腌制对鸭蛋中油脂品质的影响

以新鲜鸭蛋为原料,采用裹蛋腌制法制备咸鸭蛋。研究了腌制过程中不同腌制时间对咸鸭蛋的蛋黄指数、水分含量,以及对蛋黄油皂化值、酸值、胆固醇含量、脂肪酸构成等指标的影响。研究结果表明,随着腌制时间的延长,鸭蛋中的水分含量逐渐降低,而蛋黄指数、蛋黄油皂化值、酸值、胆固醇含量逐渐增加。腌制后的鸭蛋中不饱和脂肪酸含量略有降低,而饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸含量略有增加。总体而言,腌制并没有鸭蛋中蛋黄油的食用品质产生严重的影响。     

咸蛋黄成熟机制及品质影响因素研究进展

论述咸蛋黄在腌制中的蛋黄指数、出油、起沙的变化规律及其品质影响因素,归纳出成熟机制主要是食盐的渗透作用和脱水作用引起蛋内物理化学性质变化。腌制温度、腌制方法、保藏时间、食盐用量、酸性、碱性添加剂等因素都会影响蛋黄品质,在加工中对其进行控制,对提高产品的稳定性和质量会有所帮助。     

真空腌制条件对猪肉食盐渗透规律及品质变化的影响

以猪肉为原材料,探讨了不同真空度以及真空腌制时间对其在真空腌制过程中的食盐渗透规律及品质变化的影响。实验数据表明：随着真空度及腌制时间的增大,食盐内渗量以指数方式增长,猪肉水分含量不断减小,并在6 h左右分别达到渗透平衡;猪肉在腌制过程中一直保持增重且增重率随腌制时间的延长而极显著增大;猪肉食盐渗透速率显著减小,食盐渗透速率常数随真空度的增大而先增后减,并在0.08 MPa下达到最大值0.977。在品质变化方面,真空度对猪肉的pH值没有显著影响,盐溶液中可溶性蛋白含量随真空度的增大先增后减且在0.08 MPa下达到最大值;在真空腌制过程中,猪肉的L*值和b*值不断增大,a*值不断减小,嫩度显著提高;硬度、弹性和咀嚼性不断增大,恢复性逐渐减小,粘聚性先减小后增大。     

咸蛋黄快速腌制方法的研究

蛋黄和蛋清分离后直接对蛋黄进行腌制,可以达到咸蛋黄快速腌制的目的,选择了三种咸蛋黄腌制的方法,分别是半透膜法、冷．热变性法和模具定型干腌法。研究结果表明,模具定型干腌法效果最好,腌制48h后蛋黄出油多、松沙、风味纯正。     

鸭蛋腌制期间某些成分变化的研究（Ⅱ）──利用某些易测指标检测含油量

本试验以鲜鸭蛋重量、蛋清含水量、蛋黄含水量和蛋黄含油量等易测指标为自变量，建立鸭蛋腌制０天、１０天、２０天和３０天时蛋黄含油量回归方程．这种方程较为简单，便于实际应用．     

解冻、腌制方法对猪肉及香肠品质的影响

目的研究解冻方式、腌制条件对猪肉及香肠品质的影响。方法冷冻猪肉分别采用微波、流水、室温、低温解冻,采用4℃和10℃干腌法、湿腌法腌制,以解冻损失率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力、加压失水率、色泽评价猪肉及香肠品质。结果流水解冻与低温解冻解冻损失率较低,低温解冻蒸煮损失率最低,解冻的猪肉剪切力显著高于新鲜猪肉,常温解冻猪肉剪切力最低,而流水解冻猪肉加压失水率最低;干腌与湿腌对猪肉L*值影响不显著,干腌法腌制猪肉a*值、b*值高于湿腌法腌制猪肉,随着温度升高,干腌法腌制猪肉a*值降低,b*值增加,而湿腌法腌制猪肉a*值、b*值均降低;采用干腌法加工的香肠其水分含量、剪切力低于湿腌法,而蒸煮损失率高于湿腌法。结论流水解冻与低温解冻有利于保持猪肉品质,4℃干腌法加工香肠品质较高。     

