Characterization of voltage sags in industrial distribution systems

This paper describes the various characteristics of voltage sags experienced by customers within industrial distribution systems. Special emphasis is paid to the influence of the induction motor load on the characterization of voltage sags. During a fault, an induction motor operates as a generator for a short period of time and causes an increase in sag magnitude. Its reacceleration after the fault clearance results in an extended post-fault voltage sag. The influence of the induction motor on the imbalanced sags caused by single line-to-ground faults (SLGFs) and line-to-line faults (LLFs) has been analyzed in detail. For an imbalanced fault, the induction motor current contains only positive- and negative-sequence components. Induction motors create a low impedance path for the negative-sequence voltage due to an imbalanced fault. This causes a small sustained nonzero voltage with large phase-angle jump in the faulted phase and a voltage drop in the nonfaulted phases with a small phase-angle jump. The symmetrical components of the induction motor during the imbalanced sags have been studied. The results show that induction motor behavior is determined by positive- and negative-sequence voltages during the imbalanced sag     

Voltage sags: their impact on the utility and industrial customers

This paper describes the impact of voltage sags on the electric utility and industrial customers. Several utility measures are presented to minimize the customer's exposure to voltage sags. These measures cannot completely eliminate the impact of voltage sags on sensitive equipment, however. A case study is presented in this paper that includes measurement results that were used to characterize the voltage sags experienced on the utility system and in the industrial facility. Simulation results used to develop “area-of-vulnerability curves” for the industrial facility, mitigation equipment that was employed to improve the sensitive equipment's ridethrough capability and the lessons learned from the systems approach analysis are presented     

基于改进S变换的电压暂降识别

电压暂降分类识别是合理选择电能质量治理方案的前提。提出一种基于改进S变换的电压暂降识别方法。首先根据电压暂降特征频率范围自适应确定改进S变换的调节因子,计算所得模时频矩阵作为电压暂降标准模板;再比较待测试暂降的改进S变换模矩阵特定频段与各标准模板之间的相似度,实现扰动分类。在比较相似度值的过程中,为凸显不同暂降类型的相似性及差异性,采用分频逐行计算相似度值,从而实现异类模板差异最大化。该方法充分挖掘各类暂降的特征差异,通过简单的相似度计算对扰动进行分类,无需添加辅助分类器。仿真和大量实测数据研究表明,该方法分类过程简单,抗干扰能力强。     

电压暂降频次两点估计随机评估方法

暂降域求解方程是关于故障距离的高阶非线性方程,求解时统一考虑敏感设备耐受电压、系统母线正常运行电压等随机因素是难点.针对此问题,提出了基于两点估计法的电压暂降频次评估方法.该方法综合考虑了以上两个随机因素,以各随机变量的高阶矩构造估计点,通过较少的确定计算获得频次的期望值.对IEEE30节点系统仿真分析,并与蒙特卡罗法比较证明,频次的两点估计法在具有较高精度的同时,计算时间成倍减少,体现了精度高、计算量少的优点;相比原有理想确定性模型,评估结果量化了不同随机扰动特征的影响,具有适应性好、符合客观实际的特点,有一定的工程实用价值.     

电压暂降频次两点估计随机评估方法

暂降域求解方程是关于故障距离的高阶非线性方程,求解时统一考虑敏感设备耐受电压、系统母线正常运行电压等随机因素是难点。针对此问题,提出了基于两点估计法的电压暂降频次评估方法。该方法综合考虑了以上两个随机因素,以各随机变量的高阶矩构造估计点,通过较少的确定计算获得频次的期望值。对IEEE30节点系统仿真分析,并与蒙特卡罗法比较证明,频次的两点估计法在具有较高精度的同时,计算时间成倍减少,体现了精度高、计算量少的优点;相比原有理想确定性模型,评估结果量化了不同随机扰动特征的影响,具有适应性好、符合客观实际的特点,有一定的工程实用价值。     

