NaCl对冻藏期间冰全蛋功能性质的影响

为改善冰全蛋的功能性质,开发专用型冰全蛋产品,以鲜蛋为原料,研究了6 个月冻藏期内不同添加量NaCl（0.5%、1%、2%和4%）对冰全蛋功能性质的影响,并结合理化性质的变化对其原因进行分析。结果发现,冰全蛋表面疏水性随冻藏时间延长和NaCl添加量的增加而升高,而总巯基和表面巯基含量均随冻藏时间的延长而降低,但随NaCl添加量的增加呈现复杂变化。冰全蛋的溶解度随冻藏时间的延长而降低,添加1%和2%的NaCl冰全蛋的溶解度明显高于空白组;随冻藏时间的延长,冰全蛋的起泡性整体呈下降趋势,泡沫稳定性整体呈上升趋势,其中添加2%的NaCl可以显著改善冰全蛋的起泡性,60～180 d后起泡性仍优于未冻藏未加盐冰全蛋,且优于鲜蛋。同时,凝胶强度及凝胶持水性均在冻藏初期增加而后持续下降,添加1%的NaCl可以显著改善冰全蛋的凝胶性,30 d后凝胶性仍高于未冻藏未加盐冰全蛋,且高于鲜蛋。所以添加一定量的NaCl可改善冰全蛋的功能性质,为开发专用型冰全蛋的生产提供理论指导。     

戚风蛋糕的制作

戚风蛋糕是英文Chiffon Cake的音译，属海绵蛋糕这一基本类型。戚风蛋糕的制法与分蛋搅拌式海绵蛋糕相类似(所谓分蛋搅拌，是指蛋白和蛋黄分开搅打好后，再予以混合的方法)，即是在制作分蛋搅拌式海绵蛋糕的基础上，调整原料比例，并且在搅拌蛋黄和蛋白时，分别加入发粉和塔塔粉。     

磷脂酶A改性的蛋黄功能性质及其对蛋制品品质影响

采用磷脂酶A水解蛋黄中的卵磷脂生成溶血卵磷脂，转化度为80％。研究了磷脂酶A改性蛋黄的功能性质及其对蛋黄酱和面包品质的影响。改性蛋黄功能性实验表明：酶法改性之后的蛋黄比普通蛋黄具有更大的乳化稳定性、吸湿性，以及显著的耐热性。蛋黄酱应用实验表明：相对普通蛋黄制作的蛋黄酱，酶法改性的蛋黄制作的蛋黄酱黏度是其1．5倍，而且改性蛋黄制作的蛋黄酱可经受100℃，30min的热处理而不会有油析出。面包应用实验表明：改性蛋黄制作的面包具有更高的综合评分，比普通蛋黄对面包具有更好的抗老化效果。     

米糠可溶性膳食纤维对降低蛋黄酱中胆固醇含量及流变特性的影响

本实验在优化普通蛋黄酱加工工艺的基础上添加米糠可溶性膳食纤维(RB-SDF),通过产品触变性分析确定RB-SDF最佳添加量,从而获得了低胆固醇含量的蛋黄酱,并讨论了RB-SDF对静态、动态流变特性的影响。结果表明普通蛋黄酱的最佳加工工艺为蛋黄量11.0%,油用量74%,搅拌时间20 min,搅拌速率为4档(14400 r/min),RB-SDF添加量为2.0%,此时产品触变性较小。所制得的蛋黄酱中游离的胆固醇含量为1.26 mg/g,低于自制普通蛋黄酱(2.21 mg/g)。与市售的3种蛋黄酱比较,低胆固醇蛋黄酱流变特性略低于丘比蛋黄酱和香甜酱,但优于丘比千岛酱。     

