不吃饹馇宴，不算到唐山

<正>饹馇（ge zha）,是唐山遵化的名食之一,由绿豆磨浆制成,可煎炒烹炸,是唐山地区百姓逢年过节、婚丧嫁娶、迎来送往的必备美食。在唐山当地,还有“不吃饹馇宴,不算到唐山”的说法。太后亲赐名,饹馇永流传“饹馇”一词源于满文或蒙语的发音,其意为薄饼,这一名称与饹馇的外形十分符合。而唐山饹馇的得名并非只是字面意思,     

基于特定致腐菌的调理肉饼货架期预测模型构建

为建立调理肉饼中特定致腐菌的货架期预测模型。将特定致腐菌乳酸菌接种于经臭氧减菌化处理的调理肉饼中,真空包装后分别于-1℃、4℃、10℃、15℃和22℃条件下(温度波动为±1℃)贮藏,在贮藏期间(0～11 d)测定调理肉饼挥发性盐基氮值、pH值、硫代巴比妥酸值及菌落总数等指标,并进行感官评价,利用修正的Gompertz方程和平方根模型(B?lehrádek),建立以特定致腐菌乳酸菌为关键品质因子的调理肉饼微生物货架期模型。结果表明:修正的Gompertz方程能较好地拟合不同贮藏温度下微生物的生长曲线,应用平方根模型(B?lehrádek)描述温度对最大比生长速率(μ_(max))和迟滞期(Lag)的影响,均表现出良好的线性关系(R~2分别为0.98和0.83)。调理肉饼在-1℃、4℃、10℃、15℃和22℃下乳酸菌货架期最小腐败量对数平均值为(6.94±0.21) lg(cfu/g),平均最大菌数对数值为(8.65±0.16)lg(cfu/g),得到了在-1℃～22℃贮藏温度下调理肉饼的货架期预测模型。预测模型通过10℃和15℃贮藏温度下的货架期实测值来进行验证,相对误差均小于10%,表明基于平方根方程建立的模型可以有效地预测调理肉饼在-1℃～22℃贮藏温度条件下的特定致腐菌乳酸菌的货架期。     

低盐虾酱在不同温度下贮藏的品质变化与货架期

对低盐虾酱在20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃下贮藏的品质变化与货架期进行了研究。通过检测贮藏期间菌落总数、副溶血性弧菌、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)的变化,并结合感官品质的变化,初步推测了在不同温度下贮藏产品的货架期,并对货架期终点的指标值进行了分析。结果表明:在20℃、25℃、30℃、35℃贮藏过程中,低盐虾酱货架期分别为100d、100d、80d、60d。各温度货架期终点时的菌落总数分别为3.8×104cfu/g、3.9×104cfu/g、4.1×104cfu/g、4.2×104cfu/g,TVB-N值分别为134.6mg/100g,146.8mg/100g,148.7mg/100g,153.6mg/100g,未检出副溶血性弧菌。在4种温度贮藏条件下,感官品质的变化主要是由微生物和化学变化导致的,其变化与菌落总数、TVB-N的变化趋势基本一致。     

CO气调包装对冷却猪肉货架期及色泽的影响

冷却猪肉采用不同浓度CO气调包装和真空包装,(4±1)℃下贮藏,研究CO气调包装对其货架期和色泽的影响。结果表明,CO气调包装肉在贮藏到第25天时,TVB-N值已超过0.15mg/g,细菌总数超过106cfu/g,与真空包装相比,并不能显著地延长肉的货架期;CO气调包装肉在贮藏期中一直保持稳定的鲜红色,不同浓度CO气调包装对肉色无显著性差异,真空包装肉呈褐色或暗紫色。     

复合生物保鲜剂结合气调包装对海湾扇贝柱冷藏保鲜效果的研究

本文以海湾扇贝柱为对象,采用复合生物保鲜剂及保鲜剂结合气调包装处理,测定其在(0±1)℃冷藏过程中菌落总数、理化和感官等指标的变化,评价复合生物保鲜剂结合气调包装的保鲜效果。结果表明:各处理组的挥发性盐基氮、细菌总数、感官评分、pH、Ca2+-ATPase活性变化均与贮藏时间相关(P0.05)。空气包装组海湾扇贝柱冷藏货架期为4 d,复合生物保鲜剂处理的货架期大约为9 d;生物保鲜剂结合气调包装能够显著延长冷藏扇贝货架期,具有良好的抑菌保鲜作用,高体积分数的CO2抑菌效果较为明显,但随CO2浓度升高汁液流失严重;生物保鲜剂结合80%CO2+20%N2气调包装组冷藏贮存10 d,海湾扇贝柱的菌落总数为5.20lg(cfu/g),TVB-N值为0.12 mg/g,Ca2+-ATPase活性为0.0310μmol Pi/(mg·h)。总体结果表明,复合生物保鲜剂结合气调包装能有效延长冷藏海湾扇贝柱的货架期。     