Fast assessment methods for voltage sags in distribution systems

Based on a simple voltage divider model, a relation is derived between the load sensitivity to voltage sags (expressed as a critical voltage) and the exposed area (expressed as a critical distance). The critical distance increases about linearly with voltage level. The relation found is remarkably similar to relations found in power quality surveys. An equivalent expression is found for the critical distance as a function of the critical phase-angle jump. Realizing that faults downstream of a transformer do not significantly influence the expected number of sags, it is possible to estimate the number of sags at a specific load location. The method is extended to some nonradial systems: simple subtransmission loops, local generation, feeding from two substations, and operating with a normally open breaker     

复杂配电系统电压跌落状态估计可观性分析

电压跌落状态估计算法(SSE算法)是一种基于单电源辐射状网络结构的二阶曲线拟合算法。但是目前众多分布式发电接入及小电厂并网发电使得配电网络结构呈现复杂化、多电源化,传统电压跌落状态估计算法无法直接使用。针对该问题,提出了电压跌落状态估计可观性的概念,并且从故障电流叠加的角度出发,构造了电压跌落状态估计可观性的数学模型,合理地解决了部分故障路段不可观的问题,使得SSE算法可以应用到多电源复杂配电系统中。     

Canadian National Power Quality Survey: frequency of industrial andcommercial voltage sags

In 1991, the Canadian Electrical Association (CEA) took a proactive approach to power quality problems and initiated a three-year “Canadian National Power Quality Survey” involving 22 utilities. This paper presents the survey results of the frequency of voltage sags at industrial and commercial sites, monitored at their utilization voltage levels (e.g., 120 V, 347 V) and on the utility primary side of their facilities, and discuss the implications as to the origins of voltage sags. The paper also presents the total number of voltage sags at a given site and its correlation with the number of voltage sag incidents (i.e., one or more voltage sags occurring on one or more phases within a short time interval) and its implications for assessing the frequency of disruptions due to voltage sags at industrial and commercial sites     

复杂配电系统电压跌落状态估计可观性分析

电压跌落状态估计算法(SSE算法)是一种基于单电源辐射状网络结构的二阶曲线拟合算法.但是目前众多分布式发电接入及小电厂并网发电使得配电网络结构呈现复杂化、多电源化,传统电压跌落状态估计算法无法直接使用.针对该问题,提出了电压跌落状态估计可观性的概念,并且从故障电流叠加的角度出发,构造了电压跌落状态估计可观性的数学模型,合理地解决了部分故障路段不可观的问题,使得SSE算法可以应用到多电源复杂配电系统中.     

电能质量问题的研究和技术进展(三) --电力系统的电压凹陷

首先介绍电压凹陷的一般概念。从幅值和持续时间所反映的波形特征上对各种电压凹陷进行分类。基于系统可靠性的分析方法提出电压凹陷影响评估的方式并给出性能指标，考虑了敏感负荷的要求和电压凹陷的量化标准。最后简要介绍了电压凹陷的一般控制方法。     

Stochastic evaluation of voltage sags in series capacitor compensated radial distribution systems

Voltage sags, also known as dips, are important to industrial reliability. This paper presents a Monte Carlo-based approach to evaluate the maximum voltage sag magnitudes in series capacitor compensated radial distribution systems. In this context, investigations have been conducted on a sample distribution system model taking into consideration the uncertainty of several factors associated with the practical operation of a power system. The power system blockset of MATLAB is used in the simulation studies.     

Bag the sags

This article describes the vulnerability of variable speed drives (VSD) to voltage sags on a theoretical basis. Then, three embedded mitigation methods are addressed in theory which protect textile processes against voltage sags, and practical measurements with a sag generator are shown. The use of embedded solutions such as kinetic buffering and boost convertor or an active front end will increase the voltage sag immunity of the process. Finally, two processes in the textile industry are described, and a brief cost-benefit analysis of the solutions is made. Experiments with a sag generator show that the voltage sag behaviour can be well described by theoretical models.     