不同大豆源油脂体对蛋黄酱组成及性质的影响

本研究为了实现大豆油脂体部分替代蛋黄以研发出低脂低胆固醇的蛋黄酱,以高油和低油大豆源油脂体为研究对象,用大豆油脂体部分(油脂体和蛋黄比例为8:2和9:1)及全部替代蛋黄制作蛋黄酱,比较分析了油脂体对蛋黄酱的基本成分、脂肪酸、磷脂及V_E含量的影响,并对蛋黄酱的粘度、质构及流变性进行了分析。结果表明,油脂体蛋黄酱蛋白质含量显著高于普通蛋黄酱(p<0.05),而水分、脂肪、胆固醇、棕榈油酸、磷脂含量均显著低于普通蛋黄酱(p<0.05),油脂体蛋黄酱含有更多的DL-α-生育酚和γ-生育酚;同源油脂体蛋黄酱随油脂体含量增大,水分和蛋白质呈上升趋势,脂肪和胆固醇呈下降趋势;同比例下高油大豆油脂体水分、脂肪和蛋白质含量均显著低于低油大豆油脂体蛋黄酱(p<0.05),而胆固醇含量则显著高于低油大豆油脂体蛋黄酱(p<0.05);油脂体蛋黄酱的粘度、质构和流变性低于普通蛋黄酱;同源油脂体蛋黄酱随油脂体含量增大,粘度和质构性质表现越好,而油脂体含量大小对蛋黄酱流变性影响不大,同比例不同源油脂体蛋黄酱的粘度、质构和流变性无显著差异(p>0.05);流变性分析表明,蛋黄酱为假塑性流体,呈现出弱凝胶性。本研究实现了低脂低胆固醇蛋黄酱的开发,主要采用低油大豆油脂体制作蛋黄酱,油脂体与蛋黄添加比例为9:1。     

不同来源的蛋白质饲料对鲜鸭蛋感官品质与食用品质的影响

目的 探究不同来源的蛋白质饲料配比对鲜鸭蛋品质的影响。方法 以玉米-豆粕日粮中添加不同配比的菜粕、棉粕、皮革粉为不同蛋白来源饲料, 按不同配比分成10组, 分别为全豆粕组(对照组), 12%菜粕和8%棉粕组, 16%菜粕和8%棉粕组, 20%菜粕和8%棉粕组, 12%棉粕和8%菜粕组, 16%棉粕和8%菜粕组, 20%棉粕和8%菜粕组, 8%菜粕和8%棉粕组, 3.5%皮革粉组, 7%皮革粉组, 测定各组鲜鸭蛋的蛋重、蛋黄比例、蛋黄颜色、蛋形指数、哈夫单位, 以及水分含量、蛋白质含量及质构特性。结果 不同添加比例的棉粕、菜粕、皮革粉对鲜蛋蛋黄比例和蛋黄颜色均有显著性影响(P<0.05), 对鲜蛋蛋清弹性也有显著性影响(P<0.05); 随着菜粕添加比例的增加, 蛋重呈下降趋势, 蛋黄比例呈上升趋势, 以12%的比例添加菜粕蛋黄色度最高。棉粕组蛋重、蛋黄色度明显下降, 蛋黄比例略微升高; 皮革粉组蛋黄色泽最差; 棉粕添加会使鲜蛋弹性明显增加。 结论 棉粕、菜粕、皮革粉喂养蛋鸭会显著影响鸭蛋品质。菜粕的添加量以不高于12%为宜, 棉粕的添加量以不高于8%为宜, 皮革粉不适用于蛋鸭的喂养。     

不同解冻方法对冰蛋黄功能特性、理化特性及蛋白质结构的影响

为缓解冻融对蛋黄品质的劣变影响,本研究以鲜蛋黄为对照组,以经室温自然解冻、静水浴解冻、超声波解冻及微波解冻处理的冰蛋黄为实验组,对其主要功能特性（蛋白质溶解性、乳化特性和凝胶特性等）、理化特性（质构特性、粒径和巯基与二硫键含量等）进行表征与对比分析,同时结合拉曼光谱探究各解冻方法下蛋白质结构的变化。结果表明：冰蛋黄在室温下自然解冻后的浊度最大,拉曼光谱显示脂蛋白烷基链C＝C伸缩振动强度最小,蛋白质二级结构中β-折叠相对含量最高,该解冻方法下蛋白质的交联聚集程度最高;静水浴解冻后蛋黄的蛋白质溶解性、乳化活性及乳化稳定性均显著低于超声波解冻（P＜0.05）,表面疏水性最强;微波解冻下蛋黄的二硫键含量显著高于超声波解冻（P＜0.05）,脂肪族氨基酸非对称C—H弯曲振动强度最大,蛋白质α-螺旋结构相对含量最低,解冻后有凝胶微粒形成;超声波解冻下蛋黄的乳化活性与乳化稳定性均较高,粒径最小且分布最为集中,硬度、内聚性及黏性等质构特性均较小且与鲜蛋黄无显著性差异（P＞0.05）。综上,本研究证明超声波解冻是冰蛋黄较为适用的解冻方法。     