气调包装对馒头品质及保鲜效果的影响

为延长馒头的货架期,研究了气调包装对馒头品质及保鲜效果的影响。在馒头冷却过程中辅以紫外照射,采用不同的气体条件(100%N_2,80%N_2和20%CO_2,50%N_2和50%CO2,20%N2和80%CO_2)对馒头进行包装,以空气包装为对照,测定馒头在25℃贮藏过程中微生物、理化及感官评定指标的变化。结果表明:紫外照射可有效防止二次污染。贮藏过程中馒头的菌落总数整体呈现上升趋势,包装顶空CO_2浓度越大,抑菌效果越显著,20%N2和80%CO_2气调包装的馒头在贮藏8 d后,菌落总数仍低于104cfu/g;馒头的水分含量和L*值逐渐下降;a*值、b*值和硬度呈现上升的趋势,感官上保持了馒头原有的色泽、风味和质地。高浓度CO_2的气调包装是保鲜馒头的理想手段,可将馒头的货架期延长至8 d以上。     

包装材料结合活性包装对荞麦半干面常温货架期及品质的影响

为了延长荞麦半干面的常温货架期,以聚偏二氯乙烯(PVDC)和聚乙烯(PE)为包装材料,采用不同活性包装方式(脱氧包装和脱氧结合酒精缓释包装)对其进行包装处理。考察脱氧剂、酒精缓释剂和不同包装材料对荞麦半干面货架期和储藏期间品质的影响。测定荞麦半干面在储藏期间菌落总数、酸度值、p H值、质构特性、感官品质和包装袋内顶空氧气含量、顶空酒精浓度的变化。结果表明:储藏期间菌落总数整体呈现上升趋势,脱氧结合酒精缓释包装协同抑制微生物生长。储藏9 d后,脱氧结合酒精缓释包装的面条菌落总数均未超过106cfu/g,同时显著抑制了理化品质的劣变(P0.05);脱氧剂的吸氧量越大,24 h内除氧速率越快,抑菌效果越显著;相同活性包装方式下,与PE包装材料相比,PVDC包装材料能增强其延长荞麦半干面常温货架期的作用效果。与其他包装方式相比,脱氧(200 m L)结合酒精缓释PVDC包装将荞麦半干面货架期延长至16 d,并且维持了面条储藏期间的品质。     

腐竹防霉保鲜剂应用研究

霉变、褐变是导致夏季腐竹营养与商品损失的主要因素.试验重点研究干腐竹在40℃、RH95%的高温、高湿环境下,复合型防霉护色保鲜剂的食品安全剂量及其防霉保鲜效果.结果表明:腐竹在0.10 mm OPP+Al包装中贮存90天,复合型防霉护色保鲜剂的食品安全阈值为≤13,34 g/kg;总酸含量为3.21 mg KOH/100 g,茵落总数为440 cfu/g,霉菌总数为130 cfu/g,感官评价的气味、色泽、质地、咀嚼度、表观霉变五个指标的总得分为95分.并且腐竹中的SO2残留量≤0.16 g/kg,符合国家标准GB2760-1996.     

水分含量对淡腌大黄鱼贮藏性的影响

以感官、微生物和化学变化为指标,探讨了水分含量对淡腌大黄鱼贮藏性的影响。结果表明,水分含量为60%±1%、55%±1%、50%±2%的样品货架期分别是5、9、11d。3组样品货架期终点时菌落总数(TVC)值约为8lg(cfu/g),总挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值约为30mg/100g,硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)值在贮藏期间均出现峰值。贮藏初期菌相比较单一,共检测到4种细菌,贮藏过程中菌相发生变化,货架期终点时仅残存2种细菌,分别为沃氏葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus warneri)和洛菲不动杆菌(Acinetobacter lwoffii)。     

