超声场作用下的强化传质研究进展

对超声波技术在质量传递过程中的应用与研究进展进行了综述。介绍了超声波在强化质量传递过程包括膜分离过程、电化学过程、生化分离过程、非均相化学反应过程以及传质性能中的研究。并对超声波技术目前存在的问题及发展趋势提出了一些建议。     

吸收过程Rayleigh对流非稳态数值模拟

通过应用有限元方法,对气液吸收过程中出现的Rayleigh对流发生过程进行了数值模拟计算,得到了液相Rayleigh对流发生时的流场分布和浓度分布定量信息;利用激光纹影仪光学方法,获得了乙醇吸收CO2过程中Rayleigh对流的纹影图像,通过比较模拟计算结果和实验纹影图像,证实模拟计算结果的正确;在模拟计算和实验结果的基础上,对传质过程中Rayleigh对流对传质过程的影响进行了定性和定量的分析,揭示了界面传质导致的Rayleigh对流产生发展过程及对传质的影响.     

聚丙烯细粉对生产的影响及对策

在聚丙烯生产过程中易产生较多细粉,细粉对生产过程产生较大影响,对生产过程中各影响因素进行了分析,探讨了产生细粉过多的原因,提出了预防细粉影响的措施和对策,较好地解决了聚丙烯细粉对生产过程的影响。     

喷雾干燥的节能分析

喷雾干燥是能耗较大的单元操作,节能工作十分重要。对喷雾干燥过程中的热量分配作了计算分析,并根据作者对喷雾干燥过程的研究及编制的程序对各种操作因素对干燥过程能耗的影响进行了分析评价,给出了干燥过程的节能措施。     

N-甲基乙酰胺萃取精馏醋酸脱水过程模拟计算

以N-甲基乙酰胺作萃取剂,选择NRTL-HOC相平衡模型,应用过程模拟软件Aspen plus对萃取精馏分离醋酸水溶液过程进行了模拟计算,讨论了回流比、溶剂比、进料位置对分离过程的影响,确定了系统的灵敏板位置,获得了对醋酸一水体系萃取精馏过程生产具有指导意义较佳的操作参数。同时对萃取精馏与普通精馏工艺的过程能耗进行了比较,前者显著低于后者。     

超声波技术强化膜分离过程的研究进展

对超声波技术在膜分离过程中的应用与研究进展进行了综述.介绍了超声波在强化过滤过程、辅助膜清洗、传质膜分离过程中的应用以及强化过程的影响因素,并评述了超声波对膜结构的影响.表明超声作用下的膜分离过程,其渗透性能确有改善,但有时超声波也会对膜造成损伤,需引起注意.     

碱式碳酸锌制备的研究

研究了以精制硫酸锌和农用碳酸氢氨制备碱式碳酸锌的工艺过程。对制备过程进行了热力学分析，并分析确定了制备产物的主要构成，探索了碳酸氢铵用量等因素对制备过程的影响     

缝隙内滞留腐蚀产物对腐蚀过程的加剧作用

通过实验 ,提出腐蚀产物滞留对腐蚀过程的加剧作用 ,揭示了腐蚀产物滞留加剧腐蚀过程的机理 ,提出了减缓滞留腐蚀产物对腐蚀过程加剧作用的方法     

谷氨酸发酵过程先进控制

阐述基于工业过程计算机和PLC的谷氨酸发酵过程控制,在若干生化过程理论模型的实际应用具有一定困难的情况下,研究了在发酵过程中对某些生化过程变量的估算方法及相应的先进过程控制策略,对谷氨酸发酵过程的主要控制回路作了介绍。通过对50m3发酵罐实时控制,表明本文所述控制系统的有效性。     

浅谈洗选过程中水力旋流器的影响与控制

阐述了水力旋流器对洗煤过程的影响,结合成庄矿选煤厂的实际,着重介绍了水力旋流器在实际生产过程中的调节措施及影响,指出了在对旋流器调节过程中的注意事项。     

Field evidence of synergism and inhibition in the sesiidae sex pheromone system

The E,Z, Z,Z, and Z,E geometric isomers of 3,13 octadecadien-1-ol acetate were used singly and in binary combinations to trap sesiids in Wisconsin cherry orchards. The Z,E isomer alone did not capture any sesiids. A synergistic effect, however, of Z,E onSynanthedon pictipes response to its pheromone E,Z was demonstrated for the first time. Strong inhibitory effects of the Z,Z isomer onS. pictipes response to E,Z, and of the E,Z isomer onS. scitula response to Z,Z, were found. As little as 0.5% of Z,Z in E,Z completely inhibited theS. pictipes response. This species' response was also reduced by 85% when Z,Z was evaporated at 4 points, each ca. 6 m from the pheromone trap. Consistencies and discrepancies of the data with relevant experimental results from other geographical areas are briefly discussed.Lepidoptera: Sesiidae (=Aegeriidae), the clearwing moths.Research supported by the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, and by the Wisconsin Red Tart Cherry Ind. Market. Order.     

