Optical zooming interferometer for subnanometer positioning using an optical frequency comb

A high-precision positioning stage based on an optical zooming interferometer is proposed. Two external-cavity diode lasers, stabilized to a femtosecond optical frequency comb, are used as optical sources. The zooming principle is demonstrated, and the positioning resolution of 0.2 nm is achieved. The positioning accuracy was partly evaluated.     

An efficient zooming method for finite element analysis

In this paper, an efficient, exact zooming technique is developed which employs static condensation and exact structural reanalysis methods. For a multiple level of zooming such that the successive level of zooming is contained within the prior levels of zoom, repeated application of static condensation will reduce the system to one that is associated only with the degrees-of-freedom (dof) of the original model. Then, application of an exact static reanalysis technique permits the displacements at the dof of the original model that are contained in the final zoomed portion of the structure to be obtained first. Next, the response external to the zoom, as well as the response of additional dof within various levels of zooming, can be computed. With the triangular factor of the stiffness matrix of the original system available, this approach involves only the solution of a system of equations of small order. The proposed method is demonstrated by a numerical example.     

A programmable multistage half-band FIR decimator for input datarates up to 2.56 MSPS

A multistage half-band finite-impulse response (FIR) decimator is developed. It is implemented using a 40000-gate 1.5-μ CMOS gate array, which dissipates 1.5 W at a clock rate of 25.6 MHz (a sampling rate of 2.56 MHz). Its power-of-two decimation ratio is programmable within the range 1 through 2¹⁷ for frequency zooming in fast Fourier transform (FFT) spectrum analysis, and it is preceded by a digital multiplier for frequency shifting. The filter handles 20-b 2.56-megasamples/s (MSPS) input data. The frequency resolution is increased by up to 2¹⁷ times without aliasing resulting in frequency resolution on the order of 20 mHz. The decimator has a 96-dB dynamic range     

On the equivalent static load method for flexible multibody systems described with a nonlinear finite element formalism

The equivalent static load (ESL) method is a powerful approach to solve dynamic response structural optimization problems. The method transforms the dynamic response optimization into a static response optimization under multiple load cases. The ESL cases are defined based on the transient analysis response whereupon all the standard techniques of static response optimization can be used. In the last decade, the ESL method has been applied to perform the structural optimization of flexible components of mechanical systems modeled as multibody systems (MBS). The ESL evaluation strongly depends on the adopted formulation to describe the MBS and has been initially derived based on a floating frame of reference formulation. In this paper, we propose a method to derive the ESL adapted to a nonlinear finite element approach based on a Lie group formalism for two main reasons. Firstly, the finite element approach is completely general to analyze complex MBS and is suitable to perform more advanced optimization problems like topology optimization. Secondly, the selected Lie group formalism leads to a formulation of the equations of motion in the local frame, which turns out to be a strong practical advantage for the ESL evaluation. Examples are provided to validate the proposed method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Investigation on micronized biomass silica as a sustainable material

Micronized biomass silica (MBS) is an agricultural waste obtained from controlled burning of rice husk and grind in jar mill. This paper investigates the optimum percentage of MBS for the replacement of cement by conducting several experiments with the blended cement paste and mortar with MBS percentages varying from 0, 4, 8 and 12. In addition, hydration products were also investigated in the blended cement paste through X-ray diffraction. Due to the pozzolanic reaction of MBS with cement hydrates, secondary calcium silicate hydrates (CSH) were formed and also MBS which has a potential to reduce the intensity of Ca(OH)₂ exhibited improved properties. The experimental results showed that the optimum percentage of MBS for the replacement of cement was 8% for the materials used in this study. The mechanical and durability properties of recycled aggregate concrete by replacing cement with 8% MBS were also carried out and it was found that the concrete exhibited improved properties. There by, using MBS one can overcome the drawbacks of recycled aggregate concrete as it acts as a supplementary cementitious material. Thus, by combining recycled concrete aggregate with MBS will achieve sustainable development.     

