基于网络容量和覆盖理论的3G网络组网优势研究

文中在网络容量和覆盖的理论基础上,对TD-SCDMA,WCDMA和GSM的网络规划及影响因素进行了数学分析和仿真,研究了增大功率和扇区化方式对他们的影响.揭示了WCDMA的软容量的引入使它能服务更多用户,并得出WCDMA上行链路频谱效率为GSM的1.56倍,下行链路为GSM的1.88倍;在比较TD-SCDMA和WCDMA的链路预算差异后,得出TD-SCDMA覆盖小区半径更占有一定优势.     

中兴WCDMA无线网络规划原则

1WCDMA无线网络规划面临的挑战GSM采用TDMA/FDMA的无线接入方式,在信道数量给定的情况下,小区的容量是一个常数,因此,GSM可以独立地进行覆盖和容量的规划;GSM以提供话音业务为主,并提供少量的数据业务,业务模型相对简单、易于分析,因此,GSM系统的无线网络规划是在小区的容量和覆盖两者间求得平衡点。WCDMA采用CDMA的无线接入方式。WCDMA小区的覆盖和容量与系统自身受到干扰的大小密切相关,因此,小区的覆盖和容量必须与其服务质量和负荷相互结合起来考虑。在WCDMA无线网络规划时,要考虑到系统采用的CDMA关键技术,如功率…     

智能天线在CDMA2000 1x EV-DO中的实现方案

讨论了智能天线技术及其在CDMA2000 1x EV—DO标准中的应用,否定了有关智能天线应用的传统观点：智能天线最适合用于上下行链路同频点的TDD（时分双工）系统。依据1x EV—DO标准支持上下行链路工作于FDDCDMA／TDMA模式和智能天线（SA）的定向收发信原理,对智能天线技术在CDMA2000 1x EV—DO标准中的实现提出了两种实现方案。两种方案需要估计出上行链路用户的DOA后,即可用一副SA实现单一载波上多个CDMA用户的定向接收,再将该DOA及时用于下行高速数据载波多个TDMA用户的定向发信,可大幅度提高上下行链路的频谱和功率的利用率。     

TD-SCDMA多载波系统性能研究

TD-SCDMA系统采用了智能天线和联合检测技术,通常情况下,系统是码道受限的,具有很高的频谱效率.但是,由于TD-SCDMA系统上下行时分占用1.6MHz带宽,仅为WCDMA系统上下行带宽10MHz的1/6,所以,尽管TD-SCDMA系统频谱利用率较高,但TD-SCDMA系统单载波容量有限.TD-SCDMA多载波系统解决了这个问题,大大提高了TD-SCDMA单基站的容量和接纳能力.本文从3个方面分析了多载波方案的好处,并给出了系统仿真结果.     

3G共存干扰分析

在WCDMA和CDMA2000组成的共存系统中,邻频干扰是影响系统性能的重要因素,分别从上下行链路两个方面理论分析了由CDMA2000系统引起的邻频干扰对WCDMA系统产生的影响。仿真结果表明,基站与移动台之间的距离、干扰移动台数、两系统之间的保护带宽都将不同程度地影响WCDMA基站的最小允许接收功率和WCDMA移动台的SIR,从而导致系统容量的下降。     

3G主流标准小区用户最大容量研究

文章根据CDMA系统多用户干扰产生原理导出小区上下行链路用户速率为Rb时的最大用户数公式,据此公式可求出WCDMA、cdma2000和TD-SCDMA标准能提供的小区上下行链路最大用户数,接着导出小区上下行链路可以提供的最大速率Rbmax。文章结果证明只有采用TDMA方式的cdma20001xEV-DO或EDGE方式才能提供合理的高速无线接入Rb。     

WCDMA无线网络规划分析

首先概述了WCDMA无线网络规划的范围及一般步骤和流程;然后详细论述了功率控制、业务类型、上/下行链路、切换方式等方面WCDMA无线网络规划与GSM规划的区别;接着重点讨论了WCDMA无线网络规划中系统容量、负载因子、干扰容限、小区覆盖半径等参数的确定;最后指出了在规划WCDMA无线网络时综合考虑覆盖、容量和质量的重要性。     

