用透射和扫描电镜观察Ni—Cr—Al合金γ‘和Cr（α）析出相

Ｎｉ－Ｃｒ－３％Ａｌ－０．２％Ｃｅ合金０．３ｍｍ细丝经５００－６００℃时效处理，用透射和扫描电镜观察组织形貌，用化学定量提取法和测定微区成分的方法确定相Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ａｌ的含量，用程控图像仪测定富Ｃｒ（α）相析出颗粒大小和分布，查明了γ相沿基体９１００）面共格析出并细小颗粒状，在γ相周围析出的过饱和富Ｃｒ（α）相弥散分布在合金基体中，据此认为该合金是由γ相和富Ｃｒ（α）相复合析出强化合金基体的。     

反应自生Al_3Ni－Al_2O_3－Al复合材料

通过热力学计算，选择Ｎｉ_２Ｏ_３粉末作原材料，采用反应挤压铸造方法实现了Ａｌ与Ｎｉ２Ｏ３直接压铸反应合成Ａｌ３Ｎｉ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３－Ａｌ原位复合材料。研究了压铸工艺参数和预制块中纯Ａｌ粉的含量对反应合成复合材料过程的影响，并对反应机理做了较深入的分析。结果表明，Ｎｉ２Ｏ３与Ａｌ的反应是为高放热反应，反应是爆发式的，通过调整预制块中Ａｌ粉的体积分数控制了反应的剧烈程度，并能获得不同组成和基体含量的复合材料。对反应机理的分析表明，在Ａｌ足量的情况下，Ｎｉ２Ｏ３与Ａｌ反应合成复合材料分为两个过程，一是反应过程，即Ｎｉ２Ｏ３＋Ａｌ→Ａｌ２Ｏ３＋［Ｎｉ］；二是凝固过程，即反应后多余的Ａｌ与反应生成的［Ｎｉ］在随后冷却中的凝固过程，最终形成Ａｌ３Ｎｉ＋α－Ａｌ２Ｏ３＋Ａｌ复合材料。     

反应自生Al3Ni—Al2O3—Al复合材料

通过热力学计算，选择Ｎｉ２Ｏ３粉末作原材料，采用反庆挤压铸造方法实现了Ａｌ与Ｎｉ２Ｏ３直接压铸反应合成Ａｌ３Ｎｉ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３－Ａｌ原位复合材料，研究了压铸工艺数和预制块中纯Ａｌ粉的含量对反应合成复合材料过程扣影响，并对反应机理做了较深入的分析。结果表明，Ｎｉ２Ｏ３与Ａｌ的反应是为高放热反应，反应是爆发式的，通过调整预制块中Ａｌ粉的体积分数控制了反应的剧烈程度，并能获得不必基体含量的复合材料，对反应     

(WC-Co/NiCrBSi)钎焊涂层结合机制及磨损性能研究

采用真空钎焊工艺,将ＷＣ－Ｃｏ硬质合金粉和ＮｉＣｒＢＳｉ（ＡＷＳＢＮｉ－２）合金粉钎焊到４５＃钢表面,得到（ＷＣ－Ｃｏ／ＮｉＣｒＢＳｉ）钎焊涂层。不同钎焊工艺下,涂层及涂层／基体的拉伸强度分别达１００—１４０ＭＰａ和３００－３６０ＭＰａ。初步分析了钎焊涂层结合机制。涂层的磨料磨损性能远高于同配比的火焰堆焊涂层及Ｃｏ－Ｃｒ－Ｗ堆焊层     

WC/Ni60A等离子喷涂层的相结构分析

利用Ｘ射线衍射,ＳＥＭ,ＥＤＡＸ,ＴＥＭ及选区电子衍射等手段研究了ＷＣ／Ｎｉ６０Ａ等离子喷涂层的显微组织及其相结构。结果表明：涂层组织呈片层状,在Ｎｉ基合金片层中的镍基固溶体上析出了大量高度弥散分布的Ｍ７Ｃ３,Ｍ２３Ｃ６及Ｎｉ３Ｂ;由于等离子喷涂温度较高,ＷＣ大部分熔化并与Ｎｉ包覆层相溶,发生高温分解,在Ｎｉ包ＷＣ片层中形成了弥散程度很高的Ｍ６Ｃ及α－Ｗ２Ｃ颗粒相。     

