流媒体技术讲座 第2讲 实时传输协议

流式传输需要合适的传输协议,以保证实时媒体及时传送到客户端。目前主要的实时传输协议有:用于Internet上针对多媒体数据流的实时传输协议(RTP,Real-timeTransportProtocol),与RTP一起提供流量控制和拥塞控制服务的实时传输控制协议(RTCP,Real-timeTransportControlProtocol),定义了一对多的应用程序如何有效地通过IP网络传送多媒体数据的实时流协议(RTSP,Real-timeStreamingProtocol),以及正在开发的In-ternet上的资源预订协议(RSVP,ResourceReserveProtocol)。本文对这几种主要协议进行介绍。     

流媒体技术讲座 第2讲 实时传输协议

流式传输需要合适的传输协议，以保证实时媒体及时传送到客户端。目前主要的实时传输协议有：用于Internet上针对多媒体数据流的实时传输协议（RTP，Real-time Transport Protocol)，与RTP一起提供流量控制和拥塞控制服务的实时传输控制协议（RTCP，Real-time Transport Control Protocol),定义了一对多的应用程序如何有效地通过IP网络传送多媒体数据的实时流协议（RTSP，Real-time Streaming Protocol),以及正在开发的Internet上的资源预订协议（RSVP，Resource Reserve Protocol)。本文对这种主要协议进行介绍。     

一种适用于数字视频传输的实时传输协议

网络数字视频监控系统的关键技术之一是视频传输.本文针对网络数字视频监控系统中视频传输的特点,对适用于数字视频传输的实时传输协议进行了研究.在对实时传输协议（RTP）和实时传输控制协议（RTCP）规范进行深入研究的基础上,根据网络数字视频监控系统具体应用的要求,设计了一种称之为“SRTP/SRTCP”的实时数据传输协议,并对该协议进行了具体实现.     

多媒体传输的实时传输协议分析

一、概述 为了实现带有实时性质的数据(例如交互式的话音和视频数据)从端到端的网络传递业务,由Internet的音频-视频传输工作组提出了实时传输协议,它的主要设计目标是满足多参与者多媒体会议的技术需要,但其应用范围远不止于此。下面我们首先对它作一个概括性的介绍。RTP的基本特征 实时传输协议(Real-time Transport Protocol,简称RTP)很适合用于发送多媒体数据(如音频流或视频流)给一个接收者(单播)或多个接收者(多播)。数据通常单方向传送,接收方不给确认信息。 与RTP同时存在的另一个协议是实时传输控制协议(RTCP),它让接收者给RTP发送者一个反馈信息(以及反之)。例如,接收应用程序可以告诉发送应用程序减慢视频流的速度。当速度减慢后,视频图象仍然可以显示,但可能出现跳动或分辨率降低。RTCP规范中的准则可以帮     

实时传输协议及在无线流媒体业务中的应用

分析了实时传输协议（RTP）和实时传输控制协议（RTCP）的基本概念、协议结构和工作机制,介绍了适用于无线流媒体通信的音视频编码标准,结合R1甲协议的适用性,讨论了R11P在无线流媒体业务中的应用。     

一种新型RTP翻译器的实现

本在概述实时传输协议RTP和传输控制协议RTCP的基础上论述了协议中翻译器(Translator)的应用，并设计实现了一种新型的选择性的RTP翻译器。这种翻译器通过同步源标识符(SSRC)灵活地选择翻译多媒体数据。并有效地控制网络流量。     

中小型企业SIP呼叫中心客户端设计

首先分析了基于SIP(会话初始化协议)的呼叫中心系统的构架及呼叫流程,然后根据中小型企业提出的总体功能需求,给出了客户端模块化设计方案,包括主控模块、SIP协议栈模块、音视频处理模块、RTP/RTCP(实时传输协议/实时传输控制协议)模块和网络传输模块。模块整合后的客户端能够实现多媒体会话呼叫控制、音视频数据采集、编解码及实时网络传输等功能。     

基于DMIF体系的MPEG-4传输

在对MPEG-4的传送多媒体集成框架（DMIF）的研究和实时传输协议（RTP）对于MPEG-4封装的研究的基础上。提出了一种基于DMIF体系的MPEG-4实时传输方案。本方案的适用性很强．可以用在远程监控、远程教学等众多实时传输领域。     