Mechanisms Governing Anaphylaxis: Inflammatory Cells,Mediators, Endothelial Gap Junctions and Beyond

Anaphylaxis is a severe, acute, life-threatening multisystem allergic reaction resulting from the release of a plethora of mediators from mast cells culminating in serious respiratory, cardiovascular and mucocutaneous manifestations that can be fatal. Medications, foods, latex, exercise, hormones (progesterone), and clonal mast cell disorders may be responsible. More recently, novel syndromes such as delayed reactions to red meat and hereditary alpha tryptasemia have been described. Anaphylaxis manifests as sudden onset urticaria, pruritus, flushing, erythema, angioedema (lips, tongue, airways, periphery), myocardial dysfunction (hypovolemia, distributive or mixed shock and arrhythmias), rhinitis, wheezing and stridor. Vomiting, diarrhea, scrotal edema, uterine cramps, vaginal bleeding, urinary incontinence, dizziness, seizures, confusion, and syncope may occur. The traditional (or classical) pathway is mediated via T cells, Th2 cytokines (such as IL-4 and 5), B cell production of IgE and subsequent crosslinking of the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils by IgE-antigen complexes, culminating in mast cell and basophil degranulation. Degranulation results in the release of preformed mediators (histamine, heparin, tryptase, chymase, carboxypeptidase, cathepsin G and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and of de novo synthesized ones such as lipid mediators (cysteinyl leukotrienes), platelet activating factor (PAF), cytokines and growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Of these, histamine, tryptase, cathepsin G, TNF-α, LTC₄, PAF and VEGF can increase vascular permeability. Recent data suggest that mast cell-derived histamine and PAF can activate nitric oxide production from endothelium and set into motion a signaling cascade that leads to dilatation of blood vessels and dysfunction of the endothelial barrier. The latter, characterized by the opening of adherens junctions, leads to increased capillary permeability and fluid extravasation. These changes contribute to airway edema, hypovolemia, and distributive shock, with potentially fatal consequences. In this review, besides mechanisms (endotypes) underlying IgE-mediated anaphylaxis, we also provide a brief overview of IgG-, complement-, contact system-, cytokine- and mast cell-mediated reactions that can result in phenotypes resembling IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Such classifications can lead the way to precision medicine approaches to the management of this complex disease.     

Organokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Critical Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. Organokines can produce beneficial or harmful effects in this condition. Among RA patients, organokines have been associated with increased inflammation and cartilage degradation due to augmented cytokines and metalloproteinases production, respectively. This study aimed to perform a review to investigate the role of adipokines, osteokines, myokines, and hepatokines on RA progression. PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane were searched, and 18 studies were selected, comprising more than 17,000 RA patients. Changes in the pattern of organokines secretion were identified, and these could directly or indirectly contribute to aggravating RA, promoting articular alterations, and predicting the disease activity. In addition, organokines have been implicated in higher radiographic damage, immune dysregulation, and angiogenesis. These can also act as RA potent regulators of cells proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis, controlling osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts as well as immune cells chemotaxis to RA sites. Although much is already known, much more is still unknown, principally about the roles of organokines in the occurrence of RA extra-articular manifestations.     

Hydrocarbon components of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly sex pheromone

The primary sex pheromone of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly,Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), was found to include a series of straight-chain hydrocarbon dienes, all with the double bonds in the 9 and 19 positions and all with the (Z, Z) configuration. The major components, of 29, 31, 33, 35, and 37 carbon atoms, were synthesized. In the field and the greenhouse, the synthetic dienes were far above control levels in activity but, at least during the first hours of bioassay, were somewhat less active than the female-derived materials on a weight basis. In the field, a mixture of all five synthetic dienes, in the proportions found in the females, was more attractive than any single one, on a mole basis. In addition, (Z, Z)-9,19 dienes of 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 39 carbons have been detected in females in minor amounts. The first five were bioassayed, and each was found to be similar in activity to the 35-carbon component when compared on a weight basis. The synthetic dienes, while active by themselves, were strongly synergized by two, more polar, Florisil fractions derived from females. Experimental design considerations are discussed.     