不同贮藏温度对鲜切西州蜜瓜货架期的影响

研究不同贮藏温度下鲜切西州蜜瓜细菌生长趋势和感官质量的变化,建立微生物生长模型并以此为基础建立评价了货架期预测模型。测定在4、10、25℃下鲜切西州蜜瓜中的微生物总数,利用Origin8.0模拟Gompertz生长模型研究微生物生长规律。结果表明,试验中所建立的Gompertz模型能有效地拟合在不同贮藏温度下鲜切西州蜜瓜中微生物总数的动态变化。根据微生物生长动力学建立的货架期,可以发现鲜切西州蜜瓜的最佳贮藏温度为4℃。当微生物总数≤104cfu/g,鲜切西州蜜瓜保持新鲜状态,无明显的褐变和腐败发生,该模型预测货架期效果好,具有一定的实用价值。     

Shelf-life of a chilled precooked chicken product stored in air and under modified atmospheres: microbiological, chemical, sensory attributes

This study evaluated the effect of modified atmosphere packaging on shelf-life extension of a precooked chicken meat product stored at 4 degrees C using microbiological, physico-chemical and sensory analyses. The following gas mixtures were used: M1: 30%/70% (CO2/N2), M2: 60%/40% (CO2/N2) and M3: 90%/10% (CO2/N2). Identical chicken samples were aerobically packaged and used as control samples. Sampling was carried out at predetermined time intervals namely: 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 days. Total viable counts (TVC), Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Brochothrix thermosphacta, pseudomonads, yeasts and molds, and Enterobacteriaceae were monitored. TVC of precooked chicken product reached 7 log cfu/g, after days 12 and 16 of storage (air and M1 samples), respectively. The M2 and M3 gas mixture packaged samples did not reach this value throughout the 20 days storage period under refrigeration. LAB and to a lesser degree B. thermosphacta, constituted part of the natural microflora of precooked chicken samples stored in air and under MAP reaching 7.0-8.1 log cfu/g at the end of storage period. Of the remaining bacterial species monitored, both pseudomonads and yeasts/molds were significantly higher (P<0.05) for chicken samples stored in air than under MAP (M1, M2, M3) throughout the entire storage period under refrigeration. Finally, counts of Enterobacteriaceae were low (<2 log cfu/g) in all chicken samples irrespective of the packaging conditions throughout the entire storage period. Of the chemical indices determined, thiobarbituric (TBA) values in all cases remained low, equal or lower than 3.0 mg malonaldehyde (MA)/kg during the entire storage period. Results of the present work show that the limit of sensory acceptability was only reached for the aerobically stored and M1 gas mixture chicken samples somewhat before days 16 and 20 of storage, respectively. This limit coincided with high TVC and LAB populations (>6.8 log cfu/g), increased lipid oxidation (aerobic storage only) and apparent growth of yeasts/moulds on the surface of chicken samples. The use of MAP as shown in the present study, resulted in an extension of shelf-life of precooked chicken by ca. 4 days (M1 gas mixture), and by more than 6 days (M2 and M3 gas mixtures), respectively. Precooked chicken meat was better preserved under M2 and M3 mixtures maintaining desirable odor/taste attributes even on final day of storage tested.     

脱氧包装在蛋糕保鲜中的应用研究

为了有效延长蛋糕的保质期,本文利用脱氧剂的脱氧原理,以感官评价和菌落总数为评价指标,以铁粉、硅藻土、活性炭、氯化钠为因素（脱氧剂）,并以其不同用量为水平,采用多因素正交实验的方法进行了脱氧包装在蛋糕保鲜中的应用研究,结果表明：该脱氧剂的较优配方是铁粉6.0g、硅藻土1.2g、活性炭1.6g、氯化钠1.6g,以该配方的脱氧剂进行脱氧包装的蛋糕比普通包装的蛋糕的保质期可延长9天。     

火腿肠中菌落总数的测定

对火腿肠中菌落总数进行了测定,结果表明,所测样品中菌落总数﹤10cfu/g,该方法简单、准确度高,适用于火腿肠中菌落总数的测定。     

An Integrated Approach to Factors Affecting the Shelf Life of Products in Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP)

The aim of this work was to analyze the main factors influencing the shelf life of peanut products in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Roasted and salted peanuts produced by three well-known commercial companies were presented as examples. Different types of packaging (multilayer laminated materials, cans) with different gas mixture composition (0-1% O₂, 1-3% O_2, 3-6% O₂) were compared. The main aim of shelf-life investigation is to ensure consumer acceptance of a product. Factors affecting the shelf life of products in MAP are presented as an integrated pyramid. All elements of this shelf-life pyramid should be analyzed and included during shelf-life investigations. This study indicates that estimation of the shelf life of a food is integrally related to its packaging (e.g., peanuts in MAP); both product conditions and the package as well as gas mixture composition should be considered.     