不同鲜蛋液对鲜切面品质影响的研究

在面条生产中添加鸡蛋可以改善面条的口感和营养价值.本实验分别添加鲜蛋液、蛋清液和蛋黄液制作鲜切面,通过测定其蒸煮品质及质构特性,研究了三种蛋液对鲜切面品质的影响.     

响应面法优化黑芝麻威风蛋糕的制作工艺

以黑芝麻戚风蛋糕的基本配方为基础。以蛋白调制时间、烘烤温度、烘烤时间3个因素为影响因素,感官评分为响应值,在单因素试验基础上,利用Box-Behnken试验设计方法,对黑芝麻戚风蛋糕的制作工艺进行优化。结果表明,黑芝麻戚风蛋糕的最佳工艺参数为蛋黄面糊调制时间9 min、蛋白调制时间2.25 min、烘烤温度130℃、烘烤时间20 min,在此条件下制得的产品色香味俱佳,感官评分可达90.17分。     

不同源大豆油脂体对蛋黄酱组成成分及稳定性的影响

以高油和低油大豆源油脂体为研究对象,比较分析了油脂体对蛋黄酱基本组成成分及贮藏稳定性的影响,并对蛋黄酱进行了感官评价。结果表明,油脂体蛋黄酱蛋白质含量显著高于普通蛋黄酱(p<0.05),而水分、脂肪、胆固醇、棕榈油酸含量均显著低于普通蛋黄酱(p<0.05);相同比例下高油油脂体蛋黄酱水分、蛋白质含量显著低于低油油脂体蛋黄酱(p<0.05),而胆固醇含量则显著高于低油大豆油脂体蛋黄酱(p<0.05);全高油和全低油油脂体蛋黄酱胆固醇含量(768.942%±0.892%,601.639%±2.330%)均显著低于纯蛋黄蛋黄酱(808.157%±0.603%)(p<0.05);油脂体蛋黄酱与普通蛋黄酱相比具有更好的贮藏稳定性,相同比例下低油大豆油脂体蛋黄酱具有更好的贮藏稳定性;普通蛋黄酱和油脂体蛋黄酱在外观形态和气味上差异不显著(p>0.05),在色泽和口感上差异显著(p<0.05);除色泽外,相同比例下油脂体蛋黄酱在其他感官上无显著差异(p>0.05)。本文实现了大豆油脂体低胆固醇蛋黄酱的开发,提高了蛋黄酱的贮藏稳定性,为大豆油脂体更好地应用于食品工业生产提供理论基础。     

Processing and Sensory Evaluation of Scrambled Eggs Containing Defatted Yolk Solids

Egg yolk solids defatted with hexane were incorporated into frozen and spray-dried scrambled egg products. Part of the egg oil removed was replaced with nonfat oil replacers. Both products were evaluated by sensory panels. The frozen product was compared with frozen whole egg and a nonyolk, commercial frozen product. The spray-dried product was compared with a nonyolk, commercial dried product. In the frozen products, the whole egg was preferred over both the defatted frozen product and nonyolk, commercial frozen product, with the defatted and nonyolk products being equally acceptable. In the dried products, the spray-dried scrambled eggs were preferred over the nonyolk, commercial dried product. The products formulated from defatted yolk solids contained 84% less lipid and 79% less cholesterol than products made from fresh whole eggs.     

