腌制条件对咸鸭蛋品质的影响及熟化工艺研究

以鲜鸭蛋、精制食盐、白酒为主要原料,通过考察鸭蛋腌制过程中蛋黄氯化钠含量、蛋白氯化钠含量、蛋黄指数及感官评分,探究其品质变化及熟化工艺。结果表明,随着腌制时间、食盐添加量的增加,蛋黄指数增大,随着时间的增加,蛋白、蛋黄含盐量逐渐增大,且蛋白的含盐量明显高于蛋黄;通过正交试验确定腌制咸鸭蛋的最佳工艺条件为:腌制时间20天、食盐添加量17.5g/mL,香辛料含量6%时,可腌制出味道鲜美、口感细腻、上佳的咸鸭蛋。     

基于低场核磁共振技术的咸鸭蛋腌制过程水分及质构特性变化

运用低场核磁技术测定腌制过程中蛋清和蛋黄中水分的横向弛豫时间(T_2)和信号强度,并表征蛋清和蛋黄中水分的迁移过程,同时结合蛋清和蛋黄的含水率、含盐量和质构特性分析了盐离子对咸鸭蛋品质的影响。结果显示:在腌制过程中,蛋清和蛋黄中的水分不断向外迁移,水分含量显著降低(P0.05),蛋清中水分的T_2显著增加(P0.05),表明蛋清中不同类型水分受到的束缚力降低,水分的自由度增大,其中T_(22)相对降低,T_(23)相对增加,质构指标(硬度、弹性、内聚性和咀嚼性)显著降低(P0.05),持水力前期显著降低(P0.05),后期略有增加;随着鸭蛋内盐分含量的显著增加(P0.05),蛋黄中不同类型的水分的T_2显著降低(P0.05),蛋黄中的成分结合的更加紧密,硬度、内聚性和咀嚼性显著增加(P0.05),而弹性却显著降低(P0.05)。应用低场核共振磁技术对咸鸭蛋状态及水分含量的测定可以作为预测咸鸭蛋成熟度和品质的参考指标。     

咸蛋腌制期间某些成分的变化规律

<正>腌制咸鸭蛋是贮藏保鲜的一种防腐方法,其不仅可以延长货架期,而且能改善鸭蛋的风味,提高其营养价值和适口性.鸭蛋经过腌制后,蛋白细腻,蛋黄红润,油露显明,味道鲜美.随着腌制温度和时间的变化,鸭蛋内的某些化学成分也随之变化.尤其表现在鸭蛋内的水分、pH值、蛋白质及脂肪含量的变化.     

不同加工方法对鸭蛋蛋黄脂肪酸的影响

通过气相色谱-质谱联用技术对生鲜鸭蛋、生咸鸭蛋、鲜熟鸭蛋以及咸熟鸭蛋的蛋黄中的脂肪酸进行检测。结果表明:它们之间脂肪酸的种类基本没有发生变化,相对含量有所不同,对于鲜鸭蛋黄,腌制会使饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸增加,多不饱和脂肪酸和支链脂肪酸则有所减少,熟制会使饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸增加,多不饱和脂肪酸和支链脂肪酸有所减少。对于咸鸭蛋黄来说,熟制会使饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸减少,但多不饱和脂肪酸和支链脂肪酸有所增加。     

腌制条件对熟制咸鸭蛋蛋黄组织形态及组成的影响

为探索咸鸭蛋腌制条件对熟制后蛋黄组织形态及组成的影响，以期减少熟制咸鸭蛋蛋黄中的硬芯含量，通过称量法、原子火焰吸收光谱分析、凯氏定氮法、差示量热扫描分析、红外光谱分析和扫描电子显微镜观察等方法对不同腌制浓度和时间下咸蛋黄不同部位理化性质以及生熟咸蛋黄微观结构的不同进行分析。结果表明，蛋黄硬芯从鸭蛋腌制的第2周出现，随着腌制时间延长，硬芯逐渐变大，腌制完成后占蛋黄总质量的33.64%～44.80%，水分含量约为21.47%～23.49%。硬芯的Na+含量在10.66～11.47 mg/g之间。腌制完成后，蛋黄外部的游离脂肪含量约为34.79%～36.34%，与外部相比，硬芯的游离脂肪含量更低，约为17.71%～27.90%，且随着腌制液盐浓度的上升而增加。腌制后蛋黄硬芯蛋白质含量上升至30%以上，高于外部。蛋黄经加热后，硬芯部分蛋黄微粒颗粒度较小，且形成间隙较小的连续结构。盐分渗透的先后顺序导致蛋黄中不同部位在组织结构和组成成分的差异，这些差异导致了熟制后蛋黄硬芯及外部的差别，且较高的腌制时间和浓度均会加剧硬芯的形成。在15%盐浓度条件下腌制4周后，得到的成熟咸蛋黄在熟制后硬芯含量较少，...     