Rapid detection and characterization of postpasteurization contaminants in pasteurized fluid milk

Microbial spoilage of pasteurized fluid milk is typically due to either (1) postpasteurization contamination (PPC) with psychrotolerant gram-negative bacteria (predominantly Pseudomonas) or (2) growth of psychrotolerant sporeformers (e.g., Paenibacillus) that have the ability to survive pasteurization when present as spores in raw milk, and to subsequently grow at refrigeration temperatures. While fluid milk quality has improved over the last several decades, continued reduction of PPC is hampered by the lack of rapid, sensitive, and specific methods that allow for detection of PPC in fluid milk, with fluid milk processors still often using time-consuming methods (e.g., Moseley keeping quality test). The goal of this project was to utilize a set of commercial fluid milk samples that are characterized by a mixture of samples with PPC due to psychrotolerant gram-negative bacteria and samples with presence and growth of psychrotolerant sporeforming bacteria to evaluate different approaches for rapid detection of PPC. Comprehensive microbiological shelf-life characterization of 105 pasteurized fluid milk samples obtained from 20 dairy processing plants showed that 60/105 samples reached bacterial counts >20,000 cfu/mL over the shelf-life due to PPC with gram-negative bacteria. Among these 60 samples with evidence of gram-negative PPC spoilage over the shelf-life, 100% (60/60) showed evidence of contamination with noncoliform, non-Enterobacteriaceae (EB) gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Pseudomonas), 20% (12/60) showed evidence of contamination with coliforms, and 7% (4/60) showed evidence of contamination with noncoliform EB. Among the remaining 45 samples, 28 showed levels of gram-positive bacteria above 20,000 cfu/mL and the remaining 17 samples did not exceed 20,000 cfu/mL over the shelf-life. Evaluation of the same set of 105 samples using 6 different approaches {all possible combinations of 2 different enrichment protocols (13°C or 21°C for 18 h) and 3 different plating media [crystal violet tetrazolium agar, EB Petrifilm (3M, St. Paul, MN), and Coliform Petrifilm]} showed that enrichment at 21°C for 18 h, followed by plating on crystal violet tetrazolium agar provided for the most sensitive, accelerated detection of samples that reached >20,000 cfu/mL due to PPC with psychrotolerant gram-negatives (70% sensitivity). These results show that tests still required and traditionally used in the dairy industry (e.g., coliform testing) are not suitable for monitoring for PPC. Rather, approaches that allow for detection of all gram-negative bacteria are essential for improved detection of PPC in fluid milk.     

Shelf-life of vacuum-packed cooked ring sausages at different chill temperatures

Microbiological and sensory changes in 313 vacuum-packed cooked ring sausages from 28 different production runs and stored at 2, 4, 8 or 12 degrees C were monitored as a function of time. The sensory scores started to decrease at a level of approx. 10(7) lactobacilli/g. The judges began considering the samples unfit for human consumption when the lactobacilli counts were between 10(7) and 10(8) cfu/g; above a level of 10(8) cfu/g most of the samples were deemed unfit. At 2 degrees C, however, spoilage did not always seem to be microbiological, and four out of six different production runs were deemed unfit without any marked increase in microbial counts. In such cases, the judges described the sensory defects as a 'musty' rather than a sour aroma and taste. The sausages were deemed unfit when the lactobacilli were in a stationary growth phase which was considerably later than the point when the bacterial counts exceeded 10(7) cfu/g. The mean length of this delay was 30, 19, 16 and 7 days at 2, 4, 8 and 12 degrees C, respectively. The average shelf-lives were 55, 43, 29 and 17 days at 2, 4, 8 and 12 degrees C, respectively. The dependence of shelf-life on temperature can be formulated as follows: Shelf-life = 10(1.835 - 0.048 X temperature) The maximal shelf-life of this product, including nonmicrobiological spoilage, is assessed as approx. 10-11 weeks. A lactobacilli count greater than 10(7) cfu/g indicates that either the spoilage process has started or the product is already spoiled. When the lactobacilli count exceeds 10(8) cfu/g it is highly probable that the sausage sample is unacceptable.     

