钴-镍-磷非晶态耐高温磨损合金镀层的性能研究

常温条件下,使用Co—Ni—P合金刷镀液应用电刷镀的方法可以获得非晶态刷镀层。用X射线衍射仪和差热分析装置研究了Co—Ni—P合金镀层的结构和晶化温度,当温度低于晶化温度323.4℃时,镀层为非晶态结构;随着温度的进一步升高,镀层由非晶态向晶态结构转变,并析出第二相组织。在600℃,保温30min后,Co—Ni—P非晶合金镀层的相结构为fec—Ni相十析出相。在GW/(ML—MS)高温磨损试验机及Skoda—Savin磨损试验机上分别测量了Co—Ni—P非晶合金镀层与Ni—W(50)合金镀层在不同温度及不同热处理温度下的体积磨损量。结果表明,在12℃—500℃范围内,Co—Ni—P非晶合金镀层的耐高温磨损性均优于Ni—W(50)合金镀层;而在27℃—450℃热处理后,Co—Ni—P非晶合金镀层的耐磨性(磨轮磨损)仍优于Ni—W(50)合金镀层,只有在500—600℃热处理后,Ni—W(50)合金镀层的耐磨性优于Co—Ni—P非晶合金镀层。     

新型Co-Al-W合金高温氧化行为研究

研究了γ′-Co3(Al,W)相沉淀强化的新型钴基高温合金,Co-Al-W抗高温氧化性能。利用SEM、EPMA、XRD等方法研究了新型Co-Al-W合金在800℃和900℃空气中静态氧化增重动力学和抗高温氧化机理,并与镍基高温合金Manaurite900相比较。研究发现,在800℃氧化时,9.8W合金抗氧化能力最强,但在900℃时,9.8W和7.5W合金的增重最大,Manaurite900和10.7W的抗氧化能力最好。合金在2种温度下氧化后,表面氧化膜主要由三层构成,即Co氧化物Co3O4组成的氧化膜最外层,Co、Al、W复杂氧化物组成的中间过渡层及Al和Co氧化物组成的氧化膜最内层。     

一种抗高温磨损刷镀层的试验研究

本文对我们研制的Ni—P合金刷镀层进行了X—射线结构分析，扫描电镜及能谱分析，还进行了再强化特性的研究，认为该Ni—P合金刷镀层在室温至300℃之间为非品态合金，在300℃—400℃之间晶化，400℃时将析出(Fe、Ni)3P相，形成Ni基体分布(Fe、Ni)P第二相的组织，获得了良好的硬化效果。     

Ni-Cr-Al-Fe基合金粉末的高温抗氧化行为

研究Ni-Cr-Al-Fe基合金粉末在600 ℃空气中的高温抗氧化性能,分析铝含量和预氧化处理对合金粉末高温抗氧化行为的影响.利用水雾化法制备不同铝含量的Ni-Cr-Al-Fe基合金粉末,利用静态质量增加法研究不同铝含量合金粉末的氧化动力学,分别利用FE-SEM(EDS)和XRD观察分析不同合金粉末氧化膜的形貌及成分,结合氧化动力学及氧化膜的组成进一步分析不同合金粉末的高温氧化机理.结果表明:Ni-Cr-Al-Fe基合金粉末在600 ℃时的氧化质量增加遵循抛物线规律,铝含量的增加及预氧化处理均可提高合金粉末的抗氧化能力;铝含量的增加使氧化膜的组成由Cr2O3和Al2O3的混合结构转变为单一的Al2O3氧化膜结构,这有利于提高合金粉末的抗氧化性能;预氧化处理所形成的氧化膜有效地抑制Ni-Cr-Al-Fe基合金粉末的进一步氧化.     

铸钢轧辊亚微米WC-4Co电火花沉积涂层高温性能

用新型电火花沉积设备,把WC-4Co陶瓷硬质合金材料沉积在铸钢轧辊材料上,制备了电火花沉积合金涂层,用SEM和XRD等技术研究了沉积层在300 ℃的高温耐磨性和800 ℃高温氧化100 h后氧化膜形貌、组织结构和高温抗氧化性能.结果表明,沉积层厚度为20～30 μm,沉积层由Fe3W3C,Co3W3C,Si2W和W2C等物相组成.300 ℃高温条件下沉积层的耐磨性比基体提高了3.4倍,300 ℃高温条件下沉积层的磨损机理主要是粘着磨损、疲劳磨损、氧化磨损和磨粒磨损的综合作用.800 ℃高温条件下沉积层氧化100 h后的氧化膜的厚度约为10～20 μm;氧化膜主要由Fe3O4,Fe2O3,W20O58和Si物相组成;800 ℃高温下沉积层抗氧化性能比基体的抗氧化性能提高了2.6倍.细小弥散分布的硬质相提高了沉积层的抗高温磨损性能和抗高温氧化性能.     