鸭蛋蛋黄加工过程中主要成分的变化

鸭蛋是我国重要的禽蛋资源之一。文章重点探讨鸭蛋在腌制过程中蛋黄主要成分的变化规律。结果表明:随着腌制时间的延长,鸭蛋黄中的水分含量由46.84%减少至19.55%。蛋白质的含量在干基和湿基的基准下都逐渐增加。脂肪的含量在湿基的基准下由腌制前的29.07%增加至39.86%,而在干基基准下的脂肪含量逐渐下降,在腌制时间超过28天后,干基基准下的脂肪含量又有所回升。总糖在湿基基准下逐渐增加,在干基基准下,随着腌制时间的增加,总糖干基含量由0.028g/100g下降至0.015g/100g。     

负压快速腌制咸蛋研究

以鲜鸭蛋为原料,采用盐水腌制法,探讨了负压处理加工咸蛋的方法以及腌制过程中几个重要理化指标的变化规律。试验结果表明:负压处理腌制鸭蛋蛋白和蛋黄的氯化钠含量、蛋黄指数比对照组上升快。经检测,负压处理腌制的咸蛋理化指标和微生物指标均符合无公害食品-咸鸭蛋(NY 5144—2002)标准要求。     

腌制方法对鸭蛋黄成分变化及品质影响

研究了鸭蛋在草木灰包裹法和盐水浸泡法腌制过程中,水分含量、盐分含量、R值与Q值,蛋黄总脂肪、可溶性蛋白质和巯基含量的变化以及成熟(7周)后两者蛋黄的感官品质。7周内,随腌制时间的延长,浸泡法鸭蛋黄水分含量明显低于包裹法鸭蛋黄,盐分含量却高于包裹法;蛋清R值高于蛋黄,灰蛋的R值、Q值都低于盐水蛋。第7周,灰蛋和盐水蛋的Q值上升为0.88和0.90;脂肪占湿重的含量上升至48.45%和50.67%,而腌制期总脂肪量是没有变化的;可溶性蛋白质含量增加至6.75%和6.08%;表面巯基和游离巯基下降至0.31、0.28mmol/g蛋黄和1.68、1.34mmol/g蛋黄。灰蛋蛋黄在形态、滋味和气味方面明显优于盐水蛋,感官评分分别为88.9和78.65。     

五香咸鸭蛋二步熟法工艺优化研究

试验以新鲜鸭蛋为主要原料,采用二步熟法进行腌制咸鸭蛋。通过感官评定测定其蛋白氯化钠含量、蛋黄氯化钠含量、蛋黄指数,探究二步熟法最优工艺。在单因素基础上设计正交试验,研究结果表明:30%盐浓度腌制5天后移到20%盐浓度腌制20天,五香料添加量为6%,酒精浓度为6%可获得色、香、味独特、口感上佳的咸鸭蛋。     

咸鸭蛋快速熟化技术研究

采用5% 醋酸浸泡鸭蛋,溶解蛋壳外膜,增加蛋壳的通透性。再采用分步式腌制工艺,既先用饱和食盐水腌制,再用10g/100mL 和15g/100mL 食盐溶液腌制。并考察腌制过程中鸭蛋的含油量、含盐量及蛋黄指数的变化。结果表明：醋酸浸泡的鸭蛋先用饱和食盐水腌制11d,再在10g/100mL 和15g/100mL 食盐溶液中腌制7d 左右,咸鸭蛋的品质不仅良好,而且腌制时间比传统工艺缩短两周左右。     

Effects of salting processes and time on the chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg

