数控车床快速对刀器

我们在采用经济型数控系统的基础上,开发出数控车床的对刀专用工具——快速对刀器。采用这种对刀器,在数控车床上可对出转位刀架上4～8把刀具的位置尺寸,并能自动将刀尖走到操作者所设定的起始点位置上。一般对4把刀具只需几分钟,而且对刀准确,使用方便。一、对刀器的基本结构及工作原理快速对刀器是由对刀控制程序、标准对刀棒及数控系统的收信接口电路等组成。其基本结构如图1所示。由芯轴、绝缘套、对刀圈所组成的标准对刀棒是作为对刀尺寸基准,并提供对刀信号至计算机,将对刀棒夹在车床的三爪卡盘     

夹具的对刀

对刀的方法通常有三种:试切法对刀,调整法对刀,用样件或对刀装置对刀。不管采用那种对刀方法,实质上都涉及到对刀基准和对刀尺寸。通常是以定位元件作为对刀基准,具体的讲,一般是以与工件定位基准重合的定位元件上的基面作为对刀基准。对铣削加工来讲,对刀尺寸是从对刀基准到刀具切削表面之间的位置尺寸,和对刀块位置尺寸差一个塞尺厚度;对钻削加工来讲,对刀尺寸是从对刀基准到刀具中心线之间的位置尺寸,和钻套位置尺寸相同。     

改装百分表在数控车床精确对刀中的运用

数控车床的对刀方法有试切法对刀和对刀仪对刀。对刀仪对刀可以达到较高的尺寸精度,但需要专用的对刀设备,而一般的数控车床都不具备这种专用的对刀设备;试切法对刀加工,操作简单,不需要专用的对刀设备,在一般的数控车床加工中运用很广泛,但零件长度方向的尺寸精度很难保证。为解决这一问题,现采用改装的百分表对刀,既不需要专用的对刀设备,又能保证零件长度方向的尺寸精度。     

中间轴总成对齿检验方案的实施

对双中间轴变速箱的对齿进行了定义,简单介绍了对齿对变速箱的影响,并根据公司的具体情况提出了对齿检验的基本方案。通过开发CMM的自定心功能满足对齿轮齿槽中心的有效测量,为加工部提供科学有效的测量数据,对产品的调整和质量提供了必要的保证,通过加大对齿检验频次,提高对齿加工精度,从而提升变速箱的整体性能。     

基于OpenMP并行技术的多核环境下轮对图像处理方法研究

基于光电图像的轮对磨耗在线检测过程中,轮对图像处理的速度对在线检测的实时性有重要影响。针对轮对图像的处理速度不能够满足轮对高速在线检测要求的问题,利用多核处理器的计算优势,对基于Open MP并行技术的轮对图像处理方法进行了研究。通过分析轮对图像的特点,对不同类型的轮对图像采用了不同的分割方法,减小了轮对图像分割环节对后期处理的影响;提出了采用多图并行处理的编程模式,设计了并行优化方案,利用Open MP并行技术对轮对图像的处理进行了并行优化;并将Open MP四线程与单线程对轮对图像的处理结果进行了对比分析,验证了轮对图像处理加速效果。研究结果表明,多核环境下,轮对图像处理通过Open MP并行优化,获得了高于2倍的加速比,可满足车辆轮对检测速度达到80 km/h的在线检测要求。     

激光对中法在中子照相准直装置中的应用

介绍了利用莱赛L627激光对中仪及有机玻璃对中板建立对中光轴的方法,阐述了利用光轴及辅助对中工装对中子照相准直系统与堆M4孔道轴心的对中的调试方法,该对中方法具有成本低,使用方便、高效的优点.     

GPS对时系统在变电站综合自动化系统中的应用

首先对GPS对时系统3种对时方式进行了介绍,随后对SZ系列GPS双机冗余系统的结构、工作原理进行了详细的阐述,同时对变电站综合自动化系统对时方式的选择进行了研究,对今后GPS对时系统在变电站综合自动化系统中的应用具有一定的指导性。     

浅谈拼接式对重架结构设计

对重架作为电梯的重要部件,对电梯的正常运行起到举足轻重的作用。拼接式对重架是指将普通电梯对重架分割成两段或更多,再通过机械结构连接,最后在井道内完成组装的新型对重架。通过对电梯对重框架主要部件进行强度核算,验证对重框架的强度、刚度、性能,符合结构设计。     

基于四象限探测的激光粒度仪自动对中技术

针对激光粒度仪手动对中自动化程度低、不易调整等问题,提出了基于四象限对中单元的新型50通道光电探测器的自动对中方法。该方法根据光束是否处于四象限探测器的感光范围,将自动对中过程分为粗对中和精对中两部分。当光束不在四象限探测器的感光范围内时,可根据探测器的特定结构进行粗对中;当光束处于四象限探测器感光范围内时,根据四象限探测器产生的光电流强弱判断探测器的运动方向进行精对中。在粗对中过渡到精对中后采取变步长方式,通过比较对中精度和对中所需时间确定算法的最佳截止条件。完成了激光粒度仪自动对中系统硬件和软件的设计,实验验证了对中系统的可靠性与准确性。结果表明,最终的对中分辨率高于5μm。使用该技术对标准颗粒样品进行了测量实验,结果证实自动对中后的测量数据符合国家激光粒度仪校准规范的要求。     