MBS核-壳改性剂增韧聚氯乙烯的形态结构及性能

采用种子乳液聚合方法,在交联的丁苯(SBR) 乳胶粒子上接枝甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA) 和苯乙烯(St),制得 MBS核-壳接枝共聚物,并将其作为增韧剂与聚氯乙烯( PVC) 共混制备MBS/PVC共混物。分析了MBS的结构特征,考察了不同核壳比的MBS在PVC中的分散状态以及对MBS/ PVC共混物力学性能和透光性能的影响, 以制备高透光高韧性的MBS/PVC共混物。实验结果表明: 当MBS壳层中 PMMA量少时,MBS粒子在PVC基体中不能实现良好分散,MBS粒子呈聚集状态; 随着MBS壳层中PMMA含量增加,MBS粒子由团聚状态转变成网络状,当MBS壳层量增加到一定量时,MBS粒子以单一粒子状态实现均匀分散。随着 MBS壳层量增加,使PVC/MBS共混物实现脆韧转变所需的SBR 橡胶的质量分数降低,共混物的透光率降低;小粒径MBS增韧PVC的主要机制是基体的剪切屈服。      

尼龙6/MBS反应共混物的形态结构与性能

用双螺杆挤出机制备了(甲基丙烯酸甲酯/丁二烯/苯乙烯)共聚物(MBS树脂)与尼龙6(PA6)的共混物。使用扫描电镜(SEM)、熔体流动速率(MFR)和力学性能测试等分析方法,研究了马来酸酐(MAH)熔融接枝MBS(MBS-g-MAH)对PA6/MBS共混物的形态结构和力学性能等的影响。结果表明,MBS-g-MAH中的酸酐基团与PA6末端的氨基发生化学反应,原位形成的MBS-PA6共聚物,能有效地改善PA6与MBS的相容性,可以使MBS均匀地分散在PA6基体中,相区尺寸明显减小。PA6/MBS-g-MAH(70/30)体系冲击强度、拉伸强度、弯曲强度分别比PA6/MBS(70/30)提高了319%、54%、35%,从而得到综合性能优良的共混合金。     

Mesoporous bragg stack color tunable sensors

Herein we report a novel self-assembly synthesis, structural and optical characterization of mesoporous Bragg stacks (MBS) composed of spin-coated multilayer stacks of mesoporous TiO(2) and mesoporous SiO(2). Investigation of the optical response of MBS to the infiltration of alcohols and alkanes into its pores reveals better sensitivity and selectivity than conventional Bragg reflectors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the chemical sensing ability can be tuned via layer thickness, composition and surface properties.     

微透镜列阵成像光刻调焦方法

本文分析了离焦量对微透镜列阵成像光刻图形质量的影响,给出了系统离焦量的容差.同时提出了一种结构简单、可应用于微透镜列阵成像光刻系统调焦的新方法.并将基于该调焦方法的实验装置应用于微透镜列阵成像光刻系统,进行了光刻实验.实验表明,利用该方法时微透镜列阵成像光刻系统调焦,可得到接近微透镜列阵极限像质的光刻图形.     

Development of a wind turbine gearbox virtual load sensor using multibody simulation and artificial neural networks

A current development trend in wind energy is characterized by the installation of wind turbines (WT) with increasing rated power output. Higher towers and larger rotor diameters increase rated power leading to an intensification of the load situation on the drive train and the main gearbox. However, current main gearbox condition monitoring systems (CMS) do not record the 6‑degree of freedom (6-DOF) input loads to the transmission as it is too expensive. Therefore, this investigation aims to present an approach to develop and validate a low-cost virtual sensor for measuring the input loads of a WT main gearbox. A prototype of the virtual sensor system was developed in a virtual environment using a multi-body simulation (MBS) model of a WT drivetrain and artificial neural network (ANN) models. Simulated wind fields according to IEC 61400‑1 covering a variety of wind speeds were generated and applied to a MBS model of a Vestas V52 wind turbine. The turbine contains a high-speed drivetrain with 4‑points bearing suspension, a common drivetrain configuration. The simulation was used to generate time-series data of the target and input parameters for the virtual sensor algorithm, an ANN model. After the ANN was trained using the time-series data collected from the MBS, the developed virtual sensor algorithm was tested by comparing the estimated 6‑DOF transmission input loads from the ANN to the simulated 6‑DOF transmission input loads from the MBS. The results show high potential for virtual sensing 6‑DOF wind turbine transmission input loads using the presented method.