充气鲜蛋贮存运输箱的研制

养禽业的发展和人们对鲜蛋及其制品需求增加，其鲜蛋的贮存，包装和运输问题显得十分突出。根据蛋类贮存保鲜的特性以及运输条件的要 ，成功地研制出充气蛋类贮存运输箱。通过充气蛋类贮存运输箱，鲜蛋进行自由落体振动试验和运输振动试验。其结果表明，充气蛋类贮存运输箱能较好地解决鲜蛋贮存运输过程中破损率和散黄率较高的问题，并延长其保鲜期。有较好的推广使用价值。     

Volatiles and Sensory Characteristics of Cooked Egg Yolk, White and Their Combinations

Headspace volatiles were produced by heating fresh egg yolk, white and different ratios of yolk to white. Volatiles of the same treatments produced during steam distillation extraction were identified, compared, and related to sensory characteristics of fresh scrambled eggs. Overall impression, sulfur, and sweet notes were sensory characteristics identified to distinguish between samples with varying yolkwhite ratios. Volatile concentrations of compounds in the headspace, and steam distillation/ solvent extracts were used to distinguish between scrambled eggs with different yolk:white ratios. The concentration of both egg yolk and white had a significant effect on fresh scrambled egg sensory characteristics and flavor volatiles. The contribution of both must be considered when producing egg substitutes.     

Physical and Functional Properties of 10% Salted Egg Yolk in Mayonnaise

Stability of mayonnaise prepared from 10% salted egg yolk was decreased by freezing, spray-drying or freeze-drying of the yolk. Storage of salted yolk for 90 days further decreased stability of mayonnaise made from freeze-dried yolk but not that made from frozen spraydried yolk. Stiffness of mayonnaise was increased by pasteurization but stability was increased only at the lesser of two heat treatments. Size of fat globules in the mayonnaise was inversely related to mayonnaise stability.     

冷冻储存对鸡蛋理化性质及微观结构的影响

本文通过测定pH、粘度、回弹高度和结构的变化,表征了置于-20 ℃下,储存不同的时间的新鲜鸡蛋的全蛋、蛋清、蛋黄、熟蛋及熟蛋黄的性质变化。实验结果表明：在-20 ℃下,新鲜鸡蛋随储存时间的增加,煮熟的全蛋回弹高度变小,熟蛋黄的回弹高度增大,从5 h到36 h,熟蛋黄的回弹高度从提高了2倍到4倍;蛋黄、蛋清和全蛋的pH值和粘度均发生了明显的变化,且pH的变化在储存10 h后更为显著;储存10 h的蛋清、蛋黄结构开始发生变化,蛋黄在冷冻24 h后质地变得较为平滑、紧密,可清楚表现为形成凝胶,到冷冻36 h后达到不可逆的变化。因此：在-20 ℃下,储存10 h,新鲜鸡蛋的品质已经由合格品下降为不合格的次品。     

EFFECT OF SPRAY-DRIED OR REDUCED-CHOLESTEROL YOLK AND TEMPERATURE ON THE LINEAR VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF MAYONNAISE

The dynamic viscoelastic properties of five mayonnaise products were evaluated at 5–30C and 0,031-31,4 s⁻¹. The composition of the products was held constant, while the type of egg product was varied. Two egg yolks (native and spraydried) and three whole egg products (native, dried-yolk containing and low-in-cholesterol-yolk containing) were used as the emulsifiers. Temperature generally produces a decrease in the viscoelastic functions. A replacement of yolk (native or not) by egg white reduces the viscoelastic properties of mayonnaise. Processed yolk gives rise to greater viscoelastic parameters than native yolk. This effect loses significance when yolk is diluted by native egg white. The low-cholesterol mayonnaise has similar viscoelastic properties when compared to commercial mayonnaise.     