SiC_w／Al_2O_3－（Ti，W）C复相陶瓷的微观结构及其力学性能

本文对Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ和ＳｉＣｗ－Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ的力学性能进行了分析对比，研究了热压工艺、ＳｉＣ晶须含量、晶须分散效果和晶须／基体的复合情况等对Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ复相陶瓷力学性能的影响。从热膨胀系数失配角度分析和微观结构的观察证实，ＳｉＣ晶须及（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ固溶体对改善Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３陶瓷力学性能的效果是显著的，ＳｉＣ_ｗ－Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３．（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ陶瓷材料的增韧机制主要是裂纹偏转和裂纹桥接。     

SiC_w／Al_2O_3－（Ti，W）C复相陶瓷的微观结构及其力学性能EI

本文对Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ和ＳｉＣｗ－Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ的力学性能进行了分析对比，研究了热压工艺、ＳｉＣ晶须含量、晶须分散效果和晶须／基体的复合情况等对Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ复相陶瓷力学性能的影响。从热膨胀系数失配角度分析和微观结构的观察证实，ＳｉＣ晶须及（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ固溶体对改善Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３陶瓷力学性能的效果是显著的，ＳｉＣ_ｗ－Ａｌ_２Ｏ_３．（Ｔｉ，Ｗ）Ｃ陶瓷材料的增韧机制主要是裂纹偏转和裂纹桥接。     

Cf／Al—4.5Cu复合材料界面微结构的研究

利用挤压铸造法制造Ｃｆ／Ａｌ－４．５Ｃｕ复合材料，并在透射电子显微镜上了分析了基界面的微观结构特征。结果表明：Ｃｆ／Ａｌ－４．５Ｃｕ复合材料界面存在ＣｕＡｌ２与Ａｌ４Ｃ３析出相，Ａｌ４Ｃ３呈细棒状，而ＣｕＡｌ２相表现为柱状、块状片状；由于碳纤维与Ａｌ－４．５Ｃｕ基体间热膨胀系数不匹配产生的热应力铸造过程中Ａｌ－４．５Ｃｕ基体产生塑性有，使得在界面附近的基体和ＣｕＡｌ２相中产生大量位错缺陷。Ａｆ／Ａ     

磁控溅射铝膜的退火对膜组织结构转变的影响

利用ＳＥＭ、ＴＥＭ以及ｘ射线衍射，研究了磁控溅射Ａｌ膜的退火对膜组织 结构转变的影响。Ａｌ膜被磁控溅射在Ｎｉ基体上，所得镀膜分别经 １００℃、２００℃、 ３００℃、４００℃、５００℃、５５０℃和 ６００℃真空退火。结果表明， １００℃开始 Ａｌ膜再结晶； ４００℃开始有Ａｌ－Ｎｉ金属间化合物相生成，随温度升高，金属间化合物相的形成顺序为 Ａｌ３Ｎｉ—Ａｌ３Ｎｉ２－Ｎｉ３Ａｌ ＡｌＮｉ。薄膜的组织也由开始的细颗粒状组织转变为多边形 晶粒组织。     

Ni3Al金属间化合物及溅射CoCrAlY涂层的高温热腐蚀

研究了Ｎｉ３Ａｌ金属间化合物及溅射ＣｏＣｒＡｌＹ涂层在９００～９５０℃空气中，表面存在（Ｎａ，Ｋ）２ＳＯ４盐膜时的热腐蚀行为，结果表明，Ｎｉ３Ａｌ遭受严重的热腐蚀，溅射ＣｏＣｒＡｌＹ涂层可以通过在表面迅速形成保护性Ａｌ，Ｃｒ氧化膜而显著改善Ｎｉ３Ａｌ的耐热腐蚀性能。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.