Chemical composition, textural properties, and microstructure of cooked duck egg salted by 2 methods (coating and immersing) were determined during 4 wk of salting. As the salting time increased, moisture content increased and salt content decreased for both cooked salted egg white and yolk. Oil exudation of cooked yolk and expressible water content of cooked egg white obtained from both salting methods increased as salting proceeded (P < 0.05). After cooking, oil exudation accompanied by the solubilized pigments, especially at the outer layer of yolk, was obtained. At week 3 of salting, egg yolk from coating method had the higher egg exudation than that from immersing method. As the salting times increased, the lower hardness, springiness, gumminess, chewiness, and resilience with higher adhesiveness and cohesiveness were generally found in cooked salted egg white (P < 0.05), irrespective of salting methods. Conversely, the hardness of cooked yolk increased continuously and reached the maximum at week 2 and 2 to 3 for immersing and coating method (P < 0.05), respectively. Confocal laser scanning micrographs revealed the smaller yolk granules with more release of free lipid in salted egg after heating, compared with the fresh counterpart. As visualized by scanning electron microscope, gel of cooked salted egg white was coagulum type with larger voids. Salting methods determined oil exudation in egg yolk and texture profile of egg white gel after cooking; however, those attributes were also governed by the salting time. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Salted duck egg can be made by 2 methods (coating and immersing) affecting the characteristic of salted egg white and yolk after cooking. Desirable cooked salted egg having the red yolk with hardness and high oil exudation could be obtained when salting was carried out for 3 and 4 wk for immersing and coating method, respectively.     

腌制过程咸蛋黄的脂质特性研究

经过食盐的腌制作用,鸭蛋黄出现了明显的出油和固化现象,蛋黄脂质发生了微弱的氧化。共轭二烯酸(CDA)含量在第7周达到最大值0.21%,随后下降,而游离脂肪酸(FFA)含量在第11周出现最大值3.4%。经脂肪酸的气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析发现,腌制后咸蛋黄与新鲜蛋黄脂肪酸的组成含量差异不明显。新鲜蛋黄和咸蛋黄中同时发现一定含量的对人体有益的脂肪酸,如共轭亚油酸和花生四烯酸。新鲜蛋黄和咸蛋黄均含有大量不饱和脂肪酸,含量约为67.8%。     

盐水法和包灰法腌制咸蛋理化性质的比较

研究了盐水法和包灰法在腌制咸蛋过程中理化品质的变化。结果表明:盐水法腌制的咸蛋黄的DHA含量是包灰法腌制的2倍多,而硬脂酸含量只有包灰法的2/3,其他脂肪酸没有明显差异。两种腌制方法的蛋黄和蛋清蛋白质种类没有差异,咸蛋清主要是相对分子质量为45 000的卵清蛋白,咸蛋黄的相对分子质量为46 000、66 000高密度脂蛋白的载脂蛋白和相对分子质量为100 000的低密度脂蛋白的载脂蛋白。包灰法蛋黄硬化率较高,且盐水法浸油率不如包灰法。包灰法腌制后蛋壳孔比盐水法多且表面粗糙,壳膜纤维直径由于脱水也比盐水法的纤细。两种方法腌制后可以明显看到蛋黄脂蛋白中油脂和载脂蛋白分离,包灰法油脂脱离的更多,蛋白质颗粒直径都在0.2~2μm范围。     

六种禽蛋中脂肪酸、氨基酸及胆固醇的营养成分分析

对六种禽蛋营养成分进行分析,以期为禽蛋开发利用提供技术基础.本文对六种禽蛋(白羽鸡、金定鸭、贵妃鸡、珍珠鸡、中国环颈雉、鹌鹑)物理指标及冻干禽蛋蛋黄脂肪酸、蛋白氨基酸和胆固醇等成分进行研究.结果表明,六种禽蛋蛋黄中共鉴定出24种脂肪酸,金定鸭蛋黄中总脂肪酸含量最高(20.67 g/100 g),饱和脂肪酸(22.49％...     

Changes in chemical composition,physical properties and microstructure of duck egg as influenced by salting

Changes in chemical composition, physical properties and microstructure of duck egg, during salting for up to 14 days, were determined. Duck egg consisted of 10.87% shell, 54.73% egg white and 33.94% yolk. Salting resulted in an increase in weight proportion of egg white, but a decrease in yolk proportion. Moisture contents of both egg white and yolk decreased gradually with concomitant increases in salt and ash contents as the salting time increased. Protein and lipid contents increased slightly in both interior (viscous portion) and exterior (hardened portion) egg yolk with increasing salting time. Oil exudation was observed in yolk, particularly in exterior yolk. Triacylglycerols and phospholipid, found as the major lipids in egg yolk, underwent slight changes, but no differences in protein patterns of either egg white or egg yolk were observed during salting. Hardening ratio and hardness of egg yolk increased with increasing salting time. Adhesiveness and gumminess also increased, while springiness, cohesiveness and gumminess decreased slightly when the salting time increased. Scanning electron microscopic study revealed that yolk granule was polyhedral in shape and aligned closely when the salting proceeded. Protein spheres were distributed uniformly, together with oil droplets, in salted yolk, as visualised by transmission electron microscopy. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) micrographs indicated that the greater dehydration and release of lipids took place in egg yolk during salting.     