WCDMA与cdma2000无线接入标准性能比较

文章主要从上行无线链路预算、移动台发功率、小区用户最大容量等方面对WCDMA、cdma2000和EVDO无线接入标准进行了分析和比较。3G移动通信网应以提供移动因特网业务为主,纯CDMA方式的WCDMA系统上下行用户容量基本相等,会造成上行频道带宽资源的浪费,并使系统成本上升。在下行信道中,以时分多址为主的cdma20001xEV-DO系统能取代cdma20003x系统,说明CDMA方式运用于3G系统时存在很难克服的技术缺陷,也说明ITU将3GFDD频段对称划分存在不合理性。     

CDMA/TDD移动通信系统的一种信道分配方案

未来的CDMA/TDD移动通信系统中存在话音和上下行链路业务量不等的数据业务,使传统的上下行等容量的信道分配方案不再适应业务的要求。提出了一种CDMA/TDD移动通信系统中上下行链路业务量不等时,信道资源分配方案。仿真结果表明,该方案可大大提高系统业务容量。     

WCDMA无线网络规划中的链路预算

链路预算是WCDMA无线网络规划的重要内容.本文主要论述了在WCDMA无线网络规划中的上下行链路预算的基本原理和处理过程,在其中引入一种新的预算方法--上下行链路的迭代处理预算,并通过这一方法来解决容量与覆盖规划的平衡问题.     

TDD-CDMA for the 4th generation of wireless communications

This article discusses an evolutionary TDD mode of CDMA-based path for 3.5G/4G systems. This technology has already been the basis of two 3G standards: TD-CDMA and TD-SCDMA with a synchronous uplink. Several techniques have been developed that allow TDD-CDMA-based systems to transmit at rates usually associated with 3.5G to 4G, up to 10-20 Mbit/s with wide area coverage. The present TDD-CDMA-based 3G standards are evolving to provide these higher rates, while fully retaining the coverage and mobility associated with, and expected from, the present mobile communications systems. This article discusses how TDD-CDMA specific techniques facilitate delivering services at data rates associated with 3.5G and 4G. We review how TDD-CDMA can provide for asymmetric uplink and downlink transmissions, facilitate deployment of advanced antennas for improved downlink coverage, and enable provision of advanced receiver techniques in base stations and mobiles. We also discuss how these techniques affect systems capacity in full packet-switched IP-based systems. We then discuss 4G TDD CDMA systems: those with different modulation techniques for uplink and downlink communications. These are generally based on a multicarrier mode of CDMA, and may incorporate OFDM technique.     

Potentials of smart antennas in CDMA systems and uplinkimprovements

An overview of the application of smart antennas in DS-CDMA systems, including IS-95 and IS-2000, is presented. Since CDMA systems are interference-limited, adaptive antenna arrays have great potential for improving the performance of such systems in terms of capacity, coverage, and quality of service, In this paper, we study the multiple-access interference that affects a CDMA system, and we describe how smart antennas can be implemented in an IS-2000-based mobile communications system. When smart antennas are used at the base station to transmit in narrow beams, the interference on the downlink is reduced, and C/I is improved. This, in turn, increases the system capacity on the downlink or, alternatively, the quality of service is improved. Such gains will prove very beneficial for asymmetric high-speed data applications, requiring much higher bit rates on the downlink than on the uplink. By reducing the base-station receiver's sensitivity, smart antennas can boost the capacity of the reverse link. Results are presented that outline how this reduction can be employed by the system designer on the uplink to increase capacity, reduce the mobile transmit power, or effect a tradeoff between capacity improvement and coverage or range extension under different system-loading scenarios     

Frequency overlay of GSM and cellular B-CDMA

The maximum capacity gain of a cellular broad-band direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) overlay on top of a cellular global system for mobile communications (GSM) system is estimated. Using geometrical arguments and a standard propagation model, all relevant contributions to the carrier-to-interference ratios (CIRs) of the GSM and CDMA systems are numerically evaluated. It is assumed that the base stations (BSs) of both systems are unilocated and that the power control in both systems is perfect. Furthermore, in the CDMA transmitters and receivers, ideal notch filtering is assumed around the occupied GSM frequencies of the same cell. Adapting standard limits for the CIRs of 5-7 dB for CDMA and 9-12 dB for GSM, the total system capacity can be increased considerably over the GSM-only case: the capacity is increased by a factor of 1.8-2.9 if no macrodiversity is employed and by a factor of 1.9-3.3 if macrodiversity in the CDMA downlink is applied     