Canadian national power quality survey: frequency and duration ofvoltage sags and surges at industrial sites

The occurrence of voltage sags and surges originating on the primary and secondary sides of industrial facilities can disrupt continuous and noncontinuous industrial computer processes, a costly issue for society. This paper attempts to answer several questions concerning the frequency and duration of voltage sags and surges posed by industrial customers. The answers to these questions are based on the national survey results of the frequency and duration of voltage sags and surges at industrial sites monitored at their utilization voltage levels (e.g. 120, 347 V) and on the utility primary side of their facilities. The survey results provide a knowledge base for monitoring, designing, and utilizing voltage sag and surge mitigating technologies     

Harmonic measurements in industrial power systems

Harmonic measurements are made in industrial power systems in order to: (a) aid in the design of capacitor or filter banks, (b) verify the design and installation of capacitor or filter banks, (c) verify compliance with utility harmonic distortion requirements, and (d) investigate suspected harmonic problems. The results of these measurements are used in design calculations, verification, comparison with standards, and system modeling. Each of these objectives will affect the choice of a measurement approach. The selection of the measured quantities, measurement points in the system, and the types of instruments and transducers should be based upon the measurement objective. Once measurements are taken, additional calculations must be made to put the results into a useful form. The measurement results will then provide a firm basis for further engineering work     

Mitigation of voltage sags, imbalances and harmonics in sensitive industrial loads by means of a series power line conditioner

Power quality is a very important topic nowadays. Sensitive industrial equipment should be protected against steady-state distortions and temporary transients in the distribution lines. Typical disturbances that affect the voltage waveform quality are harmonics, imbalances and sags. This paper presents a solution to protect sensitive loads against voltage disturbances that is based on a series power line conditioner. The goal of the proposed design is that the load does not suffer considerable input voltage variations. To achieve that, a Proportional-Resonant (PR) controller and a reference generator block based on a low-gain PLL are used, which avoids a sag detection block. Furthermore, a frequency adaptation loop is included in the PR controller, which provides a proper controller operation even with utility grid frequency deviations. Finally, a hardware in the loop (HIL) test rig is used to validate the system.     

Before and during voltage sags

The relationship between the voltages and the tripping level for line-operated synchronous machines is discussed. Voltage sags may cause tripping and large torque peaks in electrical machines. Tripping is caused by undervoltage protection or overcurrent protection. The ability to keep synchronism for the synchronous machines is mostly related to the loading of the machine and not very related to the voltage before and after the voltage sag.     

配电系统电压跌落问题的研究

电压跌落问题已成为影响配电系统电能质量的一个重要因素。如何提高配电系统的动态电能质量,抑制系统电压跌落对敏感电力用户的干扰已成为急需解决的问题。随着高压大功率开关器件的出现,基于电力电子技术的动态电能质量调节技术已成为解决上述问题的有效手段。实时检测技术和动态补偿技术是动态电能质量调节技术中最关键的两个环节,它们实现的效果好坏从根本上决定了动态电能质量调节技术能否取得令人满意的效果。本文对目前常用的检测手段和动态补偿方法的原理及优缺点进行了系统的阐述和深入的分析。最后,还介绍了现今已推出的几种动态电能质量     

配电系统电压跌落问题的研究

电压跌落问题已成为影响配电系统电能质量的一个重要因素.如何提高配电系统的动态电能质量,抑制系统电压跌落对敏感电力用户的干扰已成为急需解决的问题.随着高压大功率开关器件的出现,基于电力电子技术的动态电能质量调节技术已成为解决上述问题的有效手段.实时检测技术和动态补偿技术是动态电能质量调节技术中最关键的两个环节,它们实现的效果好坏从根本上决定了动态电能质量调节技术能否取得令人满意的效果.本文对目前常用的检测手段和动态补偿方法的原理及优缺点进行了系统的阐述和深入的分析.最后,还介绍了现今已推出的几种动态电能质量调节装置,并对其性能做了详细的比较.     

风-光互补发电系统的电压控制

风-光互补发电系统是开放的、分布式系统,适合采用多Agent技术进行分散式决策、分散式控制.根据电压与无功功率和有功功率的关系,建立了考虑电压稳定的以有功损耗最小为目标的电压无功优化控制模型,并提出一种基于均匀设计和惰性变异的改进粒子群算法用于该模型的求解;建立了风-光互补发电系统电压控制系统的自动机模型.仿真实验显示,电压优化控制模型和改进的粒子群算法能够有效实现电压无功优化控制,电压控制系统的自动机模型能够及时跟踪电压变化,实现电压自动控制.