INFLUENCE OF FROZEN STORAGE TIME ON PROPERTIES OF SALTED YOLK AND ITS FUNCTIONALITY IN MAYONNAISE1

The effect of frozen storage time on apparent viscosity of yolk, emulsification capacity, and functionality of salted egg yolk in mayonnaise was studied. Apparent viscosity of yolk increased considerably after only 24 h of frozen stage. Apparent viscosity of yolk stored 30 days was approximately three times greater than that stored 24 h. Yolk stored 90 days had the highest apparent viscosity. Storage of yolk for even 24 h resulted in a reduction in emulsification capacity. Yolk stored 30 days had the lowest emulsification capacity at 5.92. Yolk stored 60 days had an emulsification capacity of 6.10, and that stored 90 days had an emulsification capacity of 6.06. Mayonnaise made from yolk stored 60 days had the highest apparent viscosity and the lowest spread. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference in apparent viscosity and spread of mayonnaise made from yolk stored 0, 30, or 90 days. Mayonnaise made from yolk stored 24 h had a mean stability of 22 days. Subsequent frozen storage of yolk for 30, 60, and 90 days produced mayonnaise with mean stabilities of 21, 20, and 21 days, respectively.     

Studies on organoleptic properties of food products from fresh egg and egg powder through principal component analysis

The population which is below the poverty line is devoid of nutritious diet. Egg and milk are categorized as complete foods. The defensive organizations are situated in such remote places where fresh food material is not available. Keeping in view these problems, the study of organoleptic variables, viz., color, appearance, aroma, texture and taste in the food products of cake, omelet doughnut, coconut macaroon and mayonnaise from fresh egg and egg powder, was conducted. Principal component analysis was carried out. Organoleptic properties of doughnut prepared from egg powder were superior compared to fresh egg which had better sensory traits for coconut macaroon. The sensory traits like taste, texture and aroma were the most influential traits studied to pronouncing as a panel decision. It is proposed that fresh egg and egg powder should be preferred in the process of preparation of coconut macaroon and doughnut, respectively.     

EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF SHELL EGGS AND MAYONNAISE PREPARED FROM IRRADIATED EGGS

Shell eggs were irradiated at doses of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kGy of gamma irradiation. Immediately after irradiation, bacterial, physical and chemical analyses of eggs and sensory evaluation of the mayonnaise prepared from irradiated egg yolk were performed. Results indicated that all doses of gamma irradiation reduced the total counts of mesophilic bacteria and total coliforms of eggs. The radiation dose required to reduce the Salmonella load one log cycle (D₁₀) in eggs was 448 Gy. Eggs irradiated with 1.5 kGy may be suitable microbiologically to prepare safe mayonnaise. There were no significant differences in saturated fatty acids (C14:0; C16:0; C18:0) and thiobarbituric acidvalues between the yolk lipid extracted from irradiated eggs and that of nonirradiated ones. Gamma irradiation reduced the viscosity of egg whites. Sensory evaluation showed no significant differences between mayonnaises prepared from irradiated and nonirradiated egg yolks.     

Isolation of Egg Yolk Granules as Low‐Cholesterol Emulsifying Agent in Mayonnaise

Egg yolk is an essential ingredient for many food products due to its excellent functional properties such as emulsification. However, the consumers’ concern of its cholesterol level has led food industry to seek solutions for its replacement. Utilization of low‐fat egg yolk granules as emulsifier can be an alternative strategy. In this study, granules with low cholesterol content were separated from egg yolk by a simple method under easily scalable centrifugal conditions. The egg yolk granules isolated within 0.17 M NaCl solution achieved a 22.5% yield that was similar to that using higher centrifugation speeds and longer time. The yield of egg yolk granules increased from 25% to 32% when the yolk:water ratio was changed from 1:1 to 1:2. Mayonnaise was prepared to evaluate the emulsifying capacity of the egg yolk granules. It was found that egg yolk granules exhibited similar emulsifying activity as that of whole egg yolk, but a better emulsion stabilizing property that is evidenced by the higher viscosity of mayonnaise prepared with the granules. In addition, the viscosities of mayonnaise prepared by spray dried yolk and granules were slightly higher than the liquid counterpart, showing a further improvement by spray drying on the emulsion stabilizing properties. The mechanical spectra of mayonnaise samples by frequency sweep also suggested that granules favored the formation of stronger 3‐dimensional arrangements of oil droplets and therefore a more stable emulsion. Results suggest that granules isolated within 0.17 M NaCl solution present best emulsifying properties and can be applied as whole yolk replacer in food emulsions.