Performance study for a microcell hot spot embedded in CDMAmacrocell systems

The code-division multiple-access (CDMA) system can provide more capacity than other systems, and the hierarchical layer of cells is required for system design. However, the problem is whether the same radio frequency (RF) channels used in a CDMA overlayed/underlayed macrocell and microcell structure also obtain a high capacity as in the homogeneous structure. We investigate the interference of uplink and downlink from both the microcell and macrocell under a hierarchical structure. A downlink power control scheme and two power control methods for the uplink are also considered. Performance measures such as blocking probability, C/I, capacity, and service hole area are also obtained by computer simulation. Besides, some extra efforts for a microcell are also noted, such as more power need to be transmitted by a microcell base station (BS) if the same RF channels are used in the hierarchical structure. The capacities of macrocell and microcell in the overlaying/underlaying structure are limited by the uplink and downlink, respectively. With downlink power control, the microcellular capacity can be increased. However, the combination of downlink power control for the microcell and C/I uplink power control for the macrocell causes the overall system capacity to significantly increase     

A time-orthogonal CDMA high-speed uplink data transmission scheme for 3G and beyond

In 3G systems, the achievable data rates and capacity on the uplink are much smaller than the downlink data rates and capacity due to the nonorthogonal nature of the CDMA uplink. In this article, we present a new time-orthogonal CDMA approach called high-speed uplink data burst transmission mode. The concept is based on slot-synchronized slot-orthogonal transmissions whereby high-speed data transmissions take place in slots orthogonal to the slots used for physical layer control signaling and low-data-rate transmission such as resource requests. Using this approach, very high data rates and capacity are achieved during data burst transmission because of the availability of high signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio, resulting from the orthogonal nature of the transmissions. Simulation results show that the uplink spectral efficiency of the proposed scheme is approximately four times better than that achieved with the existing 3G systems     

Effect of co-phasing diversity on CDMA downlink capacity

The impact of distributed antennas using co-phasing transmission diversity on downlink CDMA channels is examined. An expression is derived that demonstrates that uniform downlink signal-to-interference ratio across users can be achieved by appropriately weighting the distribution of transmit powers across distributed antennas. The capacity of a downlink CDMA system employing distributed antennas with optimum power allocation is then found by simulation.     

Block precoding for MUI/ISI-resilient generalized multicarrier CDMAwith multirate capabilities

Potential increase in capacity along with the need to provide multimedia services and cope with multiuser interference (MUI) and intersymbol interference (ISI) arising due to wireless multipath propagation, motivate well multirate wideband code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. Unlike most existing continuous-time symbol-periodic and multipath-free studies, the present paper develops an all-digital block-precoded filter-bank framework capable of encompassing single- or multirate transceivers for asynchronous or quasi-synchronous CDMA transmissions through multipath channels. Thanks to symbol blocking and through appropriate design of user codes, the resulting generalized multicarrier (GMC) CDMA system not only subsumes known multicarrier CDMA variants, but also equips them with flexible multirate capabilities. It is computationally simple, and guarantees symbol recovery regardless of the (possibly unknown) FIR multipath channels in both downlink and uplink setups. Simulations corroborate that the novel GMC-CDMA system outperforms existing multirate alternatives in the presence of asynchronism and multipath, and illustrate the feasibility of recovering blindly multirate transmissions received through unknown frequency-selective channels in the uplink. The performance of GMC-CDMA system in UMTS channels is also simulated and compared with existing multirate schemes     

Interference management and performance analysis of UMTS/HSPA+ femtocells - [femtocell wireless communications]

Femtocells are low-power cellular base stations that operate in licensed spectrum. They are typically deployed indoors to improve coverage and provide excellent user experience, including high data rates. Cellular operators benefit from reduced infrastructure and operational expenses for capacity upgrades and coverage improvements. Femtocells also bring unique challenges, such as unplanned deployment, user installation, restricted access, and interoperability with existing handsets and network infrastructure. Although femtocells may cause some interference to other users in the network, with the use of proper interference management techniques, this can be well controlled. We present interference management techniques for both downlink and uplink of femtocells operating based on 3GPP Release 7 standards (also known as HSPA+). Femtocell carrier selection and femtocell DL Tx power self-calibration are proposed as key interference management methods for downlink. For uplink interference management, adaptive attenuation at the femtocell and limiting the Tx power of the femtocell users are proposed. Different interference models and their analysis are presented. In addition, coverage performance and capacity results are presented to quantify the benefits of femtocells. We demonstrate that in addition to coverage enhancements, significant capacity improvements are achieved on both downlink and uplink when femtocells are deployed in 3G UMTS/HSPA+ networks.