CRH3动车轮对压装选配

轮对的压装质量与其性能有着直接的关系。传统的轮对压装多是依据经验来进行轮轴的选配,没有明确的参考标准,因而导致压装合格率较低。文章以CRH3型动车组轮对为例,利用Ansys软件建立了二维轴对称模型对轮对压装过程进行模拟仿真,通过非线性接触分析得出过盈量、摩擦因数、公差等因素对轮对压装应力分布及压装曲线的影响。结果表明,过盈量对轮对应力及压装曲线均有较大的影响;摩擦因数对应力值影响较小,对压装曲线则影响较大;公差对轮对应力影响比较明显,对压装曲线的影响则比较微弱。最后在满足国家标准要求的前提下给出一个范围,以此作为轮对压装的参考标准,可提高轮对压装的质量,保证机车安全平稳运行。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定茶叶中42种元素

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱法（IcP—Ms）标准模式和优化的碰撞池模式（CCT）结合同时测定茶叶中Li、Be、Mg、Al、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、As、Se、Sr、Mo、Ag、Cd、Sn、Sb、Cs、Ba、Tl、Pb、Bi和16种稀土元素共42种元素的方法。样品经过微波消解,以Ge、In、Re为内标消除基体干扰,通过碰撞池技术消除多原子质谱干扰测定上述元素。对于所测元素校准曲线的相关系数均大于0．9990,回收率范围为90％-110％,相对标准偏差为0．22％-3．97％,大部分元素检出限均小于0．5μg·kg^-1。该方法简便、省时、准确、灵敏度高,适用于实际样品的检测。     

Effects of polydatin on the proliferation,migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer

To investigate the effects of polydatin on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer, the change of proliferative ability, migration ability, and invasive ability of human ovarian cancer cell OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910 was detected by using polydatin and up-regulating PI3K. The anticancer activity and mechanism of polydatin in ovarian cancer were analyzed. Polydatin could effectively inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910, and inhibit the expression of PI3K protein. After the expression level of PI3K protein was up-regulated, the inhibitory effect of polydatin on the proliferative ability, migration ability, and invasive ability of OVCAR-3, A2780, and HO-8910 significantly decreased, suggesting that PI3K was the target of polydatin. Therefore, we concluded that polydatin could inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells by inhibiting the expression of PI3K protein, which provides an experimental basis for polydatin in the treatment of ovarian cancer.     

Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

Immunohistochemical distribution of enkephalin, substance P, and somatostatin in the brainstem of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens

The brainstems of frogs contain many of the neurochemicals that are found in mammals. However, the clustering of nuclei near the ventricles makes it difficult to distinguish individual cell groups. We addressed this problem by combining immunohistochemistry with tract tracing and an analysis of cell morphology to localize neuropeptides within the brainstem of Rana pipiens. We injected a retrograde tracer, Fluoro-Gold, into the spinal cord, and, in the same frog, processed adjacent sections for immunohistochemical location of antibodies to the neuropeptides enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP), and somatostatin (SOM). SOM+ cells were more widespread than cells containing immunoreactivity (ir) to the other substances. Most reticular nuclei in frog brainstem contained ir to at least one of these chemicals. Cells with SOM ir were found in nucleus (n.) reticularis pontis oralis, n. reticularis magnocellularis, n. reticularis paragigantocellularis, n. reticularis dorsalis, the optic tectum, n. interpeduncularis, and n. solitarius. ENK-containing cell bodies were found in n. reticularis pontis oralis, n. reticularis dorsalis, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the tectum. The midbrain contained most of the SP+ cells. Six nonreticular nuclei (griseum centrale rhombencephali, n. isthmi, n. profundus mesencephali, n. interpeduncularis, torus semicircularis laminaris, and the tectum) contained ir to one or more of the substances but did not project to the spinal cord. The descending tract of V, and the rubrospinal, reticulospinal, and solitary tracts contained all three peptides as did the n. profundus mesencephali, n. isthmi, and specific tectal layers. Because the distribution of neurochemicals within the frog brainstem is similar to that of amniotes, our results emphasize the large amount of conservation of structure, biochemistry, and possibly function that has occurred in the brainstem, and especially in the phylogenetically old reticular formation.     