因特网上RSVP（资源预留协议）简介

1 简介 因特网上的多媒体应用日益增多,为了在网上获得实时业务服务质量(QoS)的保证,因特网运用了一些控制协议,它们和其它协议如路由协议、传输层以及较低层协议一起完成所要求的QoS性能。这些控制协议有实时传输协议/实时传输控制协议(RTP/RTCP)、RSVP等。本文对RSVP作一简述。 RSVP是资源预留建立协议的简称,它是为实施综合业务因特网设计的。当一主机在网络上应用数据流的服务质量有特殊要求时。可     

基于流媒体RTP/RTCP协议的视频数据传输

近年来,随着多媒体技术、计算机网络与通信技术的快速发展,视频监控系统也在不断地更新与发展。本文对实时传输协议RTP和实时传输控制协议RTCP进行了深入的分析,并在Linux平台下移植了一个面向对象的RTP库,而且也给出了RTP/RTCP的编程模型的流程图和重要伪代码,其中包括初始化会话、发送数据、接收数据、控制信息部分的详细内容与说明,为实现视频有效传输奠定了软件框架模型。     

一种基于分层结构的动态自适应QoS分布控制模型

针对目前IP网实施QoS控制的主要难点问题，本文提出了基于分层结构的动态自适应QoS分布控制模型。本模型借鉴了DiffServ模型中基于端结点的分布控制思想，采用动态自适应的流控机制，这使得本模型不仅具有可扩展性，而且对网络的动态性与异构性具有适应能力。此外，本模型还采用分层结构将基于网络技术、视频编码技术以及FEC容错技术QoS控制策略进行有机集成，在带宽受限的情况下能为媒体流传输提供较好的服务质量。本模型已成功地应用于多媒体同步实时授课系统RealClass中。     

WIFI多级桥接应急多媒体通信系统研究

聚焦北京地铁交通轨道应急抢险可视化通信与信号传输的应用领域，针对传统的有线通信系统存在的传输距离短、线路铺设灵活性差；无线通信系统中，无线自组网技术存在的收发单元间传输能力与适应性差；卫星与公网结合的通信系统存在的信号源不稳定等缺陷。提出了WIFI多级桥接应急多媒体通信系统架构，研究基于5.8GHz的WIFI多级接桥技术并研制相关设备，在无线自组网技术基础上，在传输能力与适应性方面进行了改进，能够有效适应远距离、遮挡及垂直差异存在的信号传输场景。提出采用广泛应用的公网4G信号构建通信系统，有效避免当车载基站作为信号源造成的不稳定性，当应急救援现场无4G信号覆盖时，结合WIFI多级桥接技术提供的网络传输保障功能，从而使得整体桥接与通信系统可满足所有的地铁抢险环境并实现相应功能要求。      

Multimedia transmission with adaptive QoS based on real‐time protocols

In this paper, we describe a mechanism for adaptive transmission of multimedia data, which is based on real‐time protocols. The proposed mechanism can be used for unicast or multicast transmission of multimedia data over heterogeneous networks, like the Internet, and has the capability to adapt the transmission of the multimedia data to network changes. In addition, the implemented mechanism uses an inter‐receiver fairness function in order to treat the group of clients with fairness during the multicast transmission in a heterogeneous environment. The proposed mechanism uses a ‘friendly’ to the network users congestion control policy to control the transmission of the multimedia data. We implement a prototype application based on the proposed mechanism and we evaluate the proposed mechanism both in unicast and multicast transmission through a number of experiment and a number of simulations in order to examine its fairness to a group of clients and its behaviour against transport protocols (TCP) and UDP data streams. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于IP网的自主式多媒体远程教学系统

本文在简要分析多媒体远程教学需求的基础上,提出了一种包括教师T、学生P、课件资源R、协作教学环境E和网上教学管理M等表示远程教学的五元组结构模式,进一步设计了基于IP网的支持教学现场直播和按需点播的多媒体远程教学系统,并在校园网上进行了同步时授课以及按需点播的实验。     

卫星远程教育与校园视频服务的实施

介绍了基于卫星远程教育中多媒体信息的接收和传输播放,然而大数据量多媒体教学信息,按照传统的下载播放模式遇到了网络带宽等因素的制约.采用流媒体技术并在校园网构建视音频服务,能克服视频、音频等多媒体文件传输播放中的问题和缺点,取得了良好效果.     