腌制预处理对红烧肉品质的影响

为探明原料肉腌制处理对红烧肉品质的影响,采用注射腌制（injection marination,IM）和静态变压腌制 （variable pressure static marination,VPSM）处理原料肉,以非腌制组作为对照,分析不同腌制处理的中间品和 成品的腌制吸收率、出品率、pH值、食盐含量、水分含量、蛋白质与脂肪含量、色泽、剪切力与质构、滴水损失 率、离心损失率、水分存在状态和微观结构,探讨原料肉经腌制、红烧后产品品质的形成规律。结果表明：VPSM 组腌制吸收率为2.46%,显著高于IM组（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,原料肉经腌制后,中间品与红烧成品的水分含 量、出品率均显著提高（P＜0.05）;从原料肉到腌制后中间品直到红烧后成品,滴水损失率和离心损失率均显著降 低（P＜0.05）,且VPSM组最低。与IM组相比,VPSM组保水性更优,红烧肉出品率显著提高（P＜0.05）。经腌制 红烧后,与对照组相比,实验组脂肪含量显著下降,蛋白质含量呈先显著升高后显著下降的趋势（P＜0.05）。就 亮度值（L*）而言,与原料肉相比,IM组与VPSM组中间品L*值均显著上升,IM组成品L*值显著升高,而VPSM组 则显著下降（P＜0.05）。而与原料肉和对照组相比,VPSM成品的红度值（a*）、黄度值（b*）均最高,且差异显 著（P＜0.05）。与对照组相比,腌制预处理会显著降低成品红烧肉的剪切力与硬度（P＜0.05）。在预处理组中, VPSM效果最优。低场核磁共振T2弛豫时间检测结果显示原料肉经腌制后,不易流动水含量上升,且VPSM组高于IM 组。扫描电子显微镜观察结果显示,经腌制红烧后的成品纤维结构受到破坏,且VPSM组结构更为松散,纤维间隙最 大,有利于提高其保水性。VPSM可有效改善红烧肉加工品质,为改善红烧肉加工工艺提供了理论支持。     

腌制方式对鸭肉腌制速率及品质的影响

为缩短腌制时间、降低生产成本、提高产品品质、指导鸭肉快速腌制,以鸭胸肉为研究对象,考察常压腌制(对照组)、真空滚揉腌制和静态变压腌制方式对鸭肉腌制速率及品质的影响。结果表明:真空滚揉腌制对比静态变压腌制和常压腌制显著(P<0.05)增加了腌制速率,静态变压腌制与常压腌制差异不明显。真空滚揉腌制2 h亮度值(L*)显著升高(P<0.05),红度值(a*)和黄度值(b*)显著降低(P<0.05),肉块色泽得到改善;剪切力显著降低(P<0.05),硬度显著降低(P<0.05),提高肉块嫩度;但此时蒸煮损失显著(P<0.05)高于其他2种腌制方式。静态变压腌制4 h咀嚼性、内聚性、回复性最低,其他品质与常压6 h无显著差异(P>0.05)。低场核磁共振结果显示,腌制8 h真空滚揉腌制不易流动水横向弛豫时间显著减小(P<0.05),静态变压腌制与常压腌制差异不显著(P>0.05)。在同一腌制方式中真空滚揉腌制不易流动水峰面积百分比最大在2 h处,静态变压腌制4 h最大,常压腌制6 h最大。综上,最佳腌制方式时间为真空滚揉腌制小于2 h、静态变...     

不同腌制工艺对鸡胸肉品质的影响

为了选择适合企业生产实际和安全高效的肉品腌制工艺,本文以鸡胸肉为原料,分别以高压技术（150MPa）、真空技术（-86kPa）以及常压技术三种不同的腌制方法,对比研究了三种腌制工艺中鸡胸肉相关的品质指标特性。真空腌制（-86kPa）条件下鸡胸肉的保水性、挥发性盐基氮、过氧化物值、盐溶蛋白以及亚硝酸含量等指标相对其他组最优。真空腌制技术相对于常压技术,提高了腌制效率以及改善腌制品品质,较高压腌制技术也更安全,操作更方便。     

不同腌制方式对猪肉食用品质的影响

为缩短腌制时间成本,提高肉品食用品质,寻找更适宜工业化的腌制手法.试验以猪里脊肉作为腌制样品,分别探究静态变压腌制、真空滚揉腌制及脉动真空滚揉腌制3种腌制方式对猪里脊肉片腌制效果、保水能力、嫩度、保水蛋白以及感官品质的影响.结果 得出:脉动真空滚揉腌制效果最好(P＜0.05),经脉动真空滚揉腌制后猪里脊肉的L*值显著提...     