Physicochemical Properties of Salted Pickled Yolks from Duck and Chicken Eggs

Duck egg yolk pickled by salt attained more desirable characteristics, such as orange color, oil exudate, and grittiness, than salted chicken egg yolk. Salted duck egg yolk reached a hardening ratio of 90% in 28-days; 35 days were required for the salted chicken egg yolk to achieve the same hardening. Moisture content of egg yolk affected the quantity of extracted lipid, an index of oil exudation. The moisture content of duck egg yolk was 19%, and the extracted lipid was 30%. But less than 4% lipid was extracted when moisture content was >27.5%. Under scanning electron microscopy, yolk spheres dominated the yolk structure probably responsible for the gritty texture.     

Effect of salting processes on chemical composition,textural properties and microstructure of duck egg

BACKGROUND: Salted eggs have been produced in Thailand and consumed nationwide. Salted egg can be made by brining eggs in saturated saline or by coating the egg with soil paste mixed with salt. The achievement of salting is generally indicated by the textural development of egg yolk. Yolk property is therefore a prime factor governing consumer acceptability and market demand. The objective of this study was to determine chemical composition, textural properties and microstructure of duck egg obtained from the coating and immersing methods at different salting times. RESULTS: Decreases in moisture content with coincidental increases in salt content in both egg white and yolk were observed during salting, regardless of salting process. However, no difference in salt content was noticeable in yolks (P > 0.05). The paste coating method tended to yield greater oil exudation of egg yolk than the immersing method. Maximum transition temperature (T_max) of egg proteins and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance (TBARS) value in yolk increased with increasing salting time. A similar hardening ratio of yolk was observed in both processes. Higher hardness and adhesiveness were found in yolk with the paste coating method, whereas greater fracturability, springiness, gumminess and chewiness were observed with the immersing method. Nevertheless, both processes rendered the yolk with similar cohesiveness. Yolk granules were aligned closely when salting proceeded, irrespective of salting process. CONCLUSION: Dehydration and release of lipids in egg yolk increased with increasing salting time and were more pronounced with the paste coating method. Therefore salting processes affected the properties of salted eggs. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

基于近红外光谱的腌制期咸鸭蛋理化指标无损检测

以高邮麻鸭蛋为研究对象,采集整个腌制期咸鸭蛋近红外光谱数据,对比测定其理化指标值,建立咸鸭蛋关键品质指标（蛋黄含水率、蛋黄氯化钠浓度和咸蛋黄指数）的无损快速检测模型。为尽可能削弱外部其他因素对样本光谱采集过程的影响,使用多元散射校正、归一化等预处理方法,结合竞争性自适应重加权算法（competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS）、连续投影算法（successive projections algorithm,SPA）和非信息变量剔除（uninformative variables elimination,UVE）3种特征选择算法建立偏最小二乘回归模型,并在一次特征波段选取基础上提取二次特征波长,再建立偏最小二乘回归模型。结果表明,蛋黄含水率、蛋黄氯化钠浓度和咸蛋黄指数的最优波长选择方法均是二次特征波段提取法UVE+SPA,发现二次特征波段选择综合表现最优。经对比分析,蛋黄含水率、蛋黄氯化钠浓度、咸蛋黄指数最优模型结构分别是标准化-UVE+SPA-PLSR、卷积平滑-UVE+SPA-PLSR、均值中心化-UVE+SPA-PLSR,训练集相关系数...     

间歇超声辅助加快咸蛋腌制速度工艺优化

为加快咸蛋腌制速率,缩短腌制周期,本实验通过测定腌制过程中咸蛋含盐率、含水率、蛋黄出油率及蛋清粘度指标的变化,探究超声波技术对咸蛋腌制的影响。通过超声波单因素试验探究超声波处理次数、超声时间、超声功率以及超声频率对超声波辅助咸蛋腌制效果的影响,后由L₉(34)正交实验对间歇超声辅助腌制咸蛋工艺进行优化,由蛋清、蛋黄含盐率以及蛋黄出油率得出最优的间歇超声辅助腌制工艺为:超声波处理3次,超声时间30 min,超声功率350 W,超声频率20 kHz,此工艺相对传统腌制工艺,蛋清含盐率6.37%,蛋黄含盐率1.58%,蛋黄出油率达到57.53%。在保证咸蛋出油率等品质上,与传统工艺相比腌制时间缩短了15~20 d,且蛋白细嫩,咸蛋黄松沙出油,蛋黄外周黑圈等优点。