Q-learning-based multirate transmission control scheme for RRM in multimedia WCDMA systems

In this paper, a Q-learning-based multirate transmission control (Q-MRTC) scheme for radio resource management in multimedia wide-band code-division multiple access (WCDMA) communication systems is proposed. The multirate transmission control problem is modeled as a Markov decision process where the transmission cost is defined in terms of the quality-of-service (QoS) parameters for enhancing spectrum utilization subject to QoS constraint. We adopt a real-time reinforcement learning algorithm, called Q-learning, to accurately estimate the transmission cost for the MRTC. In the meantime, we successfully employ the feature extraction method and radial basis function network (RBFN) for the Q-function that maps the original state space into a feature vector that represents the resultant interference profile. The state space and memory-storage requirement are then reduced and the convergence property of the Q-learning algorithm is improved. Simulation results show that the Q-MRTC for a multimedia WCDMA system can achieve higher system throughput by an amount of 80% and better users' satisfaction than the interference-based MRTC scheme, while the QoS requirements are guaranteed. Also, compared to the table-lookup method, the storage requirement is reduced by 41%.     

An Adaptive Power Control Scheme for Multicast Service in Green Cellular Railway Communication Network

Along with emerging increasing multimedia service need from the big amount of users in the train, wireless cellular railway network has big energy saving potential with its own specific characteristics, which is widely deployed over the world. Enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (E-MBMS) is a prevalent solution for high speed data handling. In this paper, to achieve an energy efficient solution for wireless cellular railway network, we proposed an optimal power control solution to adjust eNodeB’s transmission power adaptively based on actual Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR) for Multimedia Broadcast multicast service Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) at User Equipment (UE) side when provide E-MBMS. We established the system model and proposed the optimization algorithms to calculate the E-MBMS transmit power. We also designed the geometry group scheme to significantly reduce the calculation effort. And proposed the Mobility offset parameter to cope with high speed mobility of the train and variation of signal level. Finally, Simulation results showed that this solution can be a good way for high network energy efficiency and can dynamically adjust the output power for the multicast service in the wireless cellular railway communication network.     

On-line classroom visual tracking and quality evaluation by an advanced feature mining technique

With the rapid development of computer vision and multimedia technology, especially the visual tracking technology and network transmission, teacher-centered education is popular nowadays. The shortcomings of the conventional classroom teaching mode by manually student behavior analysis are gradually becoming less effective. Aiming at the main problems existing in the application of classroom teaching video resources in multimedia teaching, in this paper, we proposed an online classroom visual data tracking system, associated with an advanced tracking quality evaluation method based on data mining. Our proposed framework can offer a scientific basis for improving the quality of online education by discovering students’ learning patterns from their online learning data. The evaluation results can effectively demonstrated that the mining of various learning information of students is useful, and obtained the classification rules that affect the learning effect toward students. These clues can be adopted to uncover the learning effect of students and provide individual guidance for students’ learning behaviors. This work can reveal the pattern online classroom image teaching behavior from the perspective of behavior chain. We also noticed the online classroom visual tracking behavior can be divided into several components: selection, presentation, mapping, analysis and collection, as well as the analysis from students facial expression.     

基于4G网络的移动多媒体传输关键技术

针对3G网络在移动状态下传输高清视频画面会遇到画面质量差、卡阻等现象的问题,对4G网络移动多媒体传输进行了简要介绍。依托快速发展的4G网络,通过集成视频压缩、网络传输等关键技术,详细计算得出移动高清视频经过视频编码标准H.265压缩后可以在4G网络下高质高速的传输。在此基础上,构建了视频传输系统实现方案,重点阐述系统中移动多媒体服务器缓冲区的码率控制和适用于4G网络的RTP协议封包格式的2个衔接作用,可有效解决当前3G网络移动视频信号传输的质量问题。     

Cross-layer architecture for scalable video transmission in wireless network

Multimedia applications such as video conference, digital video broadcasting (DVB), and streaming video and audio have been gaining popularity during last years and the trend has been to allocate these services more and more also on mobile users. The demand of quality of service (QoS) for multimedia raises huge challenges on the network design, not only concerning the physical bandwidth but also the protocol design and services. One of the goals for system design is to provide efficient solutions for adaptive multimedia transmission over different access networks in all-IP environment. The joint source and channel coding (JSCC/D) approach has already given promising results in optimizing multimedia transmission. However, in practice, arranging the required control mechanism and delivering the required side information through network and protocol stack have caused problems and quite often the impact of network has been neglected in studies. In this paper we propose efficient cross-layer communication methods and protocol architecture in order to transmit the control information and to optimize the multimedia transmission over wireless and wired IP networks. We also apply this architecture to the more specific case of streaming of scalable video streams. Scalable video coding has been an active research topic recently and it offers simple and flexible solutions for video transmission over heterogeneous networks to heterogeneous terminals. In addition it provides easy adaptation to varying transmission conditions. In this paper we illustrate how scalable video transmission can be improved with efficient use of the proposed cross-layer design, adaptation mechanisms and control information.