不同包装方式对留胚米理化及食味品质的影响

为延长留胚米的储藏期限,本文以新鲜加工的留胚米为研究对象,采用普通、充N2、充CO2、真空和真空+脱氧剂等五种方式进行包装,探究储藏过程中留胚米水分含量、脂肪酸值、脂肪酶活和食味品质的变化。结果表明,储藏期间留胚米的水分含量呈下降趋势,而脂肪酸值显著升高;以脂肪酸值35 mg/100 g(KOH)为储藏界限,25℃和37℃下普通包装留胚米的保质期最短(均为15 d),真空和真空+脱氧剂包装的保质期最长(均为75 d);随着储藏时间的延长,五种包装留胚米的脂肪酶活均呈先升高后降低的趋势,但是普通包装的酶活上升速度更快且峰值也更大;在食味品质方面,五种包装方式留胚米的外观、口感和综合评分均呈下降的趋势,硬度显著增大,粘度则略有增加;总体来说,真空和真空+脱氧剂包装对留胚米食味品质劣化具有更好的抑制效果。     

Combined effects of carbon dioxide addition and barrier films on microbial and sensory changes in pasteurized milk

The growth of psychrotrophic microorganisms is an important factor in the deterioration of refrigerated pasteurized milk. Dissolved CO2 inhibits certain spoilage microorganisms in foods provided that the packaging offers a sufficient barrier to CO2 evolution. The objectives of this work were, first, to estimate the sensory threshold for dissolved CO2 in 2% milk and, second, to determine the relationship between microbial growth and package barrier properties for pasteurized milk to which CO2 had been added at concentrations near the flavor threshold. The sensory threshold, as determined by a trained panel, for CO2 in 2% pasteurized milk was > 2.8 mM and < 9.1 mM. Pasteurized milk was inoculated with a cocktail of spoilage microorganisms, packaged in different barrier film pouches, and stored at 6.1 degrees C for up to 28 d. The addition of CO2 at concentrations of 8.7 and 21.5 mM increased the time needed to reach 10(6) cfu/ml from 6.4 d (no CO2) to 8.0 and 10.9 d, respectively, in low barrier pouches. In high barrier pouches, the time needed to reach 10(6) cfu/ml was increased to 9.7 and 13.4 d, respectively, at CO2 concentrations of 8.7 and 21.5 mM. This increase represents an increase in shelf-life of approximately 25 to 200%. Microbial counts had longer lag times and lower growth rates and took longer to reach stationary growth as the concentration of CO2 increased in all films than did the control milk. The control milk curdled in less than 17 d, but the test milk in the high barrier packaging had not curdled at 28 d. These data suggest that the shelf-life of pasteurized refrigerated milk could be extended by at least 25 to 200% at CO2 concentrations near the sensory threshold. The major variables in shelf-life are the amount of added CO2 and the barrier properties of the package.     

Management of microbiological safety of ready-to-eat meat products by mathematical modelling: Listeria monocytogenes as an example

The recent Commission Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 establishes microbiological criteria in foods. For the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes in the category ready-to-eat foods able to support its growth, other than those intended for infants and for special medical purposes, two different microbiological criteria are proposed: (i) L. monocytogenes levels should be <100 cfu/g throughout the shelf-life of the product, (ii) absence in 25 g of the product at the stage before the food has left the immediate control of the food business operator, who has produced it. The application of either the first or the second of these criteria depends on whether or not the manufacturer is able to demonstrate that the level of L. monocytogenes in the food product will not exceed 100 cfu/g throughout its shelf-life. This demonstration should be based on physico-chemical characteristics of the target product and consultation of scientific literature, and, when necessary, on quantitative models and/or challenge tests. Once the characteristics of the product as well as scientific literature show that the pathogen has potential to grow on a specific food commodity, it seems adequate to use quantitative models and/or perform challenge tests to study the extent to which L. monocytogenes could grow. In this study, we aim to illustrate with an example in cooked ham the application of quantitative models as a tool to manage the compliance with these criteria. Two approaches were considered: deterministic and probabilistic, in three different commercial brands (A, B, and C). The deterministic approach showed that the limit 100 cfu/g was exceeded largely at the end of the shelf-life of all three; however, when reducing the storage time, the level of L. monocytogenes remained below 100 cfu/g in B. The probabilistic approach demonstrated very low percentiles corresponding to 100 cfu/g; when reducing the storage time, percentiles for three products increased, especially in products B and C (from 4.92% to 75.90%, and from 0.90% to 73.90%, respectively). This study shows how different storage times influence the level of L. monocytogenes at the end of the shelf-life of cooked ham, and, depending on the level reached, the microbiological criterion applied should be different, as stated above. Beside this, the choice of either point-estimate or probabilistic approach should be determined by the competent sanitary authority, and, in case of selecting the second approach, a certain percentile for the level 100 cfu/g should be established.