     

MBS增韧PVC的脆韧转变

以ＭＢＳ增韧质ＰＶＣ,改变ＭＢＳ的填充量,得到材料的脆韧转变,得到发生脆韧转变时分散相的填充份数和分数粒径,计算出材料的临界断裂特征长度。     

MBS树脂相相对分子量变化对PVC/MBS力学性能的影响

通过调控分子量合成了系列树脂相相对分子量变化的MBS树脂.将其与PVC树脂进行熔融共混,并测试PVC/MBS合金的力学性能.测试结果表明,分子量转移剂TDDM用量越多,MBS树脂相的相对分子量越低,PVC/MBS合金熔体流动速率越高、加工流动性越好、冲击强度越高,但对拉伸强度影响不大.这对开发系列MBS树脂具有重要指导意义。     

Electrical and rheological properties of double percolated poly(methyl methacrylate)/multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites

Electrical and rheological properties of nanocomposites based on poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) were studied from view points of double percolation by adding crosslinked methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS) copolymer particles to lower percolation threshold concentration of MWCNTs. It was found that the critical concentrations of MWCNTs for the percolation in the nanocomposites decrease and then increase with increasing the MBS contents of the nanocomposites. It is postulated that the addition of MBS at low concentrations results in double percolation of MWCNT and the significant decrease of critical concentration for the percolations. However, adding MBS particles in large amounts results in limited space for the distribution of MWCNTs and less efficient dispersion of the MWCNTs and the increase of the critical concentrations of MWCNTs for the percolations. Rheological properties and change of T(g)s reflect large interfacial areas in the well dispersed nanocomposite and were also interpreted to support the speculations for the effects of MBS contents and MWCNT concentrations of PMMA/MWCNT nanocomposites.     

Method of all-optical frequency encoded decimal to binary and binary coded decimal, binary to gray, and gray to binary data conversion using semiconductor optical amplifiers

Conversion of optical data from decimal to binary format is very important in optical computing and optical signal processing. There are many binary code systems to represent decimal numbers, the most common being the binary coded decimal (BCD) and gray code system. There are a wide choice of BCD codes, one of which is a natural BCD having a weighted code of 8421, by means of which it is possible to represent a decimal number from 0 to 9 with a combination of 4 bit binary digits. The reflected binary code, also known as the Gray code, is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only 1 bit. The Gray code is very important in digital optical communication as it is used to prevent spurious output from optical switches as well as to facilitate error correction in digital communications in an optical domain. Here in this communication, the author proposes an all-optical frequency encoded method of ":decimal to binary, BCD," "binary to gray," and "gray to binary" data conversion using the high-speed switching actions of semiconductor optical amplifiers. To convert decimal numbers to a binary form, a frequency encoding technique is adopted to represent two binary bits, 0 and 1. The frequency encoding technique offers advantages over conventional encoding techniques in terms of less probability of bit errors and greater reliability. Here the author has exploited the polarization switch made of a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and a property of nonlinear rotation of the state of polarization of the probe beam in SOA for frequency conversion to develop the method of frequency encoded data conversion.     

聚乳酸/聚己二酸二甘醇酯/甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物生物降解薄膜的制备及性能

采用甲基丙烯酸甲酯-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物(MBS)对聚乳酸(PLA)进行增韧改性,增韧后的PLA再与增塑剂聚己二酸二甘醇酯(PDEGA)熔融共混挤出并吹膜。将PDEGA的质量分数固定为8%,改变PLA和MBS的比例,探讨了不同含量的MBS对PLA/PDEGA/MBS薄膜力学性能、光学性能、流变性能以及结晶性能的影响,用扫描电镜观察薄膜撕裂断面形态,用偏光显微镜观察PLA的结晶形貌。结果表明,加入PDEGA后,薄膜的Tg下降了近8℃,Tcc下降了约17℃;随着MBS的不断加入,拉伸强度、撕裂强度分别在25MPa和120kN/m以上,PLA薄膜的断裂伸长率由PLA的3.5%提高到薄膜的40%以上,薄膜的模量、黏度都有所增加;随着MBS含量的增加,PLA球晶的边界逐渐变得模糊,球晶数量增加,球晶尺寸明显变小,但PLA的结晶类型没有改变;薄膜保持了良好的透明性和降解性。     

基于频响函数和遗传算法的结构损伤识别研究

提出一种基于频响函数和遗传算法的结构损伤识别方法.以单元刚度折减因子为遗传算法的优化变量,以测试频响函数和计算频响函数的形状相关系数来构造遗传算法的优化目标函数和适应度函数;为克服二进制编码的缺点,采用浮点数编码方案;最后通过一个桁架结构模型进行数值模拟,计算结果表明,即使在考虑一定测量噪声水平的情况下,仍然能够准确识别出结构的多处损伤,验证了该方法的有效性和可行性.     