Soil nutrient depletion by agricultural production in Southern Mali

The degree of soil mining by agricultural production in Southern Mali is assessed by calculating nutrient balances: differences between the amount of plant nutrients exported from the cultivated fields, and those added to the fields. Export processes include extraction by crops, losses due to leaching, to erosion, and to volatilization and denitrification. Inputs include applications of fertilizer and manure, restitution of crop residues, nitrogen fixation, atmospheric deposition of nutrients in rain and dust, and enrichment by weathering of soil minerals. Nutrient balances are calculated for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Both pessimistic and optimistic estimates are given.The resulting figures indicate, even when the most optimistic estimates are used, large deficits for nitrogen, potassium and magnesium. For the region as a whole, the calculated deficits are -25 kg N/ha,-20 kg K/ha, and -5 kg Mg/ha. Further, acidification is to be expected, in particular in areas where cotton is grown. The deficits are caused by traditional cereal crops, but also by cotton and especially by groundnut. The latter two crops are fertilized, but insufficiently. It is important to note, that the negative figures are not automatic recommendations for application of a specific amount of additional fertilizer. For phosphorus and calcium the balance of the region as a whole appears to be about in equilibrium, but locally large variations may occur.Erosion and denitrification are important causes of nutrient loss, accounting respectively for 17 and 22% of total nitrogen exports. Atmospheric deposition and weathering of minerals in the soil are still important nutrient inputs that contribute as much as nutrients as organic and mineral fertilizer combined. Nutrient depletion is very large in comparison to the amount of fertilizer applied. Drastic options, such as doubling the application of fertilizer or manure, or halving erosion losses, even if feasible, would still not be enough to make up for the calculated deficits.The annual value of withdrawn nutrients, if related to prices of fertilizers, varies between 10,000 and 15,000 FCFA/ha (40-60 US $/ha). Since the estimated average gross margin from farming in this area is 34,000 FCFA/ha (123 US $/ha), soil mining appears to provide an amount equal to 40% of farmers' total income from agricultural activities.     

微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收法测定唇膏中4种金属的含量

唇膏经微波消解,石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定样品中铅、锰、铬、镉的含量。在优化的仪器工作条件下,质量浓度分别在32.0、8.0、8.0、8.0 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限分别为4.2、3.5、2.3、2.5μg/L,测得回收率在98%~103%之间,精密度分别为4.1%、3.6%、3.9%、2.7%。     

明胶分子量分布测定和表征的研究进展(二)

<正> 6.SDS—PAGE(十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯 酰胺凝胶电泳)法 从1959年Raymond和1964年Davis用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶分离人血清蛋白成功后,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳得到了广泛的发展,成为分离、分析蛋白质、核酸类生物     

陶瓷名物探源二则

匋、陶、窑(窯)上古皆读成舌头音,意义又相通,实际为一个意义上先后产生的几个形体不同的字,先民以陶(匋)既称呼窑灶,又指窑灶出品之物,又指制作陶器;坏(坯)、瓶、瓬、瓿、甂、缶、钵、皿、杯(盃)、盆(瓫)均指窑灶所出之物或后世模仿窑灶出品之物,其字皆由重唇音演变而来,亦为同胞兄弟的同源词。     

典型过程强化技术在纳米材料制备中的应用进展

纳米材料被誉为21世纪的新材料,广泛应用于化工、电子、国防、陶瓷等领域.传统的纳米材料制备方法面临粒径控制较困难、批次间重复性差,存在放大效应等不足.过程强化技术是化学工程学科的研究前沿和热点方向之一,旨在通过在生产过程中采用新工艺、新设备等手段,实现缩减操作单元、减小设备体积、提高生产能力及能量利用效率的目的,是实现...     

Review on Technological Significance of Photoactive,Electroactive, pH-sensitive,Water-active,and Thermoresponsive Polyurethane Materials

This feature article presents a state-of-the-art review on versatile shape memory polymer, i.e., polyurethane. It forms an important class of shape memory polymers. Several successful stimuli-responsive effects have been achieved in polyurethane such as electroactive, water-active, pH-sensitive, thermoresponsive, and photoactive effect. Various categories of stimuli-responsive polyurethanes are discussed here. Due to characteristic attributes, such as light weight, low cost, high strength, heat stability, fine shape deformability, and shape memory, polyurethane have found application in aerospace, textile industry, sensors, drug delivery systems, and other biomedical relevance. Future advancement is still needed in this field due to structural and industrial preferences.