GC/MS法同时分析液体制剂及口服液型保健品中31种防腐剂和抗氧化剂

为满足药品监管需要,建立了气相色谱-质谱（GC/MS）联用方法测定以水、醇等液体为基质的药品及保健品中的防腐剂和抗氧化剂。采用选择离子监测（SIM）技术,同时检测滴眼液、注射液、滴剂、涂剂、口服液型保健品中的三氯叔丁胺、苯酚、苯甲醇、山梨酸、苯甲酸、2-甲基异噻唑啉酮、脱氢乙酸、乙氧基喹啉、己基间苯二酚、对羟基苯甲酸酯等28种防腐剂及TBHQ、BHA、BHT等3种抗氧化剂。结果显示,31种物质在0.005~1 mg/L范围内具有较好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.998 5~0.999 9;在0.02～0.30 mg/L加标范围内,回收率为73.6%～109.9%,相对标准偏差（RSDs）为1.2%～13.6%;检出限（LODs,S/N ≥3）为0.001～0.008 mg/L,定量下限（LOQs,S/N ≥10）为0.003～0.020 mg/L。应用该方法进行了多个批次的实际样品分析,结果表明,此方法灵敏、准确、稳定、可靠,且应用范围广泛。     

铁碳合金相图的绘制

在分析铁碳合金相图特征的基础上,及说明相图中的特征点、线的含义的前提下,介绍了铁碳合金相图的画法,填写各区域的组织,从而完成整个铁碳合金相图的绘制.通过这种方式,能够较快地掌握铁碳合金相图的画法,理解相图中特征点、线及各区域组织的含义,对钢铁材料的选用和加工工艺的制订具有重要的理论和实践意义.     

Two distinct events, section compression and loss of particles ("lost caps"), contribute to z-axis distortion and bias in optical disector counting

Deformation of tissue sections in the z-axis can bias optical disector counting. When samples of particle densities are not representative for the entire tissue section, significant bias of estimated numbers can result. To assess the occurrence, prevalence, extent, sequence of events, and causes of z-axis distortion, the distribution of neuronal nucleoli in thick paraffin and vibratome sections was determined in chicken, rodent, and human brain tissues. When positions of neuronal nucleoli were measured in the z-axis, nucleoli were more frequent at the surfaces (bottom and top) of tissue sections than in the core. This nonlinear z-axis distribution was not lab-, equipment-, or investigator-specific, and was independent of age, fixation quality, coverslipping medium, or paraffin melting temperature, but in paraffin sections, was highly correlated with the tilt of the knife (cutting) angle. Manipulation of subsequent tissue processing steps revealed that two events contribute to z-axis distortion. Initially, a higher density of particles results at surfaces after sectioning, apparently due to section compression. Subsequently, particles can be lost to varying degrees from surfaces during floating or staining and dehydration, resulting in "lost caps." These results may explain different degrees of z-axis distortion between different types of sections and different labs, and reinforce the importance of checking z-axis distributions as a "quality control" prior to selection of guard zones in optical disector counting. Indirect approaches to assess section quality, such as resectioning in a perpendicular plane, yield additional artifacts, and should be replaced by a direct quantitative measurement of z-axis distribution of particles.     

面向产品变异设计的零件可拓物元模型研究

为满足产品变异设计的要求,提出了零件可拓物元模型结构.通过融合零件及其子结构的几何、结构关联关系、功能和语义等信息,建立了零件变异物元模型.结合可拓理论,研究了零件变异物元模型的可拓性,分析了零件变异物元模型对产品变异设计的支持情况.最后,基于零件变异物元模型,开发了产品变异设计原型系统,并以发动机曲轴零件为例,建立了零件可拓物元模型.实例证明,零件变异物元模型解决了产品变异设计引起的零件结构干涉和拓扑更新问题,为产品变异设计提供了条件.     

Future directions of fundamental research in additive tribochemistry

This paper reviews briefly the present state of fundamental research, in tribochemistry of load-carrying additives, including oiliness agents, organolsulphur, organochlorine, organophosphorus, organic borates and organometallic compounds. The emphasis is on the weak areas of investigation. It is revealed that the least understood mechanisms, such as the effect of additives on fretting wear, additive-material compatibility, the efficacy of antifatigue additives and the action of water-based fluid additives in metalworking, are the concern of overlapping spheres of learning. A cooperative effort by chemists, metallurgists and mechanical engineers would help overcome the difficulties posed by problems in areas beyond individual expertises. Some research projects for the future are also suggested.     

Diffraction methods in tribosystem diagnostics

In this paper, two structural analysis methods, X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction, are considered for their use in tribosystem diagnosis. It is shown that, for certain applied tribological problems, such as determination of friction conditions and type of wear regime, estimation of running-in period, selection of optimum wear-resistant materials, and of suitable conditions of friction and wear, these methods can be used in addition to more conventional tribotesting and tribodiagnostic methods. A study of the structure of certain friction pair materials and wear particles was conducted. X-ray investigations of the surface layers of the friction pair materials showed that structural characteristics, such as broadening and intensity of diffraction lines, can be used in the estimation of friction conditions. Examples of the choice of structurally wear-resistant engineering materials, and of suitable friction conditions, are given. The study of wear particles produced under different friction conditions shows that these particles vary not only in form and dimensions, but also in phase composition. This provides important additional information for friction and wear process diagnostics. The method involves electron diffraction analysis of isolated wear particles, which allows us to characterise the wear processes under friction conditions. It is shown that a definite phase composition, the fineness of wear particles, and the quantitative ratio of each of the wear product phases, can be characterised for different wear types. Some useful applications of these investigative methods for analysis of the wear nature of friction pairs are described.