Binary code design for high-frequency ultrasound

This paper proposes an approach to designing binary codes suitable for high-frequency applications of coded excitation in medical ultrasound. For a high-frequency ultrasound system, transmitting well-designed binary codes with a low sampling ratio (i.e., the bit rate divided by the transducer center frequency) is a practical way to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) because the challenge of implementing arbitrary-waveform generators for transmitting nonbinary codes increases with the frequency and the switching speed of square-wave pulsers are limited. One conventional approach designs codes using a base sequence that modulates wideband sequences up to the transducer passband. Because a major portion of codes is excluded as a candidate, codes designed using this approach typically need long compression filters for restoring the axial resolution, and they do not improve the SNR efficiently. In contrast, the approach proposed here searches all the codes that match the transducer passband; hence, the resultant codes exhibit better performance. The technique was tested using a bit rate of 50 MHz and a sampling ratio of 2. For a transducer with an ideal Gaussian frequency response with a center frequency of 25 MHz and a -6 dB bandwidth of 15 MHz, the SNR for the same side-lobe extent was 1 to 6 dB higher for the codes designed using the proposed approach compared with those designed using the conventional approach. When a real transducer response with a center frequency of 26.4 MHz and a one-way -6 dB bandwidth of 20.7 MHz was considered, the codes designed using the proposed approach were superior by 0.5 to 5 dB. Therefore, our approach is better than the conventional approach for designing binary codes for high-frequency ultrasound, with the results indicating that the moderate bit rate of 50 MHz will suffice when the ultrasonic center frequency is 25 MHz.     

Stochastic Thermal-Diffusion Forced Rayleigh Scattering

The holographic grating technique of thermal-diffusion forced Rayleigh scattering (TDFRS) utilizes the Ludwig–Soret effect to induce a concentration modulation within a binary liquid. The signal generation is described in terms of a linear response formalism, and the memory function for the concentration mode g(t) and its Fourier transform, the diffusion susceptibility, are measured by means of pseudostochastic random binary sequences with flat power spectra in combination with fast Fourier transform and correlation techniques. For polydisperse polymer solutions the individual modes contribute proportional to their concentration to g(t), contrary to photon-correlation spectroscopy, where the correlation function is dominated by the high molar mass components. Other advantages of stochastic TDFRS are time-scale delocalization of dust spikes and frequency multiplexing. Measurements are reported on monodisperse and bimodal polystyrene in toluene.     

Adaptive Cell Zooming Strategy Toward Next-Generation Cellular Networks with Joint Transmission

The Internet subscribers are expected to increase up to 69.7% (6 billion) from 45.3% and 25 billion Internet-of-things connections by 2025. Thus, the ubiquitous availability of data-hungry smart multimedia devices urges research attention to reduce the energy consumption in the fifth-generation cloud radio access network to meet the future traffic demand of high data rates. We propose a new cell zooming paradigm based on joint transmission (JT) coordinated multipoint to optimize user connection by controlling the cell coverage in the downlink communications with a hybrid power supply. The endeavoring cell zooming technique adjusts the coverage area in a given cluster based on five different JT schemes, which will help in reducing the overall power consumption with minimum inter-cell interference. We provide heuristic solutions to assess wireless network performances in terms of aggregate throughput, energy efficiency index (EEI), and energy consumption gain under a different scale of network settings. The suggested algorithm allows efficient allocation of resource block and increases energy and spectral efficiency over the conventional location-centric cell zooming mechanism. Extensive system-level simulations show that the proposed framework reduces energy consumption yielding up to 17.5% and increases EEI by 14%. Subsequently, a thorough comparison among different JT-based load shifting schemes is pledged for further validation of varying system bandwidths.     

核壳改性剂结构对透明MBS树脂的力学与光学性能的影响

采用种子乳液聚合方法,改变苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯在丁苯橡胶上的接枝次序合成控制粒径与折光指数的MBS核壳改性剂.用其与MMA-co-St熔融共混制备透明MBS树脂,研究了透明MBS树脂冲击强度及可见光的透过率,并用TEM观察体系中橡胶相的分散与微观结构.结果发现,混合单体接枝方式合成的MBS改性剂有利于提高透明MBS树脂的冲击强度及可见光透过率,且其中丁苯橡胶含量为15%以上时,波长为589.3 nm的光线透过率高于理论计算值.