一种抗高温磨损刷镀层的试验研究

本文对我们研制的Ni—P合金刷镀层进行了X—射线结构分析,扫描电镜及能谱分析,还进行了再强化特性的研究,认为该Ni—P合金刷镀层在室温至300℃之间为非晶态合金,在300℃～400℃之间晶化,400℃时将析出(Fe、Ni)3P相,形成Ni基体分布(Fe、Ni)P第二相的组织,获得了良好的硬化效果。该刷镀层加热到700℃后才开始软化。因此,本试验研究认为,该Ni—P合金刷镀层适用于热锻模、压塑模等要求高温耐磨性能的零件的修复和强化。     

钛及钛合金高温氧化行为研究

对工业纯钛TA2、TC4及Ti60合金分别在600、700、800℃进行氧化,得到氧化增重曲线。利用SEM、XRD等手段对氧化表面形貌、氧化产物构成及分布进行研究并分析了3种钛材在不同温度下的氧化机制。结果表明:随着温度升高,TA2、TC4以及Ti60三种钛材的抗氧化能力均有所下降,且抗氧化能力由强到弱依次为Ti60TA2TC4。工业纯钛TA2的氧化产物为TiO_2,TC4合金在600℃氧化产物为TiO_2,700、800℃为TiO_2/Al_2O_3,Ti60合金氧化产物为TiO_2/Al_2O_3。TA2和TC4钛合金在600℃时的氧化反应均受扩散过程控制,随温度升高(700、800℃),逐渐转变为界面反应控制。由于氧化产物组织结构疏松且Al_2O_3、TiO_2和基体由于热膨胀系数不同导致的应力,TC4合金氧化膜易剥落,抗氧化能力较差。Ti60合金在700、800℃的氧化反应也受扩散过程控制,Zr、Si及稀土元素的添加得到保护能力较强的致密氧化膜Al_2O_3,抗氧化能力较好。然而800℃时,富Sn、Nd相的析出诱导氧化膜剥离,抗氧化能力有所下降。     

活性元素Y和Ce对Fe—25Cr—40Ni合金高温氧化的影响

用离子背散射和慢正电子束研究了活性元素Y和Ce对Fe-25Cr—40Ni合金在高温初期氧化动力学、氧化膜表层成份和微观缺陷结构的影响,实验结果表明了微量活性元素(≥0.05%)在高温氧化初期显著减少了合金的氧化速率,有效地促进了Cr_2O_3的生长,抑制了Fe和Ni氧化物的形成,改善了氧化膜的微观结构,活性元素结合进入氧化膜并在外层膜中(约几十nm)富集,活性元素Ce抗氧化机理不同于Y,Ce使合金氧化膜的空位缺陷显著降低,主要控制了阳离子沿晶格空位向外扩散,而含Y合金由氧化初期主要控制阳离子沿晶格扩散转变为主要控制阳离子沿晶界向外扩散。     

NiCrAlY涂层对Ni基高温合金K17抗氧化性能的影响

采用电弧离子镀技术在铸造Ni基高温合金K17上沉积NiCrA1Y涂层，测定了K17合金和NiCrAlY涂层在900℃-1100℃的氧化动力学曲线。实验结果表明：K17合金和NiCrAlY涂层在不同温度静态空气中氧化动力学曲线基本符合抛物线规律。900℃和1000℃时，K17合金上沉积NiCrAlY涂层后，明显改善了合金的抗氧化性。1100℃时，涂层的保护作用不如900℃和1000℃，900℃氧化时，NiCrAlY涂层氧化膜由α-Al2O3和Cr2O3的组成；1000℃氧化时，氧化初期，NiO,Cr2O3和Al2O3 3种氧化物同时生成。随着氧化的进行，不仅氧化膜增厚，而且发生较复杂的反应，氧化膜的相组成发生变化。随着氧化温度升高，涂层和基体之间元素扩散加剧，Ti从基体扩散到涂层表面形成氧化物是导致涂层抗氧化降低的原因。氧化膜从涂层上剥落下来，也导致了涂层抗氧化能力降低。     

形状记忆合金Ti44Ni47Nb9的抗高温氧化性能

采用恒温氧化法，结合X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及能谱分析(EDS)等手段，研究了Ti44Ni47Nb9形状记忆合金(SMA)的抗高温氧化性能．结果表明，Ti44Ni47Nb9合金在450℃下轻微氧化；600—800℃高温下氧化增重曲线符合抛物线规律，氧化膜外层主要是金红石型TiO2，中间为富Nb层，内层为富Ni的Ni3Ti层．研究表明，Ti44Ni47Nb9合金中的Nb元素减少了TiO2中的氧空位，形成的富Nb阻挡层，能有效地抑制Ti元素的外扩散，同时也阻挡了氧的内扩散，降低了氧的固溶度，从而抑制了Ni3Ti层中Ni元素的进一步氧化，提高了合金的抗高温氧化性能．     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.