腌制过程咸蛋黄的脂质特性研究

经过食盐的腌制作用,鸭蛋黄出现了明显的出油和固化现象,蛋黄脂质发生了微弱的氧化。共轭二烯酸(CDA)含量在第7周达到最大值0.21%,随后下降,而游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量在第11周出现最大值3.4%。经脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析发现,腌制后咸蛋黄与新鲜蛋黄脂肪酸的组成含量差异不明显。新鲜蛋黄和咸蛋黄中同时发现一定含量的对人体有益的脂肪酸,如共轭亚油酸和花生四烯酸。新鲜蛋黄和咸蛋黄均含有大量不饱和脂肪酸,含量约为67.8%。     

Effect of salting processes on chemical composition,textural properties and microstructure of duck egg

BACKGROUND: Salted eggs have been produced in Thailand and consumed nationwide. Salted egg can be made by brining eggs in saturated saline or by coating the egg with soil paste mixed with salt. The achievement of salting is generally indicated by the textural development of egg yolk. Yolk property is therefore a prime factor governing consumer acceptability and market demand. The objective of this study was to determine chemical composition, textural properties and microstructure of duck egg obtained from the coating and immersing methods at different salting times. RESULTS: Decreases in moisture content with coincidental increases in salt content in both egg white and yolk were observed during salting, regardless of salting process. However, no difference in salt content was noticeable in yolks (P > 0.05). The paste coating method tended to yield greater oil exudation of egg yolk than the immersing method. Maximum transition temperature (T_max) of egg proteins and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) value in yolk increased with increasing salting time. A similar hardening ratio of yolk was observed in both processes. Higher hardness and adhesiveness were found in yolk with the paste coating method, whereas greater fracturability, springiness, gumminess and chewiness were observed with the immersing method. Nevertheless, both processes rendered the yolk with similar cohesiveness. Yolk granules were aligned closely when salting proceeded, irrespective of salting process. CONCLUSION: Dehydration and release of lipids in egg yolk increased with increasing salting time and were more pronounced with the paste coating method. Therefore salting processes affected the properties of salted eggs. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of salting processes and time on the chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg

Chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg salted by 2 methods (coating and immersing) were determined during 4 wk of salting. As the salting time increased, moisture content increased and salt content decreased for both cooked salted egg white and yolk. Oil exudation of cooked yolk and expressible water content of cooked egg white obtained from both salting methods increased as salting proceeded (P < 0.05). After cooking, oil exudation accompanied by the solubilized pigments, especially at the outer layer of yolk, was obtained. At week 3 of salting, egg yolk from coating method had the higher egg exudation than that from immersing method. As the salting times increased, the lower hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience with higher adhesiveness and cohesiveness were generally found in cooked salted egg white (P < 0.05), irrespective of salting methods. Conversely, the hardness of cooked yolk increased continuously and reached the maximum at week 2 and 2 to 3 for immersing and coating method (P < 0.05), respectively. Confocal laser scanning micrographs revealed the smaller yolk granules with more release of free lipid in salted egg after heating, compared with the fresh counterpart. As visualized by scanning electron microscope, gel of cooked salted egg white was coagulum type with larger voids. Salting methods determined oil exudation in egg yolk and texture profile of egg white gel after cooking; however, those attributes were also governed by the salting time. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Salted duck egg can be made by 2 methods (coating and immersing) affecting the characteristic of salted egg white and yolk after cooking. Desirable cooked salted egg having the red yolk with hardness and high oil exudation could be obtained when salting was carried out for 3 and 4 wk for immersing and coating method, respectively.     

