型的特点,包括线性模型、非线性模型以及修正的非线性模型。根据输入能量相等则振幅相等的原理推导了主梁等效质量与涡振振型函数的关系。在此基础上,提出了不同涡振力理论模型下节段模型涡振振幅与实桥最大涡振振幅的换算关系。研究表明,影响该换算关系的主要因素有两方面,一是主梁发生涡振时的振型,二是所采用的涡振力理论模型。采用日本规范值或有关文献根据线性模型所得的换算关系所计算的实桥最大振幅将明显大于基于非线性涡振力模型推算的实桥最大振幅。     

主梁断面形状对车-桥系统气动特性影响的风洞试验研究

确定车辆和桥梁各自的气动参数是车-桥耦合振动分析的基础。为研究主梁断面形状对车辆和桥梁气动特性的影响,利用自制的三分力分离装置-交叉滑槽系统,针对8种分离式双箱主梁断面进行多工况模型风洞试验。通过对不同模型及工况试验结果的对比,讨论不同主梁断面形状下车-桥系统的雷诺数效应,得出不同行车位置处车辆和桥梁各自气动参数随主梁宽高比的变化规律以及其阻力系数的取值方法,为后续抗风设计及风-车-桥耦合振动研究提供参考。     

曲线连续梁桥在车辆制动作用下的动力响应

以某一匝道公路曲线连续箱梁桥为例,分析了该类桥梁的空间车桥耦合振动问题。用ANSYS软件模拟梁桥,选用典型的三轴空间车辆模型,采用模态综合法编制公路曲线车桥耦合振动响应MATLAB程序,获得了车辆制动作用下曲线连续梁桥的动力响应及冲击系数,研究了初速度、制动位置、制动力上升时间、桥面平整度等参数对冲击系数的影响。结果表明:车辆制动时,主梁最大挠度、挠度和内力冲击系数没有随初速度的增大而单调递增或递减,但均明显大于车辆以相同初速度匀速行驶时的结果,且可能超过规范值。在桥前半跨内制动时,挠度和跨中剪力冲击系数大于在后半跨度内制动情况,同时,当车辆制动位置大于半跨且越靠近支点时,车辆制动时挠度和内力冲击系数越接近匀速时的结果。随着曲率半径的增大,桥梁的挠度、弯矩和扭矩冲击系数逐渐减小,而剪力冲击系数逐渐增大;弯桥的挠度、弯矩和扭矩冲击系数大于直线桥结果,紧急制动易于加剧桥梁的振动。