Changes in chemical composition,physical properties and microstructure of duck egg as influenced by salting

Changes in chemical composition, physical properties and microstructure of duck egg, during salting for up to 14 days, were determined. Duck egg consisted of 10.87% shell, 54.73% egg white and 33.94% yolk. Salting resulted in an increase in weight proportion of egg white, but a decrease in yolk proportion. Moisture contents of both egg white and yolk decreased gradually with concomitant increases in salt and ash contents as the salting time increased. Protein and lipid contents increased slightly in both interior (viscous portion) and exterior (hardened portion) egg yolk with increasing salting time. Oil exudation was observed in yolk, particularly in exterior yolk. Triacylglycerols and phospholipid, found as the major lipids in egg yolk, underwent slight changes, but no differences in protein patterns of either egg white or egg yolk were observed during salting. Hardening ratio and hardness of egg yolk increased with increasing salting time. Adhesiveness and gumminess also increased, while springiness, cohesiveness and gumminess decreased slightly when the salting time increased. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed that yolk granule was polyhedral in shape and aligned closely when the salting proceeded. Protein spheres were distributed uniformly, together with oil droplets, in salted yolk, as visualised by transmission electron microscopy. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) micrographs indicated that the greater dehydration and release of lipids took place in egg yolk during salting.     

关于鸡蛋黄、鸭蛋黄、咸鸡蛋黄、咸鸭蛋黄四种蛋黄风味物质的研究

咸蛋因其鲜嫩可口,营养丰富是一直深受国内外消费者喜欢的传统美食.尤其是咸蛋黄不仅可以直接食用,还被用于添加至月饼等糕点中,提高产品的口感与营养.鸡蛋、鸭蛋经腌制后产生了更多宜人的口感和风味.文章运用顶空微萃取技术与气质联用相结合的方法对鸡蛋黄、鸭蛋黄、咸鸡蛋黄和咸鸭蛋黄四种蛋黄进行了挥发性风味物质的研究.     

利用核磁共振技术研究食盐对鸭蛋黄品质的影响

利用低场核磁共振及其成像技术研究食盐对鸭蛋黄品质影响的作用机制。在不同食盐添加量条件下,测定蛋黄质构特性、可溶性蛋白含量和出油率的变化,并分析蛋黄弛豫特性分别与质构特性和出油率之间的相关性。结果表明:食盐对蛋黄质构特性及弛豫特性有显著性影响,且随着食盐添加量的增加呈现规律性变化,而随着食盐添加量的增加,蛋黄可溶性蛋白含量先增加后下降,出油率先下降后上升,并分析得出蛋黄弛豫特性与蛋黄质构特性和出油率均呈显著相关性。表明食盐会改变鸭蛋黄内部氢质子的迁移及分布,导致鸭蛋黄质构特性及出油率发生改变,进而影响鸭蛋黄的品质。      

鹌鹑蛋黄粉加工工艺研究

以鹌鹑蛋黄液为原料,研究鹌鹑蛋黄粉的加工工艺。结果表明,烘干法和微波干燥法不适于制备鹌鹑蛋黄粉。喷雾干燥的最佳工艺参数为进风温度180～200℃、进料速度8mL/min、进料温度50℃、转速15000～18000r/min。真空干燥的最佳工艺参数为真空度0.06MPa、温度50℃。冷冻干燥制备鹌鹑蛋黄粉,蛋黄液的最佳厚度为6mm,干燥压力20Pa。     

鸭蛋黄中卵磷脂的提取工艺优化

目的 优化鸭蛋黄中卵磷脂的提取工艺。方法 无水乙醇:石油醚(2.5:1, V:V)复合溶剂萃取, 协同超声微波处理, 吸附剂进行除杂, 通过单因素实验比较提取次数、丙酮用量、提取时间、提取温度对卵磷脂提取含量的影响, 探讨适宜的提取工艺。结果 蛋壳粉作为吸附剂, 萃取剂为无水乙醇和石油醚, 提取2次, 提取时间40 min, 丙酮用量: 粗提物(3:1, V:V), 提取温度为35 ℃, 提取的卵磷脂含量高达86.7%。结论 蛋壳粉可作为提取蛋黄卵磷脂中替代Al2O3的除杂剂, 此溶剂萃取工艺可从鸭蛋黄中提取含量较高的卵磷脂产品, 可作为无精鸭蛋黄中卵磷脂的粗提工艺。     

蛋黄中卵磷脂提取方法的研究

介绍了用单一和混合溶剂进行蛋黄中卵磷脂的抽提比较，结果表明，用混合溶剂效果在提取率和纯度上均优于单一溶剂。